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Anaecon India - Spirometery
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Sarthak JainShailendra SinghANAECON INDIA HEALTHCARE PVT. LTDP-13, M.I.G. FLATS,PRASAD NAGAR, NEW DELHI – 110 005
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Spirometry is a method of assessing lung function by measuring the volume of air that the patient is able to expel from the lungs after maximum inspiration.
It is reliable method of differentiating between obstructive airways disorder (COPD, Asthma) and restrictive diseases (Where the size of the lungs is reduced)
Spirometry plays a key role in the diagnosis and assessment of chronic obstructive disease COPD. COPD means airways obstructions which does not change markedly over several month.
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Diagnosis - To detect respiratory defects at an early stage
Control - To control respiratory defect or condition.
Classification - Type of the Pulmonary defect.
Selection - For suitability of surgery, Anesthesia, Inhalation therapy, rehabilitation exercise.
Treatment - To give proper treatment. Prognosis - to arrive at an accurate
assessment based on objective data.
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FVC – the volume of air that the patient can forcibly exhale in one breath.
FEV 1 - the volume of air that the patient exhale in the first second of expiration.
FEV1/FVC - the ratio of FEV1 to FVC COPD can be diagnosed only if FEV1 less
than 80% predicted and FEV1/FVC less than 70%
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-FEV1 (%predicted) – between 60 % to 80%Mild – No abnormal signs, smoker’s cough, Little or no breathlessness.-FEV1 (%predicted) – between 40% to 60%Moderate - Breathlessness ( with or without wheeze), Cough ( with or without sputum), Possible reduction in breath sounds-FEV1 (%predicted) – below 40%Severe – Breathlessness on any exertion/at rest, Lung over inflation usual, cyanosis, peripheral edema and polycythaemia in advance disease.
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- SVC – Important test for assessing COPD. VC is often greater than FVC in COPD- FVC – to verify obstructive ( airflow limitation ) and restrictive disorder ( lung volume)- MVV – test for assessing the maximum ventilation capacity.- Bronchodilator – to determine whether airflow
obstruction is reversible. Bronchodilator
increase caliber by relaxing airways
smooth muscle.
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Patient : 45 year old women, height 5’3” FEV1 - Reading/predicted value 1.43/2.60 =
55% of predicted value FVC – Reading/predicted value 2.5/3.03 =
82.5% of predicted value FEV1/FVC – Reading/reading 1.43/2.5 x 100%
= 57%
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In the PFT Lab the measurement lung volume usually refers to the measurement of total Lung capacity ( TLC ), Residual Volume ( RV), Functional residual capacity ( FRC ), and Vital capacity. These measurements are essential to assess lung function. They are important for the diagnosis of restrictive disorder.
FRC : is most commonly determined with one of three basic technique.
1. Multi breath closed circuit He washout2. Body plethysmograph.3. Multi breath open circuit N2 washout.
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Dynamic lung volumes : In which the patient exhales, and occasionally inhales, at a maximum effort.
Static lung volume : Theses are performed without regard to time.
The measurement of obstruction is necessarily made during dynamic tests while restriction is measured by static volumes but can also be deduced from dynamic volume. In other words obstruction is described by reduced flow rates whereas lung volumes describe restriction.
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TV
IRV
ERV
FRC
RV
VC
FRC = ERV + RVTLC = ERV + RV + TV + IRV
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Spirometry preparation
1. Ambient conditionsfor BTPS correction* inspiratory flows
– Temperature, relative humidity, (ambient pressure)
2. Flow/Volume calibration using a 3 L calibration pump
– 1 to 2 discard strokes– 2 to 6 Calibration strokes
3. Actualisation of ambient data– Alteration of temperature >2 °C– Alteration of humidity >10%
*All flows and volumes are standardized to BTPS, i.e. related to expiratory air.
BTPS = Body Temperature, Pressure, Saturated with water vapour
Only calibrated spirometers can be relied upon!
Calibration of pneumotachographs daily or after replacement!
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Cleaning / HygineA lot of patients are afraid of infections – therefore it is
recommended to put on the new mouthpiece in front of the patient!
Alternatively bacteria filters should be used.
Disinfection, purification After each measurement Spirette
Daily pneumotachograph
• Weekly/monthly Components distal of the pneumotachograph
In infectious patients (e.g. MRSA , HIV, hepatitis B, tuberculosis), as well as in patients with immunodeficiency (e.g. chemotherapy, post-transplantation, cystic fibrosis) bacteria filters should always be used. Alternatively the contaminated components have to be disinfected.
Disposable bacteria filter (MicroGard)
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Cleaning / Hygine
• Cleaning proteins– in ultrasound bath
• Disinfection with Descogen– In regard to concentration see instruction leaflet
• Neutralisation in warm tap water – For screens, distilled water is recommended
• Drying at room temperature
• Storage in clean and covered receptacles
Cleanliness regulations for contaminated components
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Preparation of SpirometryParameters measured in standing position are not better than in sitting position but different !
www.spiro-webCard.de
Head straight or in slight extension
Upright sittingposition
• Sitting position– Upright position – Reference values measured in sitting
position – Parameter values in standing position
are 2-7% increased
• Position of the head– Straight or in slight extension– Flexion or rotation of the head
increase upper airway resistance– Handheld-pneumotachographs –
look out!
• Flexion at forced manoeuvre• Support arm recommended
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Quality Check
Partial effort dependent
(determined by the leastic recoil of the lung)
Steepness of the volume acceleration phase can be achieved from every patient independent of disease and degree of disease.
Volume Flow- acceleration limitation End-expiratory phase Effort - dependent
A: Maximal effortB: Submaximal effortC: Low effort
A: Maximal effortB: Exhalation not complete
A: Maximal effortB: Submaximal effort
Flow [L/s]
Volume [L]TLC Effort dependent RV
A
B
C
AB
AB
12
3
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Quality Check
Patient should exhale suddenly and forced.
Patient should exhale suddenly and forced
Patient should cough before starting the measurement
Patient should inhale longer and to the maximum
Patient should exhale as long as possible; minimal 6 s
Different reasons; more details in next slight
www.spiro-webCard.de
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Quality Check
IVC = 3% FEV1 = 2%
IVC = 15% FEV1 = 14%
Acceptable repeatability
Insufficient repeatability
Minimum 3 trials Quality check of best 2 trials ERS/ATS
FEV1 & FVC < 150 mL FVC (<1L) < 100mL FEV1 und FVC < 5% PEF < 10%
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Interpretation
Restriction Reduction of volumes Tiffeneau-Index
FEV1/IVC > 70%
Obstruction Reduction of flows Tiffeneau-Index
FEV1/IVC < 70%
Differentiation between Restriction and Obstruction!
narrowing of airways
VC
contraction of alveolar tissue
FEV1
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Staging Obstructive parameters
I Mild FEV1 > 70% pred.
II Moderate FEV1 60 - 69% pred.
III Moderate severe FEV1 50 - 59% pred.
IV Severe FEV1 35 - 49% pred.
V Very severe FEV1 < 35% pred.
FEV1 / IVC < 5% Percentile of predicted (< 70% pred.)
Recommendations of German „Atemwegsliga“ 2005
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Staging of Restrictive parameters
TLC < 5% Percentile of predicted (< 80% pred.)
I Mild IVC > 70% pred.
II Moderate IVC 60 - 69% pred.
III Moderate severe IVC 50 - 59% pred.
IV Severe IVC 35 - 49% pred.
V Very severe IVC < 35% pred.
Recommendations of German „Atemwegsliga“ 2005
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Spirometry interpretation
Ratio FEV1/IVC > 70% FEV1 > 80% of predicted
Typical triangel shape Linear decrease of flow
until FVC is reached
Normal case
Upper point of inflection acute-angled
Nearly vertical ascent
Exhalation (FVC) and Inspiration (IVC) nearly identical
Normal Case
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Spirometry interpretation
Mild obstructiv: - Ratio FEV1/IVC < 70%
- FEV1 > 70% of predicted
Peak-flow mostly diminished.
Expiratory flow/volume loop is concavely shaped.
Vital capacity VC is mostly normal.
E.g.: Asthma or COPD
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Spirometry interpretation
Moderate to server Case
- Ratio FEV1/IVC < 70% - FEV1 50% to 70% (moderate) - FEV1 < 50% (severe)
Peak-flow diminished.
In case of dynamic hyperinflation also VC is reduced.
E.g.: Exacerbation of asthma, severe COPD
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Spirometry interpretation
Severe obstructive Case
- ratio FEV1%IVC < 70%- FEV1 dramatically decreased- FVC, IVC usually decreased
Typical expiratory „Knickkurve“As result of an airway collapse at expiration Often in severe emphysema In severe obstruction
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Spirometry interpretation
Restrictive Case
- FEV1%IVC > 70% - FVC lower 80%- Appearance of a narrowed normal curve- Decrease of FVC is characteristic- Flows may be reduced
Becausse of increased tissue tension it is possible that FEV1%IVC values exceed the normal range
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Spirometry interpretation
- FEV1 may be > 80% - IVC usually normal
The expiration is less obstructed because the positive pressure inside the airways dilates the stenosis.
Typical for a varible extrathoracic stenosis is the plateau during inspiration. During inspiration the obstruction aggravates because the negative pressure inside the airways narrows the stenosis.
Extrathoracic Case
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Spirometry interpretation
Intrathoracic Case
- FEV1 diminished- IVC usually normal
Typical for the variable extrathoracic stenosis is the criation of an expiratory plateau
During expiration the obstruction aggravates because the thoracic pressure compresses the airways and therefore narrows the stenosis
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Spirometry interpretation
Pre - Post Cases
COPD Asthma
FEV1 < 12% FEV1 >= 12%
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