Anabolic Steroids and Drug Abuse in Sports Drugs and Our Society Part 12 CJUS/HPE 151.
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Transcript of Anabolic Steroids and Drug Abuse in Sports Drugs and Our Society Part 12 CJUS/HPE 151.
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Anabolic SteroidsAnabolic Steroidsandand
Drug Abuse in SportsDrug Abuse in Sports
Drugs and Our SocietyDrugs and Our Society
Part 12Part 12
CJUS/HPE 151CJUS/HPE 151
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Historical UseHistorical Use1.1. Not a recent phenomena Not a recent phenomena
-- chemicals used to enhance chemicals used to enhance performanceperformance
-- old as sports itselfold as sports itself
2.2. Athlete drug useAthlete drug use
-- early concoctions made senseearly concoctions made sense
-- placebo effectplacebo effect
-- just thinking / improves just thinking / improves performanceperformance
-- increase abilitiesincrease abilities
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Historical Use, cont.Historical Use, cont.3.3. No longer believe:No longer believe:
-- ground hooves of an assground hooves of an ass
-- but belief in the powderbut belief in the powder
-- enhance competitor’s self-enhance competitor’s self-confidenceconfidence
-- why take chances?why take chances?
4.4. Greek OlympiansGreek Olympians
-- herbs / mushroomsherbs / mushrooms
-- pharmaceutical action (stimulant)pharmaceutical action (stimulant)
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Historical Use, cont.Historical Use, cont. a. Aztec athletesa. Aztec athletes
- cactus based stimulant- cactus based stimulant
- resembled strychnine - resembled strychnine
b. Competition developedb. Competition developed
- tribal societies- tribal societies
- war or hunting- war or hunting
c. Various psychoactive plantsc. Various psychoactive plants
- battles and hunting- battles and hunting
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Historical Use, cont.Historical Use, cont.d. Used in sports from beginningd. Used in sports from beginning
5.5. Early use of stimulantsEarly use of stimulants-- 1800s / early 1900s1800s / early 1900s-- three types:three types:
a. a. StrychnineStrychnine - rat poison- rat poison - CNS stimulant (low doses)- CNS stimulant (low doses) - larger doses = brain seizures - larger doses = brain seizures
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Historical Use, cont.Historical Use, cont. - convulsions / death- convulsions / death
(1) Boxers: increased (1) Boxers: increased aggressivenessaggressiveness
- kept from tiring- kept from tiring
(2) Thomas Hicks: 1904 Olympics(2) Thomas Hicks: 1904 Olympics
- collapsed end of marathon- collapsed end of marathon
- brandy and strychnine - brandy and strychnine
(3) Amphetamines(3) Amphetamines
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Historical Use, cont.Historical Use, cont. - dangerous drugs less attractive- dangerous drugs less attractive
(4) Strychnine use continued(4) Strychnine use continued
- world competition into 1960s- world competition into 1960s
b. b. CocaineCocaine
- available in 1800s- available in 1800s
- Mariani’s Coca Wine (French cycle)- Mariani’s Coca Wine (French cycle)
- “wine for athletes”- “wine for athletes”
- pure cocaine was adopted (potent)- pure cocaine was adopted (potent)
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Historical Use, cont.Historical Use, cont.c. c. CaffeineCaffeine
- coffee as a mild stimulant- coffee as a mild stimulant - pure caffeine / caffeine tablets- pure caffeine / caffeine tablets
- numerous reports of ‘doping’- numerous reports of ‘doping’ - swimmers / cyclists / boxers / runners / - swimmers / cyclists / boxers / runners / etcetc
6.6. Then as nowThen as now
-- suspicion raised by loserssuspicion raised by losers
a. Word “a. Word “dopedope” applied” applied - Dutch word used in So. Africa- Dutch word used in So. Africa - cheap brandy- cheap brandy
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Historical Use, cont.Historical Use, cont. - given to: race horses / racing - given to: race horses / racing dogsdogs
- to slow down- to slow down
b. From horses to peopleb. From horses to people - improve performance- improve performance - people / animals same - people / animals same
substancessubstances - coca wine / cocaine- coca wine / cocaine - before drug testing days- before drug testing days
7.7. AmphetaminesAmphetamines
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Historical Use, cont.Historical Use, cont. - unknown when started (stimulant effect)- unknown when started (stimulant effect)
- not long after introduction (1930s)- not long after introduction (1930s)
a. Widely used in worlda. Widely used in world
- during WWII- during WWII
b. 1940s / 1950s: reports of pep pillsb. 1940s / 1950s: reports of pep pills
- professional soccer players (England - professional soccer players (England / /
Italy)Italy)
- boxers / cyclists: new energy source- boxers / cyclists: new energy source
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Historical Use, cont.Historical Use, cont. a. More potent than caffeinea. More potent than caffeine
- longer lasting than cocaine- longer lasting than cocaine
- safer than strychnine - safer than strychnine
b. Ideal b. Ideal ergogenicergogenic drug drug
- “energy producing”- “energy producing”
- both training / competition- both training / competition
8.8. 1952: Winter Olympics (Oslo)1952: Winter Olympics (Oslo)
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Historical Use, cont.Historical Use, cont.- syringes / broken ampoules in speed - syringes / broken ampoules in speed skating locker room skating locker room
- indication: amphetamine presence- indication: amphetamine presence
a. 1952: Summer Olympics (Helsinki)a. 1952: Summer Olympics (Helsinki)
- 1956: Melbourne Olympics- 1956: Melbourne Olympics
- several deaths attributed to drugs- several deaths attributed to drugs
b. 1960: Olympic Games (Rome)b. 1960: Olympic Games (Rome)
- amphetamine spread to most - amphetamine spread to most sports sports
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Historical Use, cont.Historical Use, cont. - Danish cyclist died / others collapsed- Danish cyclist died / others collapsed
- “sunstroke” aided by amphetamines- “sunstroke” aided by amphetamines
- blood flow / to cool body- blood flow / to cool body
c. Led to investigationc. Led to investigation
- anti-doping laws (Belgium / France)- anti-doping laws (Belgium / France)
- others, less concerned- others, less concerned
9.9. International drug testingInternational drug testing
- began testing / sporadic / cycling- began testing / sporadic / cycling
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Historical Use, cont.Historical Use, cont.a. 1960s: athletes refusing a. 1960s: athletes refusing
- failing tests / disqualified- failing tests / disqualified
b. Early testing efforts:b. Early testing efforts:
- not prevent death of Tommy - not prevent death of Tommy SimpsonSimpson
- ex-world cycling champion- ex-world cycling champion
- 1967: Tour de France- 1967: Tour de France
c. Seen on TV / drugs found in luggagec. Seen on TV / drugs found in luggage
- two types amphetamines- two types amphetamines
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Historical Use, cont.Historical Use, cont.10.10. 1968: IOC – disqualify any who refuse 1968: IOC – disqualify any who refuse
testtest- or using banned drugs- or using banned drugs
a. Started in Mexico Citya. Started in Mexico City - fewer than 700 urine tests- fewer than 700 urine tests
b. Each subsequent competitionb. Each subsequent competition - more testing- more testing - more disqualifications- more disqualifications - more controversy- more controversy
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Historical Use, cont.Historical Use, cont.11.11. United States / drug usage in sportsUnited States / drug usage in sports
- did not seem concerned- did not seem concerned- 1960s / 1970s reports: football players- 1960s / 1970s reports: football players
a. Amphetamine use: major change in USa. Amphetamine use: major change in US - stay awake / extra energy / lose - stay awake / extra energy / lose weightweight
b. Legal / harmless pep pillsb. Legal / harmless pep pills - football teams ordered large - football teams ordered large quantitiesquantities - routine supplies / trainers dispersed- routine supplies / trainers dispersed
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Historical Use, cont.Historical Use, cont.12.12. End of 60s: considered drugs of abuseEnd of 60s: considered drugs of abuse
- dangerous / violent behavior- dangerous / violent behavior
a. Players sued NFLa. Players sued NFL
- allowed / required to play - allowed / required to play
b. 1972: officially bannedb. 1972: officially banned
- physicians / trainers no longer - physicians / trainers no longer dispensedispense
- no longer condoned by NFL- no longer condoned by NFL
- did little to enforce / request copies- did little to enforce / request copies
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Historical Use, cont.Historical Use, cont.c. Athletes: own physician / illegal meansc. Athletes: own physician / illegal means - NFL: players get them / own - NFL: players get them / own
businessbusiness - not push athletes beyond endurance- not push athletes beyond endurance
d. Current policy:d. Current policy: - restricts use of amphetamines- restricts use of amphetamines - other drugs- other drugs - no matter where obtained- no matter where obtained
13.13. SteroidsSteroids
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SteroidsSteroids- WWII: malnourished people- WWII: malnourished people
- gain weight / build up more rapidly- gain weight / build up more rapidly
- given - given male hormone testosteronemale hormone testosterone
a. Testosteronea. Testosterone
- male sex hormone- male sex hormone
- two major effects- two major effects
b. b. Androgenic effectsAndrogenic effects
- masculinizing actions - masculinizing actions
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Steroids, cont.Steroids, cont. (1) Growth of reproductive organs(1) Growth of reproductive organs
(2) Deepening voice(2) Deepening voice
(3) Increased facial hair(3) Increased facial hair
c. c. Anabolic effectsAnabolic effects
- promote constructive - promote constructive metabolismmetabolism
- building tissue - building tissue
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Steroids, cont.Steroids, cont.(1) (1) Muscle massMuscle mass
- arms / legs / stomach / - arms / legs / stomach / chestchest
(2)(2) Internal organsInternal organs
- heart muscle / liver / lungs- heart muscle / liver / lungs
(3)(3) Control body fatControl body fat
- limits throughout body- limits throughout body
- reduces around waist- reduces around waist
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Steroids, cont.Steroids, cont.(4)(4) Protein synthesisProtein synthesis
- burn more fat- burn more fat
(5)(5) Increase calciumIncrease calcium
- stronger bones- stronger bones
14.14. 1950s: 1950s: synthesize various steroidssynthesize various steroids
- fewer androgenic effects- fewer androgenic effects
- more anabolic- more anabolic
- “anabolic steroids” (none entirely free)- “anabolic steroids” (none entirely free)
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Steroids, cont.Steroids, cont.a. Soviet Union: large scalea. Soviet Union: large scale
- build up athletes- build up athletes
- 1956 Olympics: straight - 1956 Olympics: straight testosteronetestosterone
- excessive doses- excessive doses
- unfortunate side effects- unfortunate side effects
b. Helps men / women become muscularb. Helps men / women become muscular
- masculinity effects on women- masculinity effects on women
- enlarged prostate on men- enlarged prostate on men
- both definite drawbacks- both definite drawbacks
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Steroids, cont.Steroids, cont.c. US team physician:c. US team physician:
- help develop / test anabolic steroids- help develop / test anabolic steroids
- quickly adopted (weight lifters / - quickly adopted (weight lifters / bodybody
builders)builders)
d. American / Britishd. American / British
- first to acknowledge use- first to acknowledge use
- discus / shotput events- discus / shotput events
e. Widespread use in 1960se. Widespread use in 1960s
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Steroids, cont.Steroids, cont. - throughout track / field- throughout track / field
f. Drugs not officially bannedf. Drugs not officially banned
- nor tested for until 1970s- nor tested for until 1970s
g. g. 1976 Olympics1976 Olympics::
- East German swim coach- East German swim coach
- women swimmers have deep - women swimmers have deep voicesvoices
- “come to swim / not to sing”- “come to swim / not to sing”
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Steroids, cont.Steroids, cont.15.15. Whether effect or not: Whether effect or not: CONTROVERSIALCONTROVERSIAL
- medical position: they are not- medical position: they are not
- lore in locker room was different- lore in locker room was different
a. Anabolic steroidsa. Anabolic steroids
- make anyone bigger / stronger- make anyone bigger / stronger
- more masculine looking- more masculine looking
b. Apparent: more faith in locker room b. Apparent: more faith in locker room talktalk
- taking no chances- taking no chances
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Steroids, cont.Steroids, cont.16.16. Physician’s Desk Reference:Physician’s Desk Reference:
- - “Anabolic steroids have not been shown “Anabolic steroids have not been shown to enhance athletic ability.” to enhance athletic ability.”
a. Tell to Ben Johnson (Canadian - 1988)a. Tell to Ben Johnson (Canadian - 1988)
- record in 100 meter run- record in 100 meter run
- or competitors- or competitors
b. Testosterone has tremendous effect b. Testosterone has tremendous effect onon
muscle mass during puberty muscle mass during puberty
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Steroids, cont.Steroids, cont.c. What is not so clear: the impact c. What is not so clear: the impact
ofof
- additional anabolic stimulation- additional anabolic stimulation
- adolescent / adult males- adolescent / adult males
- have normal circulating levels- have normal circulating levels
1.1. REGULATIONREGULATION
-- drug produces: dependence / violent drug produces: dependence / violent crime /crime /
toxic side effectstoxic side effects
- justification to place restrictions- justification to place restrictions
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Regulation, cont.Regulation, cont.a. a. 1988: Congressional Hearings1988: Congressional Hearings
- place on controlled substances list- place on controlled substances list
b. Evidence presented:b. Evidence presented:
- large black market ($100 million - large black market ($100 million year)year)
- concern for youth (more ‘macho’)- concern for youth (more ‘macho’)
c. c. 1990: Omnibus Crime Control Act1990: Omnibus Crime Control Act
- listed under Schedule III- listed under Schedule III
- controlled substance- controlled substance
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Regulation, cont.Regulation, cont. - required more record keeping- required more record keeping
- limited refills- limited refills
2.2. Psychological effectsPsychological effects
- on-going research- on-going research
a. Certain beneficial effectsa. Certain beneficial effects
- increases amount of work in training- increases amount of work in training
- increases intensity of effort in - increases intensity of effort in games games
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Psychological Effects, cont.Psychological Effects, cont.b. b. Negative effectsNegative effects
- stimulant-like high- stimulant-like high
- increased aggressiveness - increased aggressiveness (beneficial?)(beneficial?)
- psychological dependence - psychological dependence (depressed)(depressed)
- “roid rage”- “roid rage”
3.3. Adverse effects on bodyAdverse effects on body
- many concerns about use- many concerns about use
a. Not achieve full heighta. Not achieve full height
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Adverse Effects, cont.Adverse Effects, cont. - premature closing of growth plates - premature closing of growth plates
of of
long boneslong bones
- limits adult height- limits adult height
b. Cysts on liverb. Cysts on liver
- high blood pressure / heart disease- high blood pressure / heart disease
4.4. Other dietary supplementsOther dietary supplements
a. Androstenedione a. Androstenedione
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Dietary Supplements, cont.Dietary Supplements, cont. - dietary supplement- dietary supplement
- acts as metabolic precursor to- acts as metabolic precursor to
testosteronetestosterone
- available as ‘ergogenic agent’- available as ‘ergogenic agent’
b. b. Mark McGwireMark McGwire
- 1998 hitting season (70 home runs)- 1998 hitting season (70 home runs)
- used this supplement (legal)- used this supplement (legal)
c. No other sport allows except baseballc. No other sport allows except baseball