AN0063: Driving Electronic Paper Displays (E-Paper ......Displays (E-paper) AN0063 - Application...

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...the world's most energy friendly microcontrollers Driving Electronic Paper Displays (E-paper) AN0063 - Application Note Introduction This application note shows how to drive an Electronic Paper Display (EPD) with the EFM32. The application note makes use of an EPD extension board made by Pervasive Displays which is connected to the EFM32GG-STK3700 Starter Kit. This application note includes: This PDF document Source files (zip) Example C-code Multiple IDE projects

Transcript of AN0063: Driving Electronic Paper Displays (E-Paper ......Displays (E-paper) AN0063 - Application...

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...the world's most energy friendly microcontrollers

2013-09-16 - an0063_Rev1.01 1 www.silabs.com

Driving Electronic PaperDisplays (E-paper)AN0063 - Application Note

Introduction

This application note shows how to drive an Electronic Paper Display (EPD) withthe EFM32. The application note makes use of an EPD extension board made byPervasive Displays which is connected to the EFM32GG-STK3700 Starter Kit.

This application note includes:

• This PDF document• Source files (zip)

• Example C-code• Multiple IDE projects

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1 电子纸显示屏 电子纸显示屏(EPD)是具有反射和双稳态功能的显示屏。这里的反射指仅仅依靠周围环境的光,

不使用背景光源形成的反射。双稳态功能使显示屏即使在断电的条件下,仍然能保留图像。EPD常用于电子阅读器,工业标牌和电子货架标签等应用。EPD具有的特性使其成为无需经常性更新

屏幕画面的应用的理想选择。由于显示屏在显示静态画面时无需消耗电流,因而可以带来很长的

电池寿命。

1.1 EPD 单元 EPD的像素由一个个透明微囊体决定。这些微囊体内部充满深色的油状液体。油状液体内含有白

色的、带负电荷的二氧化钛颗粒。电极布设于囊体的前后两端。如果对微囊体的前端施加正电压,

白色的二氧化钛颗粒就会被吸引到囊体前端,此时屏幕因为白色颗粒反射出的光而呈现出白色。

反之,当施加负电压的时候,白色颗粒会被后端的电极吸引,屏幕因为反射的光线被深色的油状

液体所吸收而呈现黑色。 图1.1 EPD 单元

1.2 EFM32 的优势 由于EPD具有不消耗电流的特点,MCU以及应用的其他部分的耗电量就变得很敏感。EFM32灵活

的能耗模式使得MCU在任何时消耗的电流都尽可能低。多数EPD应用都可使用EFM32 的EM4能耗

模式,该模式下MCU功耗可低至20nA。内存对于保存帧缓冲和图像来说是十分重要的。EFM32有大的闪存和SRAM产品供选择。目前,内存最大可达1MB闪存及128K 的SRAM。EPD在低温环境

下更新时间会延长。EFM32内置的温度传感器,可以用来调节更新时间。

1.3 注意事项 尽管EPD在显示静态画面时不消耗电流,但更新画面的时候,耗电量还是很大的。显示屏画面更

新也需要很长时间(通常为1-2秒)。因此EPD不适合那些需要频繁更新画面的应用。显示屏的对比

度(CR)在一段时间后会下降。Pervasive Displays公司指出他们公司的面板的显示屏对比度在三

周后从9:1下降到7:1。重影指的是在显示屏上能够看到之前屏幕显示的画面。EPD很容易出现重影。

当像素更新时,可能会有些颗粒没能够移动到EPD腔室的另一侧。在用户看来,就像是旧的帧画

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面的灰色影子叠在了新的帧画面上。为了解决这一问题,通常同一帧画面需要在显示屏上重复写

几次。

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2 EPD扩展板 图2.1:Pervasive Displays公司的的 EPD扩展板

此应用笔记旨在使用Pervasive Displays公司的EPD扩展板,来说明如何通过EFM32 MCU来驱动电

子纸显示屏。EPD扩展板可以购买,完整的原理图和文档资料可免费下载。文档资料及订货信息

可从Pervasive Displays公司的网站获得。 扩展板包括: •用于连接显示屏的灵活的平板连接器 •用于储存画面的8MB闪存 •温度传感器 •用于连接MCU的20-针接头 平板连接器与尺寸为1.44", 2.0" 以及 2.7"EPD 板兼容。用来驱动面板的信号通过20-针接头输出。 扩展板附带有20-针的连接线,连接线的另一端以标准跳线方式截断。这使得EPD板可以很容易地

通过EMF32入门套件的扩展接头与MCU连接,查看图2.2 (p. 4)。表2.1 (p.5)展示了如何将EPD扩展

板与EFM32GG-STK3700入门套件连接。 图2.2 :EPD与STK连接

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表2.1. 连接明细表 EPD Pin Function EFM32 Pin STK Pin Color

1 VOD VMCU/PC41 2/71 Red 2 LED PCD 3 White 3 Grey 4 Purple 5 Blue 6 Temperature PD4 12 Green 7 SPI_CLK PD2 8 Yellow 8 BUSY PD6 15 Orange 9 PWM PD3 10 Brown

10 /RESET PD5 14 Black 11 PÅANEL_ON PD6 16 Red 12 DISCHARGE PB7 17 White 13 SORDER PD12 13 Grey 14 SPI_MISO PD2 6 Purple 15 SPI_MOSI PD0 4 Blue 16 Green 17 Yellow 18 FLASH_CS PB11 11 Orange 19 /EWPD_CS PC5 9 Brown 20 GND GND 1 Black

1Pin can be connected to PC4 when running the 'EPD Demo' example to save power. This pin will be pulled low when display is not updating to remove all power to the EPD board. When running the 'PDI Kit Demo' example the pin must be connected directly to VMCU.

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3 使用EFM32驱动EPD 本章将解释更新EPD面板需要MCU进行哪些操作。本章中所有信息皆基于Pervasive Displays公司

发布的文档资料。查看相关文档了解包括SPI指令以及定时在内的详细信息。

3.1 玻璃基板驱动 PDI(龙亭新技)公司的EPD板配备一个集成的玻璃基板(COG)驱动器,用来控制面板上的行和

列。COG有一个3线SPI接口,用来接收来自MCU的命令。

3.2 电荷泵 当向显示器写入新的图像时,要求板两端有较大电压,以驱动像素。在没有外部电源电压的前提

下,可使用电荷泵电路来获得较大电压。MCU需提供频率在100 - 300 kHz 之间的PWM信号来为该

电压充电。

3.3 图像更新顺序 为了在EPD板上写入新的图像,MCU需: 1.供电并初始化COG 2.多次写入图像数据,以避免重影,并增强对比度。 3.关闭COG驱动电源 在初始化期间,MCU通过发送SPI指令与COG连接,且必须遵守COG文档中编排的特定时序。作

为初始程序的一部分,MCU必须同时提供PWM波形。MCU需在内存中保有两帧缓冲: 包括将要显

示的新画面,以及当前屏上显示的旧画面。 在更新过程中,板的更新分为四步: 1.反转当前画面 2. 整个屏幕变成白色 3.绘制新画面的倒影 4.绘制新画面 每一步,同一帧画面在显示屏上要写入多次。重复写入的次数,取决于显示屏的类型和当前(的)

温度。 在较冷的条件下,像素内的颗粒移动较慢,因此需要较多次数的写入。如果应用在多变的温度下

工作,那么在写入前需首先测量温度。EPD扩展板为此专门配备了温度传感器。EFM32同样有内

部温度传感器。在写入帧后,COG需要掉电。该程序中,MCU同样需要遵守特定的指令和定时顺

序。在该顺序中,像素寄存器首先被清空,接着电荷泵电容放电。在掉电顺序结束后,板上的电

源可被切断,图像将保持在板上。

3.4 帧缓冲 COG希望每一帧都有特定的格式。一个像素用(x,y)标记,其中(1,1)代表显示器的左上角。每个像

素用两个位来表示,要么是BLACK (0b11), WHITE (0b10) 或者 NOTHING (0b01)。发送NOTHING值意味着保持像素当前状态。 ‘’ 2013-08-12 - an

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图3.1. EPD帧

当帧被更新时,像素数据被按行发送。每行从最右侧算起的所有的双数位像素开始计数,接着是

标志所要更新的行的扫描线(例如宽度为200px的显示器发送的数据为: (200,y), (198,y) ...)。扫描线

格式是一种对位被映射到一行的比特序列。对位对当前行来说需为0b11,对其他行,需为0b00(如当写第二行时,扫描线开始于001100...)。在扫描线后,从左侧开始所有奇数像素((1,y), (3,y) ....)。

3.5 使用emWin渲染 emWin是一个由Segger制作的图形库,它专为嵌入式处理器和微控器而制作。该图形库对EFM32的客户免费,并且可作为静态库通过Simplicity Studio获得。为了使用该库渲染EPD上的帧,

emWin需被配置来在RAM的帧缓冲器绘制黑白图片(1 bpp)。这个帧缓冲器接着在当传送给COG时

转变为EPD格式。emWin的资料可从Segger网站获得: http://www.segger.com/emwin.html 注意 emWin当前版本(V5.16)的驱动中有一个bug,它只能处理显示尺寸(宽度,长度)为32的倍数

的显示屏。因此emWin的帧缓冲必须四舍五入到最接近的兼容尺寸。当帧被转换为EPD格式时,

只有合适的像素会被复制。 3.5.1转换图像 emWin包括一个将图像转换成emWin可用格式的PC工具。BmpCvt.exe(位图转换)工具可在

Simplicity Studio 文件夹reptile\emwin\exe找到。该工具可打开常见的图片格式(GIF, BMP, PNG),并将输出保存为可以汇编入MCU应用的C文档。当使用位图转换器来转换EPD可用的图片时,首

先转换图片至黑白格式[Image -> Convert Into -> BW (1 BPP)]。接着,根据屏幕尺寸来调整图片大

小:[Image -> Scale]。结束后,点击 [File -> Save As] 并确定文件以保存为"C bitmap file (*.c)"。当需

要选择图片格式时, 选择 "1 bit per pixel" 并不要调色板。

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图3.2. emWin 位图转换工具

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4 功耗 EPD仅在更新画面时产生功耗。显示器更新画面会耗费较长的时间,室温下通常需要1-2秒。在此

段时间内,MCU需完成上电及掉电过程,并重复传送帧到板上。为了优化显示器更新时的功耗,

MCU需总处于最合适的能量模式之下。当执行CPU密集型的任务,如渲染新画面时,MCU需在高

频下运行。在更新阶段,当帧从SPI传送到EPD板时,时钟频率可以慢些,因为该阶段需运行预定

量的时间。 在延迟阶段,当MCU等待COG就绪时,MCU可处于睡眠模式。当显示器更新时,可以用来优化以

节能的主要参数是'阶段时间'。指每一阶段需多长时间。PDI的文档([pdi_ref]),为每一个板定义

了合理的默认“阶段时间”,以及用来在较冷的环境下延长“阶段时间”的“温度因子”。每个

板的阶段时间参数可在cog.c文档的开头配置,温度因子可在temp.c中定义。 图4.1. EPD+MCU的功耗

图4.1 (p. 9)显示了MCU + EPD在显示器更新期间的功耗明细。这图是当MCU运行应用笔记上的

“'EPD Demo”示例时,截取自energyAware Profiler能耗分析工具的画面 图中的数字代表: 1.初始化序列和PWM来对COG 及电荷泵充电 2.EPD帧根据内存中的两个帧缓冲计算 3.PD帧通过SPI传送到板上 4.COG断电顺序 5.电容放电 6.板的电源被切断,MCU处于EM2能耗模式

4.1选择睡眠模式 因为EPD显示静态画面时无需电源或互动,这使得它可以使用EM4睡眠模式。是否可以使用EM4决于应用本身,具体来说就是应用是否需要在睡眠状态下执行任务,以及更新频率。EM4状态下,

EFM32耗电量可以低至20 nA,并通过GPIO中断唤醒(仅在特定的引脚上,参见参考手册)

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然而,当从EM4唤醒时,MCU需通过一系列完整的复位及运行启动/初始化代码增益,这将增加平

均耗电量。因此,那些需要较长时间处长睡眠状态的应用使用EM4睡眠模式获得的效益最大。 理论上使用EF4能耗模式的优势如图4.2 (p. 10)。 使用EM4的好处可见图4.2 (p. 10)。图中的例子,假设一个简单应用处于睡眠模式并根据周期性

GPIO中断更新显示器。横坐标轴为更新周期,纵坐标轴显示了平均耗电量。在短的更新周期内

(高更新频率),耗电量主要由MCU在运行模式下的耗电量以及EPD更新图像时消耗的电量决定。 这时候,睡眠模式下的电流可以被忽略。然而,当更新周期延长时,平均耗电量则由睡眠模式下

耗电量来决定。 图4.2 (p. 10)中计算所用数值,来自数据手册EFM32GG990F1024消耗的电流的数据,以及通过一个

2"大小的板演示'EPD Demo'示例得到的数据(一次更新约消耗1.5s,平均耗电量约为8mA) 图4.2. 平均耗电量(MCU+EPD)

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5 软件实例 本使用说明包含两个软件实例。

5.1 PDI套件演示 本实例,是由Pervasive Displays提供的演示应用,可从他们的网站获得[pdi_kit].。在同一网站上,

你可以下载EPD工具包,通过该工具包,你可以从你的电脑直接上传图片(图 5.1 (p. 11) )。当运行

示例时,用USB线连接EFM32GG-STK3700入门套件底部中间的Micro-USB连接器。PC工具与

EFM32通过USB连接,可向MCU传送图片,文字和几何形状。MCU传送这些图片到EPD。 图5.1. EPD工具包

注意该示例的配置默认为针对尺寸为2"显示器。如果是其他大小的显示屏,需要首先改变

image_data.h文件中的下列行: #define USE_EPD_Type USE_EPD200 项目文件仅供IAR使用。

5.2 EPD演示 此实例由Silicon Labs根据Pervasive Displays文档[pdi_ref].开发。它展示了如何使用emWin来渲染

EPD上的帧。本实例仅使用内部RAM和闪存来存储图片,并使用内部温度传感器来调节更新时间。

它同时通过EFM32 的一个 GPIO引脚为整个EPD扩展板供电。这使得MCU可以在更新间隙完全不

向板供电。注意这要求EPD扩展板上的VDD引脚与EFM32 的一个GPIO引脚相连,而不是与VMCU引脚相连(与PDI演示不同,查看表2.1 (p. 5)

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图5.2. EPD演示

演示在预定义屏幕的序列之间进行切换。点击EFM32GGSTK3700上的PB0按钮,切换至下一屏幕,

点击PB1切换开/关幻灯片模式使得屏幕每隔几秒自动切换。这个演示默认配置的是针对大小为2"显示器。首先需改变config.h中的以下行: #define PANEL_200 本代码已在大小为2"和2.7"显示器上测试。

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6 References[epd_kit] . Pervasive Displays EPD Kit Homepage. http://pervasivedisplays.com/kits/ext_kit.

[epd_ref] . RePaper Webpage. http://repaper.org.

[pdi_faq] . Pervasive Displays FAQ. http://www.pervasivedisplays.com/technology/about-e-paper.

[cog_timing] . E-paper Display Cog Driver Interface Timing. http://www.pervasivedisplays.com/LiteratureRetrieve.aspx?ID=138408.

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7 Revision History7.1 Revision 1.01

2013-09-03

New cover layout

7.2 Revision 1.002013-08-12

Initial revision.

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A Disclaimer and TrademarksA.1 Disclaimer

Silicon Laboratories intends to provide customers with the latest, accurate, and in-depth documentationof all peripherals and modules available for system and software implementers using or intending to usethe Silicon Laboratories products. Characterization data, available modules and peripherals, memorysizes and memory addresses refer to each specific device, and "Typical" parameters provided can anddo vary in different applications. Application examples described herein are for illustrative purposesonly. Silicon Laboratories reserves the right to make changes without further notice and limitation toproduct information, specifications, and descriptions herein, and does not give warranties as to theaccuracy or completeness of the included information. Silicon Laboratories shall have no liability forthe consequences of use of the information supplied herein. This document does not imply or expresscopyright licenses granted hereunder to design or fabricate any integrated circuits. The products mustnot be used within any Life Support System without the specific written consent of Silicon Laboratories.A "Life Support System" is any product or system intended to support or sustain life and/or health, which,if it fails, can be reasonably expected to result in significant personal injury or death. Silicon Laboratoriesproducts are generally not intended for military applications. Silicon Laboratories products shall under nocircumstances be used in weapons of mass destruction including (but not limited to) nuclear, biologicalor chemical weapons, or missiles capable of delivering such weapons.

A.2 Trademark InformationSilicon Laboratories Inc., Silicon Laboratories, the Silicon Labs logo, Energy Micro, EFM, EFM32, EFR,logo and combinations thereof, and others are the registered trademarks or trademarks of SiliconLaboratories Inc. ARM, CORTEX, Cortex-M3 and THUMB are trademarks or registered trademarksof ARM Holdings. Keil is a registered trademark of ARM Limited. All other products or brand namesmentioned herein are trademarks of their respective holders.

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B Contact InformationSilicon Laboratories Inc.400 West Cesar ChavezAustin, TX 78701

Please visit the Silicon Labs Technical Support web page:http://www.silabs.com/support/pages/contacttechnicalsupport.aspxand register to submit a technical support request.

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Table of Contents1. Electronic Paper Displays ........................................................................................................................... 2

1.1. EPD Cell ....................................................................................................................................... 21.2. Benefits of EFM32 .......................................................................................................................... 21.3. Considerations ............................................................................................................................... 2

2. EPD Extension Board ................................................................................................................................ 43. Driving an EPD with EFM32 ........................................................................................................................ 6

3.1. Chip-on-Glass Driver ....................................................................................................................... 63.2. Charge Pump ................................................................................................................................ 63.3. Image Update Sequence .................................................................................................................. 63.4. Frame Buffer ................................................................................................................................. 63.5. Rendering with emWin ..................................................................................................................... 7

4. Power Consumption ................................................................................................................................... 94.1. Choosing a Sleep Mode .................................................................................................................. 9

5. Software Examples .................................................................................................................................. 115.1. PDI Kit Demo ............................................................................................................................... 115.2. EPD Demo .................................................................................................................................. 11

6. References ............................................................................................................................................. 137. Revision History ...................................................................................................................................... 14

7.1. Revision 1.01 ............................................................................................................................... 147.2. Revision 1.00 ............................................................................................................................... 14

A. Disclaimer and Trademarks ....................................................................................................................... 15A.1. Disclaimer ................................................................................................................................... 15A.2. Trademark Information ................................................................................................................... 15

B. Contact Information ................................................................................................................................. 16B.1. ................................................................................................................................................. 16

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List of Figures1.1. EPD cells .............................................................................................................................................. 22.1. Pervasive Displays EPD Extension Board ................................................................................................... 42.2. EPD and STK connected ......................................................................................................................... 43.1. EPD Frame (from [cog_timing]) ................................................................................................................. 73.2. emWin Bitmap Converter ......................................................................................................................... 84.1. EPD + MCU power consumption ............................................................................................................... 94.2. Average current consumption (MCU + EPD) .............................................................................................. 105.1. EPD Kit Tool ........................................................................................................................................ 115.2. EPD Demo .......................................................................................................................................... 12

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List of Tables2.1. Connection Table .................................................................................................................................... 5

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