An overview of Computational FluidDynamic applied to Petroleum Reservoir Simulations
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An overview of Computational Fluid Dynamic applied to Petroleum Reservoir
Simulations
Simone Ribeiro
Universidade Federal de Uberlândiaverão de 2010
1
Wednesday, January 6, 2010
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Outline
2
• Historical overview of CFD• Euler equations• Navier-Stokes equations
• The Conservation Laws• Applications• Multiphase flow problem• Solutions to conservation laws
• The two-phase flow model• Numerical approximation• Numerical results
• Final considerations
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History of CFD
• Heraclitus postulated that “Everything Flows”
• Archimedes initiated the fields of Hydrostatic: the mesure of densities and volume of objects
• Leonardo da Vinci planned and supervised canal and harbor works over a large part of Italy.
• Isaac Newton made contributions to fluid mechanics with his Second Law: F = ma.
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18th-19th centuriesHistory of CFD
• Bernoulli stated that for an inviscid flow, an increase in the speed of the fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluidʼs potential energy.
• Euler proposed the Euler equations, which describe the conservation of momentum for an inviscid fluid, and conservation of mass.
• Claude Navier and George Stokes introduced viscous transport into the Euler Equations, which resulted in the now famous Navier-Stokes Equations.
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History of CFDThe Navier-Stokes Equations
The Navier-Stokes equation are a set of equations that describe the movement of fluids such as gases or liquids. They establish that changes in momentum and acceleration of a particle results from changes in pressure and viscous forces inside the fluid.
They are obtained from the basic principles of Conservation of Mass, Momentum and Energy.
Navier Stokes
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History of CFDThe earliest CFD calculations
Lewis Fry Richardson developed the first weather prediction system: he divided the physical space into grid cells and used the finite difference approximations.
The calculation of weather of a 8-hour period took 6 weeks of real time and ended in failure.
For efficiency in calculations, he proposed the “forecast factory”. This is the earliest ideas of CFD calculations and parallel computing.
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The Conservation LawsIn one space dimension, the equations take the form:
The main assumption underlying this equation is that knowing the value of u(x,t) at a given point and time allows us to determine the rate of flow, or flux, of each state variable at (x,t)
!u(x, t)!t
+!f(u(x, t))
!x= 0
f : Rm ! Rm
u : R! R " Rm
(x, t) #" (u1(x, t), . . . , um(x, t))
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The Conservation Laws
Applications
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The Conservation LawsApplications
Euler Equations of Gas Dynamics
!
!t
!
"""vE
#
$ +!
!x
!
""v
"v2 + pv(E + p)
#
$ = 0
!
v
!v
Ep
density functionvelocity
momentumenergypressure
!!!!!
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The Conservation LawsApplications
Aerodynamics
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The Conservation LawsApplications
The Dambreak Problem
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The Conservation LawsApplications
The Dambreak Problem
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The Conservation LawsApplications
The Dam Break Problem
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The Conservation LawsApplications
The Dam Break Problem
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The Conservation LawsApplications
• Meteorology
• Astrophysical
• The study of explosions
• The flow of glaciers
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The Conservation LawsThe Multiphase Flow Problem
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The Conservation LawsThe Multiphase Flow Problem
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The Conservation Laws
The Mathematical and Numerical difficulties
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The Conservation LawsThe Difficulties
• Discontinuous solutions do not satisfy the PDE in the classical sense at all points, since the derivatives are not defined at discontinuities.
• A finite difference discretization of the PDE is inappropriate near discontinuities.
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The Conservation LawsThe Difficulties
Initial Condition: u(x, 0) = 0.5 + sin xGrid: 100 points
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The Conservation LawsThe Dicfficulties
ut + (u2/2)x = 0
Initial Condition: u(x, 0) = 0.5 + sin x
Grid: 100 points
ut + ux = 0
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The Conservation LawsThe Dicfficulties
ut + (u2/2)x = 0
Initial Condition: u(x, 0) = 0.5 + sin x
Grid: 100 points
ut + ux = 0
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The Conservation LawsThe Dicfficulties
ut + (u2/2)x = 0
Initial Condition: u(x, 0) = 0.5 + sin x
Grid: 100 points
ut + ux = 0
Wednesday, January 6, 2010
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x
u(x, 0)u(x, 0)
u(x, 0) =!
1, x < a0, x ! a
a a
The Conservation LawsThe Difficulties
1
0
For Discontinuous Galerking Method and
Godunovʼs Method
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The Conservation LawsThe Difficulties
Oscillations arising in a shock computed with Godunovʼs method
The oscillations Amplifications
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The Conservation LawsThe Difficulties
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The Conservation Laws
Which features a good numerical method
should have?
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• At least second order accuracy on smooth region of a solution.
• Sharp resolution of discontinuities without excessive smearing.
• The absence of spurious oscilations in the computed solution.
• Nonlinear stability bounds that, together with consistency, alow us to prove convergence as the grid is refined.
• Convergence to the physically correct solution.
• Computational Efficiency
The Conservation LawsFeatures of Numerical Methods
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The Multiphase Flow ModelOne phase flows
Henry Darcy (1844) described the flow of a fluid through a porous media. This mathematical description is known as Darcy’s Law.
Darcyʼs Law
v = !k
µ"P
The Darcy’s Law tell us that the flow of a fluid is proportional to the pressure
gradient.
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The Multiphase Flow ModelTwo phase flows
Two phase flows characterize the displacement of two immiscible fluids, such as water and oil, through a porous media.
Muskat generalized the Darcy’s Law for two phase flows introducing the concepts of effective permeability and relative permeability.
G. Chavent. A new formulation of diphasic incompressible flows in porous media. Volume 503 Lecture Notes in Mathematics, Springer
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The Multiphase Flow ModelTwo phase flows
When two fluids fills a porous media, the ability of a fluid to flow is called effective permeability of that fluid. It is denoted by where indicates the fluid
Relative permeability is a dimensionless measure of the effective permeability of each fluid or phase.
K! !
v! = !K!
µ!"P!Kr! =
K!
K=!
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The Multiphase Flow ModelSimplified Hypothesis
• Gravity is not considered
• Constant porosity
• Incompressible flow
• The reservoir is saturated
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The Multiphase Flow ModelThe Mathematical Model
• Darcy’s Law
• Convective Transport Equation
• The reservoir is saturated
! · v = 0v = !K(x)!"P
! !!tsw +! · (vfw) = 0
sw + so = 1.0Z. Chen. Computational methods for multiphase flows in porous media. SIAM
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The Multiphase Flow ModelNumerical Strategy
Numerical Approximation
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Operator Splitting!
v = !Kµ"P, " · v = 0
!!sw!t +" · (vfw) = 0
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Operator Splitting
!
!tsw +! · (vfw) = 0v = !K(x)!"P
! · v = 0
Advantages:
• Different time steps for each problem
• Appropriate numerical method for each equation
!v = !K
µ"P, " · v = 0!!sw
!t +" · (vfw) = 0
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Numerical ApproximationVelocity-pressure equation
! · v = 0v = !K(x)!"P
• Mixed Finite Element Method
• Raviart-Thomas Element
• Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient Method
• G. Chavent and J. Roberts. A unified physical presentation of mixed, mixed-hybrid finite •elementsfor determination of velocities in waterflow problems. IRIA, Chesnay, 1989.
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Numerical ApproximationSaturation equation
! !!tsw +! · (vfw) = 0
• Second order central schemes
• Semi-discrete Godunov type schemes
• Second order Runge-Kutta
Ribeiro S., Pereira F., Abreu E. Central schemes for porous media flows. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 2008
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Numerical ApproximationSaturation equation
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Numerical ApproximationSaturation equation
Historical development... in 1954
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Numerical ApproximationSaturation equation
Historical development... in 1954
• Lax-Friedrichs numerical scheme (1954)
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Numerical ApproximationSaturation equation
Historical development... in 1954
• Lax-Friedrichs numerical scheme (1954)
• centered finite differencing
Wednesday, January 6, 2010
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Numerical ApproximationSaturation equation
Historical development... in 1954
• Lax-Friedrichs numerical scheme (1954)
• centered finite differencing
• simplicity
Wednesday, January 6, 2010
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Numerical ApproximationSaturation equation
Historical development... in 1954
• Lax-Friedrichs numerical scheme (1954)
• centered finite differencing
• simplicity
• time step restricted to a CFL condition
Wednesday, January 6, 2010
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Numerical ApproximationSaturation equation
Historical development... in 1954
• Lax-Friedrichs numerical scheme (1954)
• centered finite differencing
• simplicity
• time step restricted to a CFL condition
• High numerical diffusion and inversely proportional to the time step.
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Numerical ApproximationSaturation equation
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Numerical ApproximationSaturation equation
Lax-Friedrichs scheme
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Numerical ApproximationSaturation equation
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Numerical ApproximationSaturation equation
Historical development... in 1961
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Numerical ApproximationSaturation equation
Historical development... in 1961 • Rusanovʼs numerical scheme (1954)
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Numerical ApproximationSaturation equation
Historical development... in 1961 • Rusanovʼs numerical scheme (1954)
• based on Lax-Friedrichs method
Wednesday, January 6, 2010
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Numerical ApproximationSaturation equation
Historical development... in 1961 • Rusanovʼs numerical scheme (1954)
• based on Lax-Friedrichs method
• first order approximation
Wednesday, January 6, 2010
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Numerical ApproximationSaturation equation
Historical development... in 1961 • Rusanovʼs numerical scheme (1954)
• based on Lax-Friedrichs method
• first order approximation
• simplicity
Wednesday, January 6, 2010
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Numerical ApproximationSaturation equation
Historical development... in 1961 • Rusanovʼs numerical scheme (1954)
• based on Lax-Friedrichs method
• first order approximation
• simplicity
• time step no longer restricted to a CFL condition
Wednesday, January 6, 2010
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35
Numerical ApproximationSaturation equation
Historical development... in 1961 • Rusanovʼs numerical scheme (1954)
• based on Lax-Friedrichs method
• first order approximation
• simplicity
• time step no longer restricted to a CFL condition
• Lower numerical diffusion independent of the time step.
Wednesday, January 6, 2010
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Numerical ApproximationSaturation equation
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Numerical ApproximationSaturation equation
Rusanovʼs scheme
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Numerical ApproximationSaturation equation
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Numerical ApproximationSaturation equation
Historical development... in 1990
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Numerical ApproximationSaturation equation
Historical development... in 1990 • Nessyahu and Tadmor numerical scheme
J. Comp. Phys. 1990
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Numerical ApproximationSaturation equation
Historical development... in 1990 • Nessyahu and Tadmor numerical scheme
J. Comp. Phys. 1990
• second order extension of LxF method
Wednesday, January 6, 2010
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Numerical ApproximationSaturation equation
Historical development... in 1990 • Nessyahu and Tadmor numerical scheme
J. Comp. Phys. 1990
• second order extension of LxF method
• central scheme based on REA algorithm from Godunov, Mat. Sb., 1959
Wednesday, January 6, 2010
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Numerical ApproximationSaturation equation
Historical development... in 1990 • Nessyahu and Tadmor numerical scheme
J. Comp. Phys. 1990
• second order extension of LxF method
• central scheme based on REA algorithm from Godunov, Mat. Sb., 1959
• simplicity
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Numerical ApproximationSaturation equation
Historical development... in 1990 • Nessyahu and Tadmor numerical scheme
J. Comp. Phys. 1990
• second order extension of LxF method
• central scheme based on REA algorithm from Godunov, Mat. Sb., 1959
• simplicity
• time step restricted to a CFL condition
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37
Numerical ApproximationSaturation equation
Historical development... in 1990 • Nessyahu and Tadmor numerical scheme
J. Comp. Phys. 1990
• second order extension of LxF method
• central scheme based on REA algorithm from Godunov, Mat. Sb., 1959
• simplicity
• time step restricted to a CFL condition
• Sharp resolution without spurious oscillation
Wednesday, January 6, 2010
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37
Numerical ApproximationSaturation equation
Historical development... in 1990 • Nessyahu and Tadmor numerical scheme
J. Comp. Phys. 1990
• second order extension of LxF method
• central scheme based on REA algorithm from Godunov, Mat. Sb., 1959
• simplicity
• time step restricted to a CFL condition
• Sharp resolution without spurious oscillation
• It captures the entropic solution
Wednesday, January 6, 2010
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38
Numerical ApproximationSaturation equation
Wednesday, January 6, 2010
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38
Numerical ApproximationSaturation equation
NT scheme
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Numerical ApproximationSaturation equation
Wednesday, January 6, 2010
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Numerical ApproximationSaturation equation
Historical development... in 2000
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39
Numerical ApproximationSaturation equation
Historical development... in 2000
• Kurganov and Tadmor numerical scheme J. Comp. Phys. 2000
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39
Numerical ApproximationSaturation equation
Historical development... in 2000
• Kurganov and Tadmor numerical scheme J. Comp. Phys. 2000
• second order extension of Rusanovʼs method with REA algorithm
Wednesday, January 6, 2010
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39
Numerical ApproximationSaturation equation
Historical development... in 2000
• Kurganov and Tadmor numerical scheme J. Comp. Phys. 2000
• second order extension of Rusanovʼs method with REA algorithm
• simplicity
Wednesday, January 6, 2010
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39
Numerical ApproximationSaturation equation
Historical development... in 2000
• Kurganov and Tadmor numerical scheme J. Comp. Phys. 2000
• second order extension of Rusanovʼs method with REA algorithm
• simplicity
• time step is not restricted to a CFL condition
Wednesday, January 6, 2010
![Page 75: An overview of Computational FluidDynamic applied to Petroleum Reservoir Simulations](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020201/568c49251a28ab4916930c01/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
39
Numerical ApproximationSaturation equation
Historical development... in 2000
• Kurganov and Tadmor numerical scheme J. Comp. Phys. 2000
• second order extension of Rusanovʼs method with REA algorithm
• simplicity
• time step is not restricted to a CFL condition
• Much better resolution with longer time steps
Wednesday, January 6, 2010
![Page 76: An overview of Computational FluidDynamic applied to Petroleum Reservoir Simulations](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020201/568c49251a28ab4916930c01/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
39
Numerical ApproximationSaturation equation
Historical development... in 2000
• Kurganov and Tadmor numerical scheme J. Comp. Phys. 2000
• second order extension of Rusanovʼs method with REA algorithm
• simplicity
• time step is not restricted to a CFL condition
• Much better resolution with longer time steps
• Numerical diffusion is independent of time step
Wednesday, January 6, 2010
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40
Numerical Approximation
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40
Numerical Approximation
KT scheme
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41
Finite Volume Strategy
• Construction Step (Leveque, Finite volume method for hyperbolic problem)
• Divide the domain in a collection of finite control volumes with fixed size
• (Evolution Step) Integrate the conservation law over each control volume.
!
!ts +
!
!x(xvf(s)) +
!
!y(yvf(s)) = 0
! ! !
V
"
!Snj,k(x, y) = S
nj,k + (Sx)n
j,k · (x! xj) + (Sy)nj,k · (y ! yk)
dt
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41
Finite Volume Strategy
• Construction Step (Leveque, Finite volume method for hyperbolic problem)
• Divide the domain in a collection of finite control volumes with fixed size
• (Evolution Step) Integrate the conservation law over each control volume.
!
!ts +
!
!x(xvf(s)) +
!
!y(yvf(s)) = 0
! ! !
V
" !dV
!Snj,k(x, y) = S
nj,k + (Sx)n
j,k · (x! xj) + (Sy)nj,k · (y ! yk)
dt
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42
Finite Volume Strategy
!
Lx
Ly
Two spatial dimensions
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43
Finite Volume StrategyTwo spatial dimensions
xj!1/2 xj+1/2
yk+1/2
yk!1/2
!Y
!XWednesday, January 6, 2010
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44
Finite Volume Strategy
xj!1/2 xj+1/2
yk+1/2
yk!1/2
Contruction Step
S̄nj,k
!Snj,k(x, y) = S
nj,k + (Sx)n
j,k · (x! xj) + (Sy)nj,k · (y ! yk)
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45
Finite Volume Strategy
xj!1/2 xj+1/2
yk+1/2
yk!1/2
Sn+1j,k
Evolution and Average Step
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46
Finite Volume Strategy
d
dtSjk(t) = !
Hxj+1/2,k(t)!Hx
j!1/2,k(t)!X
!Hy
j,k+1/2(t)!Hyj,k!1/2(t)
!Y
• Second order Runge-Kuttaʼs method
• Time step restricted to a stability condition
max!!tRK
!Xmax
s|xv(t) · (f(s))x|, !tRK
!Ymax
s|yv(t) · (f(s))y|
"! TRK
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46
Finite Volume StrategyConservative Formulation of Semi-discrete
central scheme -- SD2Dd
dtSjk(t) = !
Hxj+1/2,k(t)!Hx
j!1/2,k(t)!X
!Hy
j,k+1/2(t)!Hyj,k!1/2(t)
!Y
• Second order Runge-Kuttaʼs method
• Time step restricted to a stability condition
max!!tRK
!Xmax
s|xv(t) · (f(s))x|, !tRK
!Ymax
s|yv(t) · (f(s))y|
"! TRK
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SD2D numerical scheme
xj!1/2 xj+1/2
yk!1/2
yk+1/2
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SD2D numerical scheme
Numerical Flux in X-direction
Hxj+1/2,k(t) =
14
!xvj+1/2,k+1/2(t)
"f(S+!
j+1/2,k+1/2(t)) + f(S!!j+1/2,k+1/2(t))#
+xvj+1/2,k!1/2(t)!f(S++
j+1/2,k!1/2(t)) + f(S!+j+1/2,k!1/2(t))
"#
!cxj+,k
2
!S+
j+,k(t)! S!j+,k(t)"
xj!1/2 xj+1/2
yk!1/2
yk+1/2
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xj!1/2 xj+1/2
yk!1/2
yk+1/2
SD2D numerical scheme
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xj!1/2 xj+1/2
yk!1/2
yk+1/2
Hyj,k+1/2(t) =
14
!yvj+1/2,k+1/2(t)
"f(S!+
j+1/2,k+1/2(t)) + f(S!!j+1/2,k+1/2(t))#
+yvj!1/2,k+1/2(t)!f(S++
j!1/2,k+1/2(t)) + f(S+!j!1/2,k+1/2(t))
"#
!dy
j,k+1/2
2
!S+
j,k+1/2(t)! S!j,k+1/2(t)"
Numerical Flux in Y-directionSD2D numerical scheme
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SD2D numerical schemeThe velocity field
xj+1xj
yk
yk+1
xvj+1/2.k+1/2
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49
SD2D numerical schemeThe velocity field
xj+1xj
yk
yk+1
xvj+1/2.k+1/2
Wednesday, January 6, 2010
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50
Numerical Results in 2D
Slab Geometry
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Geometria Slab
Lx
Ly
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Geometria Slab
Geology model
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The permeability fieldScalar Log-Normal Permeability Field
Only rock heterogeneities drive macroscopic fluid mixing
where is GaussianK = K (x) = K0 e ! "(x) !(x)
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CV = 0.5 SD2DGrid: 256 x 64
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CV = 0.5 SD2DGrid: 256 x 64
NT2DGrid: 256 x 64
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CV = 0.5 SD2DGrid: 256 x 64
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CV = 0.5 SD2DGrid: 256 x 64
NT2DGrid: 512 x 128
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CV = 0.5 SD2DGrid: 256 x 64
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CV = 0.5 SD2DGrid: 256 x 64
NT2Dmalha: 1024 x 256
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CV = 0.5 SD2DGrid: 256 x 64
NT2Dmalha: 1024 x 256
3.4 min
24 h
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LxF 2DGrid: 256 x 64 cells
NT2DGrid: 256 x 64 cells
SD2DGrid: 256 x 64 cells
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58
Numerical Results in 2D
Permeability Field SD2D
Gradient pressure fixed
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59
Advantages and Disadvantages of the
numerical approximation
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Advantages and Disadvantages• Very easy formulation and implentation
• It is very easy to extend to system of conservation laws.
• It depends on the geometry
• It needs an adaptivity strategy to refine the mesh only near discontinuities.
• Ongoing work: develop lagrangian schemes which have self adaptable mesh
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Mesh with adaptivity strategy
Courtesy from Steve Dufour generated using Discontinuous Galerkin method
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Bibliography
62
• Ribeiro S., Pereira F., Abreu E. Central schemes for porous media flows. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 2008
• Ribeiro S., Francisco A, Pereira F. Water-Air simulation in porous media with one-phase pressure boundary condition. XI EMC
• Ribeiro S., Pereira, F. A new two-dimensional second order non-oscillatory central scheme. ArXiv
• E. Abreu, F. Furtado, and F. Pereira. Three-phase immiscible displacement in heterogeneouspetroleum reservoirs. Mathematics and computers in simulation
Wednesday, January 6, 2010
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• G. Chavent. A new formulation of diphasic incompressible flows in porous media. Volume 503 Lecture Notes in Mathematics, Springer
• F. Furtado, F. Pereira. Scaling analysis for two-phase immiscible flows in heterogeneous porous media. Comp. Appl. Math, 17, 1998.
• J. Glimm, B. Lindquist, F. Pereira, and R. Peierls. The multi-fractal hypothesis and anomalous diffusion. Math. Appl. Comput. 11, 1982.
• G. Chavent and J. Roberts. A unified physical presentation of mixed, mixed-hybrid finite elementsfor determination of velocities in waterflow problems. IRIA, Chesnay, 1989.
Wednesday, January 6, 2010
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Bibliography
64
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Bibliography
64
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Bibliography
64
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Bibliography
64
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Bibliography
64
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Bibliography
64
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Bibliography
64
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Bibliography
64
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Bibliography
64
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Bibliography
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Obrigada!
Wednesday, January 6, 2010