An Offshore Swan - Could the next financial crisis be sparked by China being pulled into the...

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By Matthew Garrett 11/13/14 @MattGarrett3 An Offshore Swan: Could the next financial crisis be sparked by China being pulled into the Currency War? The Context For nearly a decade China’s maturation from a major exporter into a global economic dynamo has occurred with the embedded assumption that CNY will continually strengthen. This made sense given the backdrop of a currency that has been held well below a market driven rate by the peg to the USD and then managed float. China’s Yuan policy also included strict foreign capital controls that significantly limited outside investors’ avenues to partake in this compelling carrytrade. Outperformance of CNH Carry Trades (Sharpe Ratios) China has begun to liberalize its financial system and Yuan policy. One major step was greatly relaxing restrictions on the Hong Kong based offshore Yuan (CNH). While this currency is somewhat tethered to the onshore Chinese Yuan (CNY), it is at the end of the day a market driven currency. The CNH became the funnel for foreign money to participate in the carry and for onshore entities to borrow in foreign currency.

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An assessment of the likelihood that the PBoC would allow the CNY to devalue. Additionally, a look at the events that may trigger this and the channels for which dislocations in markets could arise. This was originally posted on www.soberlook.com on 11/13/14

Transcript of An Offshore Swan - Could the next financial crisis be sparked by China being pulled into the...

Page 1: An Offshore Swan - Could the next financial crisis be sparked by China being pulled into the Currency War? 11/13/14

By  Matthew  Garrett                                11/13/14  @MattGarrett3    An  Offshore  Swan:  Could  the  next  financial  crisis  be  sparked  by  China  being  pulled  into  the  Currency  War?        The  Context  

-­‐ For  nearly  a  decade  China’s  maturation  from  a  major  exporter  into  a  global  economic  dynamo  has  occurred  with  the  embedded  assumption  that  CNY  will  continually  strengthen.      This  made  sense  given  the  backdrop  of  a  currency  that  has  been  held  well  below  a  market  driven  rate  by  the  peg  to  the  USD  and  then  managed  float.      China’s  Yuan  policy  also  included  strict  foreign  capital  controls  that  significantly  limited  outside  investors’  avenues  to  partake  in  this  compelling  carry-­‐trade.      

 Outperformance  of  CNH  Carry  Trades    (Sharpe  Ratios)  

 

   

 -­‐ China  has  begun  to  liberalize  its  financial  system  and  Yuan  policy.    One  major  

step  was  greatly  relaxing  restrictions  on  the  Hong  Kong  based  offshore  Yuan  (CNH).    While  this  currency  is  somewhat  tethered  to  the  onshore  Chinese  Yuan  (CNY),  it  is  at  the  end  of  the  day  a  market  driven  currency.    The  CNH  became  the  funnel  for  foreign  money  to  participate  in  the  carry  and  for  onshore  entities  to  borrow  in  foreign  currency.    

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CNY-­‐CNH  Spread    

       The  Currency  War  Stresses    

-­‐ As  the  PBOC  pursues  internationalization  of  the  CNY  the  currency  has  been  freed  to  appreciate  in  increasingly  looser  trading  bands,  currently  2%  from  the  fix.    This  has  occurred  while  the  Chinese  economy  attempts  to  pivot  from  largely  being  export  and  investment  driven  to  more  consumption  and  services  driven.      

-­‐ Currently  China’s  export  sector  is  under  significant  pressure  from  some  of  its  largest  trading  partners  via  the  BOJ  and  ECB’s  forward  balance  sheet  expansion,  driving  down  their  currencies.    Exacerbating  this  move  is  the  FED  ending  QE  and  speaking  to  further  policy  normalization  putting  upward  pressure  on  the  USD  and  by  extension  CNY.    

               

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 The  chart  below  shows  CNY’s  spot  return  (%)  against  major  trading  partners      

   

-­‐ The  stresses  from  exchange  rates  are  likely  not  in  synch  with  the  PBOC’s  timeframes  for  allowing  services  and  consumerism  to  fill  the  gap  left  by  exports.    

 -­‐ This  puts  direct  pressure  on  China’s  exports  during  a  time  when  aggregate  

demand  out  of  EU  is  weak  and  Japan  is  very  shaky.    That  said,  China’s  pivot  in  trade  and  economic  ties  is  directed  at  AXJ  (Asia  ex-­‐Japan).      

   

Internal  Credit  Market  Stresses    -­‐ The  PBOC  has  gone  to  great  lengths  to  provide  funding  facilities  to  the  

overextended  and  cycling  down  credit  markets  while  avoiding  a  wholesale  policy  cut  (Benchmark  rates  and  required  reserve  ratio).    The  latest  iteration,  the  Medium-­‐Term  Lending  Facility,  provided  3-­‐month  liquidity  at  350bps  to  the  tune  of  769.5B  Yuan  in  Sept  and  Oct.      

-­‐ The  heavily  levered  Chinese  corporates  (w/  debit-­‐GDP  levels  of  124%,  as  noted  by  BAML)  have  increasingly  turned  to  USD  bond  issues.        

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-­‐ A  continued  deterioration  in  credit  markets  would  warrant  a  move  on  benchmark  rates  and  required  reserves.    As  this  possibility  grows  it  is  likely  to  be  reflected  by  higher  vols.      

   Positioning  and  Market  Structure  Risks.  

-­‐ Given  the  long  running,  strong  performance  of  the  CNY  and  CNH  carry  trades  over  the  past  few  years  and  the  rapid  growth  in  the  offshore  currency  market,  it  reasonable  to  expect  net  exposure  is  large  and  leveraged  with  investors  and  financial  institutions.    Furthermore,  the  size  of  cross  border  trade  with  China  has  led  RMB  to  be  the  2nd  largest  trade  finance  currency.    This  leads  me  to  believe  that  foreign  corporates  may  have  large  expsure  to  the  carry  via  RMB  trade  finance  arrangements  and  evidenced  by  over-­‐invoicing.  Furthermore,  this  could  be  resulting  in  a  favorable  and  potentially  fleeting  skew  to  the  underlying  economics  of  trade  with  China.    

-­‐  Anecdotally,  having  spoken  with  a  businessman  who  imports  from  China,  I  sensed  more  excitement  about  his  exposure  to  the  currency  than  the  underlying  business.    

 

   Summing  it  up    

-­‐ As  described  above,  a  confluence  of  events  and  circumstances  exist  that  cause  me  to  be  weary  of  the  engrained  (but  increasingly  questioned)  assumption  of  a  one-­‐way  path  (and  trade)  for  the  Chinese  currency.    In  fact,  I  would  put  a  far  better  than  50/50  chance  that  the  CNY  and  CNH  will  experience  a  period  of  unprecedented  depreciation  and  volatility  over  the  next  12  months.  Future  volatility  will  likely  exceed  the  bout  of  volatility  experienced  in  1Q2014  brought  on  by  the  PBOC  to  shake  out  one-­‐sided  bets.    The  implications  would  be  hugely  disruptive  to  global  markets.    

   

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USDCNH  2  week  historical  volatility  vs.  1  month  implied  volatility    

   

-­‐ Implied  vol  rerated  higher  with  the  PBOC  doubling  of  the  USDCNY  trading  band  to  2%  on  March  17,  2014.      

   Possible  Triggering  Scenarios  for  Disruptions        

1. An  external  market  shock-­‐  This  could  be  broad  market  volatility  brought  on  by  the  FED’s  positioning  away  from  ZIRP  that  will  have  spillover  on  the  EME’s  and  carry  trades.  Market  volatility  (risk-­‐off  environment)  could  also  come  in  the  form  of  credit  market  contagion  stemming  from  the  energy  space  (which  makes  up  ~18%  of  N.A.  HY).      

2. PBOC  broad  based  monetary  policy  loosening  (this  includes  changes  to  FX  trading  bands  and/or  new  cheap  money  lending  programs)-­‐  This  can  come  in  response  to;  (a)  further  credit  market  deterioration;  (b)  weak  economic  and  inflation  prints;  and  (c)  pressures  exerted  by  the  current  round  of  currency  devaluation  by  other  central  banks.    

3. Emergence  of  an  alternative  regional  or  global  currency  scheme,  outside  of  the  existing  system.      

 Potential  Mitigants      

1. Large  pools  of  incremental  foreign  capital  that  would  find  local  currency  products  attractive  if  a  risk-­‐on  environment  firmly  takes  hold.    

2. Strong  growth  in  Chinese  consumption  and  services  sector  offsetting  export  weakness.    

3. Remaining  policy  levers  at  the  PBOC’s  disposal.