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An Introduction to wind power By Jack Bradley, University of Bradford

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Introduction to Wind Power History of wind power Wind resource How wind turbines work Some basic characteristics Relative efficiencies Environmental Impacts

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Where we use our energy

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In the home

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Where Our Energy Comes From?

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Future Energy Sources

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UK Wind Resource 990 TWh Onshore of which 60+ will be recoverable. 2869 TWh Offshore of which 100+ will be recoverable.

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World Wind Resource 1200 TW World Resource 10TW Theoretically recoverable Worlds Energy Consumption 1.3TW Source Twidell And Weir

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Persian (2000 b.c) Direction of Prevailing Wind

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Windmills

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1970s and 80s

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2000+

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Wind Pumps

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Early Electricity Source www.windpower.dk

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World Wind Markets

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Power Law A v l

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Turbine Size Source Renewable Energy World Mar 02

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Simple Wind Loggers

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Wind Speed Distribution Curves Mean

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Energy Distribution

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European Wind Atlas

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NOABL

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Basic Principles Drag Machines

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Basic Components of HAWT Nacelle Swept Area Rotor made up hub and blades Tower Hub Low Speed Shaft Direction Free wind Direction of Blade Rotation Yaw Bearing

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Lift Machines Horizontal Axis Drag Lift True Wind Direction

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Lift Machines Horizontal Axis Drag Lift True Wind Direction Direction of Blade Movement Apparent wind direction Driving Force

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Lift Machines Horizontal Axis Drag Lift True Wind Direction v Direction of Blade Movement V b Apparent wind direction v R Driving Force

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Tip Speed Ratio (TSR) CpCp TSR

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Solidity High Solidity machines have low TSR and High Torque nLow Solidity machines have high TSR and low torques

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Different Types of WEC Source Boyle

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Anemometers Spot measurements of little use. Average wind speeds required Simple Anemometer gives Run of Wind measurement

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UK Wind Speeds

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Impacts (Noise) Source Boyle

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Impacts (Visual)

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Impacts (Birds) It is estimated for 1000MW in Holland 21,000 bird deaths 1,000,000 due to power lines 1,500,000 due to wild fowlers 9,000,000 due to road traffic Source Winkleman 1995

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Conclusions Huge world resource Power in the wind is proportional to the cube of the speed Assessment of site wind speed is critical Like all generation wind power has environmental impacts Careful siting can minimise these problems