An introduction to U.S. energy use and bioenergy...• 1st generation biofuels: ethanol & biodiesel...

ORNL is managed by UT-Battelle for the US Department of Energy

An introduction to U.S. energy use and bioenergy

Educator Bioenergy Training Module

Tim Theiss Program Manager

Bioenergy Technologies Program

June 14, 2017

2 Presentation_name

Overview and introductions

3 | Bioenergy Technologies Office | Not for Public Distribution

Purpose of this workshop

• Education and awareness of bioenergy technology • Provide factual, and understandable information • Inform the public through informing educators • Provide excitement about bioenergy for workforce

development • Inaugural class – hope to continue for 3 years; replicate at

other National Labs • Funded by the Dept. of Energy – Bioenergy Technologies

Office

4 Presentation_name

Some background about biofuels &

energy

5 Presentation_name

Energy mix has changed over time

6 Presentation_name

U.S. uses a diversity of major energy sources

7 Presentation_name

U. S. Energy Consumption - 2016

8 Presentation_name

Tennessee Energy Consumption – 2 quads

9 Presentation_name

The fuel mix has changed recently

10 Presentation_name

Renewable energy use has grown significantly

https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/steo/report/renew_co2.cfm


Transportation fuels


US petroleum consumption • 1 barrel is 42 gallons • ~ 2/3 used in transportation

sector • In 2013, US consumed 18.9

Million Barrels/day petroleum • Transportation market value

$350B; 7% is used in chemicals/products at market value of $255B

40% of barrel of crude is gasoline 131 Billion gallons of gasoline a

year Source: US Bioenergy Technologies Office web site

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=_y48EfJaX9tvvM&tbnid=u-Re3mbFNZu3ZM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.businessinsider.com/gail-tverberg-on-peak-oil-2013-10?op=1&ei=sOy_U6HsEoGVyASenYAI&bvm=bv.70810081,d.aWw&psig=AFQjCNFDStjLhZpsdLjrbYdYAgpx5quVjw&ust=1405173205082019


Line of barrels over 7400 miles long ~~ or ~~

Knoxville – Boston – Seattle – San Diego – Kingston!

In 2013 US oil consumption – 18.9 million barrels a day


Total volume (end-end; floor-ceiling) would hold one day’s worth of US oil

• Cowboys Stadium!

• 73 acres under roof

• 900 ft end-end

• 290 ft tall at max point

• 100 million ft3

Visualizing our petroleum consumption


US obtains petroleum from multiple sources

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

U.S. OPEC Canada Mexico Russia Colombia ROW

Mill

ion

bbl/d

ay

U.S. Petroleum Sources 2001 Biodiesel

Ethanol

Others

Saudi Arabia

Kuwait

Iraq

Venezuela

Source: Energy Information Agency; http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_move_impcus_a2_nus_ep00_im0_mbblpd_a.htm


0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8


Mill

ion

bbl/d

ay

Biodiesel

Ethanol

Others

Saudi Arabia

Kuwait

Iraq

Venezuela

Increased domestic production


Domestic petroleum production (2013) has increased significantly

US imports peaked in 2006 at 13.7 MM bbl/day 2013 imports were 9.8 MM bbl/day


0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8


Mill

ion

bbl/d

ay

Biodiesel

Ethanol

Others

Saudi Arabia

Kuwait

Iraq

Venezuela

Domestic renewable fuels (energy basis) roughly equal imports from Kuwait & Iraq (combined)

Domestic petroleum production (2013) has increased significantly



The trend in Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) has also changed recently


Biofuels


Drawbacks and benefits of biofuels (ethanol)

• Domestic energy resource – supports rural economies

• Supports energy security – adds domestic fuel sources

• Renewable fuel source – low carbon fuel

• High octane fuel source

• Can also help produce higher value chemicals or products

• Not identical to gasoline – separate infrastructure

• Currently more expensive

• Difficult to process at impactful scale

• Difficult logistics challenge

• Lower energy density (less mpg)

• 1st generation fuels sourced from food


Biofuels are nothing new

• 1st generation biofuels: ethanol & biodiesel

• Rudolf Diesel 1858-1913 (right) – Much more efficient than steam engines of

the time – Original vision – to run on coal dust and

vegetable oils!

• Henry Ford – Envisioned use of ethanol as a motor

vehicle fuel – The model T was capable of running on

either gasoline or ethanol (the first flex-fuel vehicle!)

• 1970-1980s - US energy crisis – Significant interest in ethanol (gasohol) &

methanol – ORNL been engaged in alt. fuels research

since 80s.

Energy Independence and Security Act (2007) establishes specific annual volume requirements for biofuels

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.020

06

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

BIL

LIO

N G

ALL

ON

S

Conventional Biofuels(20% GHG reduction)

Cellulosic(60% GHG Reduction)

Other Advanced Biofuels(50% GHG Reduction)

Biomass-based Diesel(50% GHG Reduction)

Cellulosic ethanol

Note: 20% reduction for conventional biofuels applies only to new construction

Corn ethanol

Advanced biofuel

Biodiesel


• Currently consuming 15 billion gallons/year (BGY) ethanol

• US gasoline consumption – 135 BGY

• Most gasoline sold is E10 (10% ethanol) – slightly beyond blendwall

• Benchmarking and historical comparisons

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

*U.S

. Fue

l Eth

anol

Con

sum

ptio

n (b

gpy)

Year

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

2009

2011

2013

2015

2017

2019

2021U

.S. F

uel E

than

ol C

onsu

mpt

ion

(bgp

y)Year

EISA Compliance

‒ Our RFS goal of 36 billion gallons/year renewables… • …is greater than the oil imports from Saudi Arabia (19 billion gpy)

• Gasoline saved by 1 million electric vehicles: 0.5 Billion gal/yr • Gasoline saved by 10% weight reduction in cars: 5 Billion gal/yr

‒ Current U.S. ethanol production is nearly double that of Brazil

U. S. ethanol production is significant

Credit: Ron Graves


Report shows US could produce one billion tons of biomass annually by 2040

• Comprehensive feedstock projections inform strategic decisions about the bioeconomy

• Data for agriculture, algae, waste, and forestry resources to the county level, including

– New energy crops

– Cost of biomass delivered to biorefineries

– New interactive tools to access data at bioenergykdf.net/billionton

• 65 contributors from federal agencies, national labs, academia

ORNL and DOE BETO jointly release 2016 Billion-Ton Report

U.S. Department of Energy. 2016. 2016 Billion-Ton Report: Advancing Domestic Resources for a Thriving Bioeconomy, Volume 1: Economic Availability of Feedstocks. M. H. Langholtz, B. J. Stokes, and L. M. Eaton (Leads), ORNL/TM-2016/160. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN. 448p http://bit.ly/2agluY2

Combined potential supplies from forestry, wastes, and agricultural resources for 2040 base case scenario.

2016 report builds on previous studies.

http://bit.ly/2agluY2


Aggressive CO2 emissions standards (i.e., fuel economy) are a global trend

US 2025:107

EU 2020: 95

Japan 2020: 105

China 2020: 117

90

110

130

150

170

190

210

230

250

270

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Gra

ms C

O2 p

er k

ilom

eter

(n

orm

alize

d to

NED

C)

[1] China target reflects gasoline fleet scenario. Inclusion of other fuels would lower this target. [2] U.S. light-duty vehicles include light-commercial vehicles.

U.S. LDV

China

European Union

Japan

35.5 mpg

54.5 mpg


Lifecycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions Associated with Different Fuels

19% Reduction 28%

Reduction

52% Reduction

86% Reduction

78% Reduction

Gasoline

Natural Gas

Biomass Current Average

Cellulosic Ethanol Corn Ethanol

Biomass Petroleum

Sources: Wang et al, Environ. Research Letters, May 2007; Wang et al, Life-Cycle Energy Use and GHG Implications of Brazilian Sugarcane Ethanol Simulated with GREET Model, Dec. 2007.

Sugarcane Ethanol Biomass

Challenges Across Entire Biofuel Supply Chain

Feedstock Production

Feedstock Logistics

Biofuels Production

Biofuels Distribution

Biofuels End Use

Production: assuring “sustainable” feedstock at meaningful quantities

Logistics: narrow harvest window, storage and deterioration a real concern

Production: Conversion of biomass into bioenergy at competitive costs at sufficient quantities

Distribution: getting the biofuel to market and introduced into the market

End Use: introducing biofuels into the broader fuels infrastructure


Multiple chemical processes convert biomass into bioenergy (biofuels)

• Biochemical conversion (uses yeast or enzymes) – fermentation (“moonshine”)

• Thermochemical conversion (uses heat)

• Torrefaction (roasting coffee) – produces solid (like charcoal)

• Pyrolysis (BBQ wood) – produces liquid • Gasification (combustion without oxygen) –

produces syn-gas (carbon monoxide & hydrogen)

Increasing temperature

Source: Wikipedia


A few final “conclusions” to wrap up

The energy problem (and its solution) will likely impact the next 30 years more than the past 30 years.

No silver bullet exists; the solution will require multiple complimentary components including alternative fuels.

There is no perfect fuel source – all require trade-offs.

Getting this solution “right” is not a forgone conclusion. The solution will involve winners and losers and will take years to fully implement.


THANK YOU


Biofuels need to be sustainably managed

Dale B et al. (2014) Take a Closer Look: Biofuels Can Support Environmental, Economic and Social Goals. Environmental Science & Technology 48(13): 7200-7203.


Biofuels provide significant lifecycle greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions

From Wang M., et al., (2012), Environ. Research Letters

Advanced biofuels have ~ 90% reduction in GHG

An introduction to U.S. energy use and bioenergy...• 1st generation biofuels: ethanol & biodiesel...

Documents

Transcript of An introduction to U.S. energy use and bioenergy...• 1st generation biofuels: ethanol & biodiesel...