An Introduction to the Science of Botany
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Transcript of An Introduction to the Science of Botany
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An Introduction to the Science of Botany
Chapter 1
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Why study botany?
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• Botany permeates our everyday life.
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Overgrazing in Africa
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1
• Briefly describe the field of botany, and give short definitions of at least five subdisciplines of plant biology
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KEY TERMS
• BOTANY The scientific study of plants; also called plant biology
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Subdisciplines 1
• Plant molecular biology• Structures and functions of important
biological molecules (proteins, nucleic acids)
• Plant cell biology• Structures, functions, and life processes of
plant cells
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Subdisciplines 2
• Plant physiology• How plants function (photosynthesis, mineral
nutrition)
• Plant genetics• Plant heredity and variation
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Subdisciplines 3
• Plant ecology• Interrelationships among plants, and between
plants ands their environment
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE 2
• Summarize and discuss the features of plants and other organisms that distinguish them from nonliving things
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Levels of Biological Organization
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BiosphereAtoms
Hydrogen OxygenMolecule
Water
MacromoleculeChloroplast
Organelle
Epidermis
Tissue
Cell
Organ
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Fig. 1-3, p. 9
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Characteristics of Living Things 1
• Organization • Plants and other organisms are highly
organized with cells as their basic building blocks
• Energy• Plants and other organisms take in and use
energy
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Plant Cells
-the basic functional and structural building block of living things
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• PHOTOSYNTHESIS • Biological process that includes capture of
light energy and its transformation into chemical energy of organic molecules that are manufactured from carbon dioxide and water
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION • Cellular process in which energy of organic
molecules is released for biological work• All living things get the energy they need to
live from a chemical reaction called respiration. This process needs glucose as a starting point.
• respiration and photosynthesis are opposites
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Photosynthesis
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• Importance of Photosynthesis
The process is as important for the humans and animals as it is for plants. Other than glucose, which is an important source of carbohydrates, even proteins, fats, and water-soluble sugars are the products of photosynthesis. We cannot produce these nutrients on our own, and hence have to depend directly on plants, or other animals (which feed on these plants) to derive them. Plants, being the only producers, have a crucial role to play in any food chain.
• Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/photosynthesis-for-kids.html
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Characteristics of Living Things 2
• Interaction with environment• Plants respond to stimuli in their environment
• Plants undergo growth and development • Reproduction
• Plants form new individuals by asexual or sexual reproduction
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Root Growth and Gravity
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Response to Stimuli
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Germination
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Asexual Reproduction
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Characteristics of Living Things 3
• Heredity • DNA molecules transmit genetic information
from one generation to the next in plants and other organisms
• Evolution • Plants and other organisms evolve• Populations change or adapt to survive in
changing environments
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Adaptation
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KEY TERMS
• DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)• A nucleic acid present in a cell’s
chromosomes that contains genetic information
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• EVOLUTION • Cumulative genetic changes in a population of
organisms from generation to generation• NATURAL SELECTION
• Mechanism of evolution (Charles Darwin)• Tendency of organisms that have favorable
adaptations to their environment to survive and become parents of next generation
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE 3
• Distinguish among the six kingdoms and three domains, and give representative organisms for each
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Euglena
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Six-Kingdom Classification 1
1. Archaea
2. Bacteria
3. Protista• protozoa, algae, water molds, slime molds
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Six-Kingdom Classification 2
4. Fungi• molds, yeasts
5. Animalia
6. Plantae
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Three-Domain Classification
• Archaea• Kingdom archaea
• Bacteria• Kingdom bacteria
• Eukarya• All other kingdoms
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Kingdoms and Domains
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Three Domains:
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
Six Kingdoms:
Bacteria Archaea Protista Plantae Animalia Fungi
Prokaryotes (lackmembrane-boundorganelles); unicellular;most are heterotrophic(obtain food by eating other organisms),but some arephotosynthetic orchemosynthetic
Prokaryotes;unicellular;microscopic; most live in extremeenvironments; differ in biochemistry and in cell wall structurefrom bacteria
Eukaryotes; mainlyunicellular or simplemulticellular; maybe heterotrophicor photosynthetic;include protozoa,algae, and slimemolds
Eukaryotes;multicellular;photosynthetic;life cycle withalternation ofgenerations; cell walls of cellulose
Eukaryotes;multicellular;heterotrophic; most move about by muscular contraction;nervous systemcoordinatesresponses to stimuli
Eukaryotes; mostmulticellular;heterotrophic;absorb nutrients;do not photo-synthesize;cell walls of chitin
Fig. 1-11, p. 14
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KEY TERMS• KINGDOM
• A broad taxonomic category made up of related phyla; many biologists currently recognize six kingdoms of living organisms
• DOMAIN • A taxonomic category that includes one or
more kingdoms
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Classification (Binomial System)
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KEY TERMS
• SPECIES • A group of organisms with similar structural
and functional characteristics • In nature, they breed only with one another
and have a close common ancestry
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE 4
• Summarize the main steps in the scientific method, and explain how science differs from many other human endeavors
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The Scientific Method 1
1. Recognize a problem• or an unanswered question• Why plants shoots grow away from gravity
or toward sunlight, while roots grow into the soil in the direction of gravity?
2. Develop a hypothesis • to explain the problem
3. Design and perform an experiment• to test the hypothesis
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The Scientific Method 1
2. Develop a hypothesis • to explain the problem
gravitropism
Amyloplasts
Statolith
3. Design and perform an experiment• to test the hypothesis
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The Scientific Method 2
4. Analyze and interpret the data• to reach a conclusion
5. Share new knowledge• with the scientific community
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KEY TERMS• HYPOTHESIS
• An educated guess (based on previous observations) that may be true and is testable by observation and experimentation
• THEORY • A widely accepted explanation supported by a
large body of observations and experiments
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Assignment
1. What is prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
2. Define the following: paleobotany, bryology, agronomy, horticulture, forestry & economic botany.
3. What is gravitropism?
4. What is Amyloplasts and what is its role?
5. What is the function of Indole acetic acid in plant growth?
Deadline: next meeting
Use white intermediate paper.
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