An introduction to statistics +1 (7.5.15)
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Transcript of An introduction to statistics +1 (7.5.15)
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AN INTRODUCTION TO
STATISTICS
sWiKAkI -ie`k jwx pihcwx
pySkS; bldyv isMG , lYkcrwr ieknwimks, s.s.s.s.huiSAwrpur(s.A.s.ngr) 84270-04513
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HISTORY OF STATISTICS
‘STATISTICS’ lwqInI BwSw dy Sbd “STATUS”
jW ietwlIAn Sbd “STATISTA” mqlb‘POLITICAL STATE’
sWiKAkI, purwqn SwSkW duAwrw Awpxy rwj dIPOjI SkqI ,Dn-dOlq, krW Aqy hor m`uidAW bwryjwxkwrI leI rwj dI BUmI, KyqIbwVI, vpwr,jnsMiKAw bwry AMkVy ley jWdy[9vIN sdI iv`c iesmwimk gixq SwsqrIAL-KINDI ny sB qoN pihlW ‘STATISTICS’
Sbd dI vrqoN kIqI[2
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sWiKAkI kI hY?sWiKAkI sMiKAwqmk sUcnwvW dw BMfwr[sWiKAkI, Bwv kuJ nqIijAWnMU igAwq krn leIsMiKAwqmk sUcnwvW ArQwqAMkiVAW nMU ie`kTw krnw,vrgIkrn, ivSlySx qyinrvcn nwl sMbMDq qknIkWAqy aupwvW qoN hY[
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sWiKAkI ivsiqRq Awkwr kwrn do rUpW iv`c pirBwiSq
ie`k vcn Singular
bhuvcn Plural
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bhuvcn (Plural) sWiKAkI AMkW dy rUp iv`c drsweIsUcnw, e.g. jnsMiKAw sbMDIAMkVy, ruzgwr, srvjnkKrc [koeI ie`k sMiKAwqmk q`qsWiKAkI nhIN, e.g. sunIl nMU1500 ru; pRqI mhInw jybKrc imldw hY[sWiKAkI AMkiVAW dy smUhjW AOsq nMU ikhw jWdw,e.g.
igAwrvI jmwq dy ivid;dwAOsq jyb Krc 1500 ru:[
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bhuvcn (Plural) dy rUp iv`c sWiKAkI dI pirBwSw
“bhuvcn dy rUp iv`c sWiKAkI qoN Bwv sMiKAwqimk AMkiVAW qoN hY[sWiKAkI gxnw dw ivigAwn hY.” A. L. Bowley
“sWiKAkI q`QW dy pirmwxwqimk pihlUAW dy sMiKAwqimk ivvrx hn jo mdW dI igxqI jW mwp dy rUp iv`c pRgt krdy hn ”
–Wallis and Roberts
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sWiKAkI dI bhuvcn sMiKAw smMkW dy rUp iv`c ivSySqwvW
• 1.q`QW dw smUh (Aggregate of Facts)• 2.sMiKAwvW iv`c pyS krnw
(Numerically Expressed)• 3.AnykW krnW qoN pRBwivq
(Affected by Multiplicity of Causes)
Characteristics of Statistics in Terms of Numerical Data or
in Plural Sense.
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sWiKAkI dI bhuvcn sMiKAw smMkW dy rUp iv`c ivSySqwvW
• 4.au`icq mwqrw iv`c Su`Dqw (Reasonable Accuracy)
• 5.ie`k-dUjy nwl sbMiDq rUp iv`c hoxw (Placed in Relation to each other)
• 6.pUrv-inSicq audyS (pre-determined Purpose)
Characteristics of Statistics in Terms of Numerical
Data or in Plural Sense.
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sWiKAkI dI bhuvcn sMiKAw smMkW dy rUp iv`c ivSySqwvW
• 7.gxnw Aqy Anumwn (Enumerated or Estimated)
• 8.ivDIb`D FMg nwl iek`Tw krnw (Collection in Systematic Manner)
Characteristics of Statistics in Terms of Numerical
Data or in Plural Sense.
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ie`k vcn (Singular) sWiKAkI
ie`k vcn sWiKAkI dw ArQ sWiKAkI ivDIAW (Statistical Methods) qoN hY[jo sMiKAwqimk AMkiVAWdy sMkln krn, vrgIkrx,pySIkrx, ivSlySx Aqyinrvcn dw AiDAYn krdIhY[
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ie`k vcn (Singular) dy rUp iv`c sWiKAkI dI pirBwSw
“sWiKAkI nMU sMiKAwqimk AMkiVAW dwsMgRihkrn, pRdrSn, ivSlySx Aqysp`StIkrx nwl sMbMiDq ivigAwn ikhw jwskdw hY[” kwrks`tn Aqy kwaUfyn
“sWiKAkI auh ivigAwn hY jo iksy ivSy qypRkwS pwaux dy audyS nwl sMgRih kIqy geyAMkiVAW dy sMgRihx ,vrgIkrx, pRdrSn,qulnw Aqy ivAwiKAw krn dIAW ivDIAW dIivvycnw krdw hY[ ” - sYlgmYn
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sWiKAkI AiDAYn dIAW AvsQwvW
• Stages of Statistical Study.
AMkiVAW dw sMkln
AMkiVAW dw ivvsQIkrx
AMkiVAW dw pySIkrx
AMkiVAW dw ivSlySx
AMkiVAW dw inrvcn12
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sWiKAkI aupkrx (Statistical Tools)
Stage I AMkiVAW dw sMgRih (Collection of Data)
sMgxnw (Census) nmUnw (Sampling)
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sWiKAkI aupkrx (Statistical Tools)
Stage II AMkiVAW dw ivvsQIkrx (Organisation
of Data)
AMkiVAW dI qrqIb imlwn ryKw(Tally Bar)
(Array of Data)
Element 1
Element 2
Element 3
Element 4
Element 514
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sWiKAkI aupkrx (Statistical Tools)
Stage III AMkiVAW dw pySIkrx (Presentation of
Data)
qwilkw (Table) grw&(Graph) ic`qr (Diagrames)
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sWiKAkI aupkrx (Statistical Tools)
Stage IV AMkiVAW dw ivSlySx(Analysis of Data)
AOsq (Average) pRqISq(Percentage)
sihsbMD (Correlation)
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mzdUr kulauqpwdn
Aosqauqpwdn
1 20 202 50 253 90 304 160 405 250 506 240 40
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sWiKAkI aupkrx (Statistical Tools)
Stage V AMkiVAW dw inrvcn(Interpretation of Data)
AOsq ,pRqISq dw ivsQwr Aqy iviBMn AwriQk crW nwl sMbMD dI ifgrI
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sWiKAkI dI pRikRqI(Nature Of Statistics)
ivigAwn qy klw donoN[AMkiVAW dw ivDIb`D AiDAYn[klw; vwsqivk jIvn dIAWsm`isAwvW sulJwaux leIAMkiVAW dw pRXog[kuJ ivdvwnW : ivigAwn nhINsWiKAkI ivDIAW dwAiDAYn[ivDIAW dw swryivigAwnW iv`c pRXog[
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sWiKAkI dI ivSw sm`grI(Subject Matter Of Statistics)
sWiKAkI dI ivSw sm`grI
ivvrxb`D (Descriptive)
is`twb`D (Inferential)
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ivvrxb`D sWiKAkI (Descriptive Statistics)
ivDIAW jo AMkiVAW nMU iek`Tw krn , qwilkwvW,ryKwic`qrW Awid rwhIN pyS krn ,ivSySqwvW dyivvrx pyS krn leI pRXog kIqIAW jWdIAW[
AOsq, miDAkw, ivcln dy mwp Swiml[
igAwrvIN jmwq dy 100 ivid: dy AOsq AMk pqwkrdy hW[
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is`twb`D sWiKAkI (Inferential Statistics)
ivDIAW ijMnHW rwhIN iksy sYNpl(Sample)dy AwDwr qy sm`gr(Population) dy sbMD iv`c
is`ty k`Fy jWdy hn[
jykr AiDAwpk sYNpl AMkW(Sample Marks)dy AwDwr qyswry ividAwrQIAW dy AMklgwaux dw PYslw krdw hY qWauh is`tyb`D sWiKAkI dw pRXogkr irhw hY
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sWiKAkI AiDAYn dIAW swrIAW mdW jW iekweIAW dw smUh; jy 1000
ivid:dw AiDAYn qW jnsMiKAw dw Awkwr 1000.
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sWiKAkI dIAW sImwvW ( Limitations of Statistics)
isrP sMiKAwqimk q`QW dw AiDAYn[isrP smUhW dw AiDAYn[AMkiVAW iv`c ie`k rUpqw jW ie`kswrqw dw
hoxw[ pirxwm isrP AOsqn s`c huMdy hn[ibnW sMdrB is`ty glq ho skdy hn[isrP mwihrW rwhIN pRXog[durpRXog sMBv[
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ArQSwsqr iv`c sWiKAkI dw mh`qv( Importance of Statistics In Economics)
• AwriQk sm`isAwvW dI pirmwxwqimk ivAwiKAw• AMqr-KyqrI Aqy AMqr-smW qulnwvW
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ArQSwsqr iv`c sWiKAkI dw mh`qv( Importance of Statistics In Economics)
• kwrn pirxwm sMbMD pqw krnw• AwriQk isDWqW dw inrmwx
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ArQSwsqr iv`c sWiKAkI dw mh`qv( Importance of Statistics In Economics)
• AwriQk Biv`KbwxI• nIqIAW dw inrmwx• AwriQk sMquln
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Objective Type Question• pR:1.hyT iliKAW iv`coN ikhVw kQn sWiKAkI
nhIN hY?• (a) Bwrq iv`c AOsq jnm dr 35 pRqI hzwr hY jd
ik AmrIkw iv`c 13 pRqI hzwr hY[ • (b) rvnIq dI jyb iv`c 1000 ru: dw not hY[• (c) iqaUV skUl dI tIm ny 3 mYc ij`qy hn Aqy 2
hwry hn[ • (d) igAwrvIN jmwq dy hryk ividAwrQI dw AOsq
jyb Krc 500 ru: pRqI mhInw hY[• auq`r: (b) rvnIq dI jyb iv`c 1000 ru: dw not
hY[
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Objective Type Question
• pR:2. sWiKAkI dy sbMD iv`c ikhVw shI hYY?• (a) q`QW dw smUh• (b) sMiKAwvW iv`c drswauxw• (c) bhuq swry q`qW qoN pRBwivq • (d) aupr ilKy swry
• auq`r: (d) aupr ilKy swry[
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Objective Type Question
• pR:3. hyTW ilKy iv`coN ikhVw sWiKAkI dw ivSw nhIN hYY?
• (a) kyNdrI pRivrqI dw mwp• (b) ivcln dw mwp• (c) sUck AMk igAwq krnw• (d) ienHW iv`coN koeI vI nhIN
• auq`r: (c) sUck AMk igAwq krnw[
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Objective Type Question
• pR:4. sWiKAkI AiDAYn dIAW ikMnIAW AvsQwvW hn ?
(a) do(b) cwr( c) pMj(d) s`q
• auq`r: (c) pMj [
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Objective Type Question
KwlI QW iv`c shI Sbd cux ky Bro[pR:5. sWiKAkI ………… qoN pRBwivq huMdI hY[
(ie`k kwrn , bhuq swry kwrnW qoN)auq`r:- bhuq swry kwrnW qoN[
pR:6. swry AMkVy sWiKAkI …………[(huMdy hn , nhIN huMdy hn)
auq`r :- nhIN huMdy hn30
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Objective Type QuestionKwlI QW iv`c shI Sbd cux ky Bro[
pR:7. bhuvcn dy rUp iv`c sWiKAkI dw ArQ …… qoN hY[
(AMkiVAW , sWiKAkI ivDIAW)auq`r:- AMkiVAW[
pR:8.ie`kvcn dy rUp iv`c sWiKAkI dw ArQ ………qoN hY[
(AMkiVAW , sWiKAkI ivDIAW)auq`r :- sWiKAkI ivDIAW[
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Objective Type Question
shI / glq d`sopR:9. sWiKAkI iv`c guxwqmk crW dw AiDAYn
kIqw jWdw hY[ (shI , glq)auq`r:- glq[
pR:10. sWiKAkI iv`c mwqrwqmk crW dw AiDAYn kIqw jWdw hY[ shI , glq)
auq`r :- glq[
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pySkS:bldyv isMG, lYkcrwr ArQSwsqr
s.s.s.s.huiSAwrpur(swihbzwdw AjIq isMG ngr)
mob:84270-0451333