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![Page 1: An Introduction to Human Anatomy. Definitions –Anatomy the study of the names of the structures in the human body –Physiology the study of the functions.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697bfb51a28abf838c9da52/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
An Introduction to Human Anatomy
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Definitions – Anatomy
• the study of the names of the structures in the human body
– Physiology• the study of the functions of body parts
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Variation in Human Structure• No 2 humans are exactly alike
– Examples• Some people completely lack certain organs
• Most have 2 kidneys
• Situs inversus: organs are flipped
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Fields in Anatomy– Microscopic anatomy: the study of the form of
normal structures seen under the microscope– Gross anatomy:involves structures that are big
enough to be observed with the naked eye. – Radiologic anatomy: study of the anatomy of tissues
based on their visualization on x-ray films
– Regional anatomy: study of anatomy based on regions or divisions of the body and emphasizing the relations between various structures
– Systemic anatomy: concerned with the structure and function of the various systems
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Levels of Organization
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Chemical Level– Atom
• Smallest unit of a specific substance
– Molecule• 2 or more atoms bonded together
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Molecular Level– Carbohydrates
• Sugars and starches
– Lipids• Fats and oils
– Proteins (formed from amino acids)• Enzymes, hormones, antibodies
• Basis of life
– Nucleic acids (formed from nucleotides)• DNA, RNA
• Determine what proteins are made
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Organization of Molecules, Etc.– Molecules are organized into cells
• Basic unit of a living organism
– Cells are grouped together into tissues• Groups of cells having the same function
– Organs are groups of different tissues• Special functions
– Organs are grouped into organ systems • Groups of organs working together
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Early Anatomists– Aristotle
• One of the earliest to write about anatomy
– Claudius Galen• Medical textbook was the basis for teaching for
1500 years
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The Birth of Modern Anatomy– Andreus Vesalius
• Pioneer of modern anatomy• Published the first atlas of anatomy
– De Humani Corporis Fabrica (On the Structure of the Human Body)
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The Discovery of Microscopic Anatomy– Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632 – 1723)
• Invented a microscope capable of visualizing single cells
– Robert Hooke (1635 – 1703)• Developed the first practical compound microscope
• Observed “cells”
– Microscopes were improved in the 19th century• Matthias Schleiden (botanist) and Theodor Schwann
(zoologist) - cell theory
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Survey of the Human Body
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Organ Systems
There are 11 organ systems and each works with the others to allow your body to
function properly.
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Integumentary System
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Skeletal System
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Muscular System
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Nervous System
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Endocrine System
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Cardiovascular System
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Lymphatic System
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Respiratory System
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Digestive System
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Urinary System
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Male Reproductive System
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Female Reproductive System
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The Language of Anatomy
Descriptive Terms Used in Superficial Anatomy
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Anatomical Position– Standing– Facing forward– Palms forward
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Anatomical regions– Cephalic - head
– Cervical - neck
– Thoracic - chest
– Abdominal - stomach
– Inguinal - groin
– Lumbar – between diaphragm and pelvis
– Brachial - arms
– Femoral - thighs
– Abdominopelvic areas: contains the stomach, liver, spleen,gallbladeer, kidneys, and most of the small and large intestines. It also contains urinary bladder and internal reproductive organs.
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants
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Abdominopelvic Regions
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Directional Terms
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Sections and Planes
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Body Cavities
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Body Cavity Linings– Body cavities have membranes that line the cavity
themselves as well as cover the organs.• Visceral and parietal
• The space between the two is filled with fluid.
– Pleural cavity• Pleura – membrane that surrounds the lungs
• Pleural fluid
– Pericardial cavity• Pericardium – double membrane sac that encloses the heart
• Pericardial fluid
– Abdominopelvic cavity• Peritoneum – membrane that lines abdomic and pelvic cavities
• Peritoneal fluid
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Pleural Cavities
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Pericardial Cavity
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Body Cavities