An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technology Bo Shen March 5, 2004.

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An Introduction to An Introduction to GIS and GPS GIS and GPS Technology Technology Bo Shen Bo Shen March 5, 2004 March 5, 2004
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Transcript of An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technology Bo Shen March 5, 2004.

Page 1: An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technology Bo Shen March 5, 2004.

An Introduction to GIS An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technologyand GPS Technology

Bo ShenBo Shen

March 5, 2004March 5, 2004

Page 2: An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technology Bo Shen March 5, 2004.

OverviewOverview What is GIS?What is GIS?

GIS Application GIS Application GIS DataGIS Data GIS Technology(ArcGIS)GIS Technology(ArcGIS)

What is GPS?What is GPS? What does the GPS do? How it worksHow it works

Application with GIS and GPSApplication with GIS and GPS Pocket StreetPocket Street Automated Vehicle Location SystemAutomated Vehicle Location System

Page 3: An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technology Bo Shen March 5, 2004.

A definition of GISA definition of GIS

GIS ( (-Geographic Information Systems)) is is a computer software, a computer software, hardware and data, and hardware and data, and personnel to help personnel to help manipulate, analyze manipulate, analyze and present information and present information that is tied to a spatial that is tied to a spatial location.location.

spatial locationspatial location–usually –usually a geographic locationa geographic location

Page 4: An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technology Bo Shen March 5, 2004.

What is GISWhat is GIS

Different layers Typically a GIS is used for

handling maps of one kind or another.

These might be represented as several different layers where each layer holds data about a particular kind of feature.

Each feature is linked to a position on the graphical image of a map

““Smart Maps”:Smart Maps”: linking database to linking database to

maps.maps.

Page 5: An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technology Bo Shen March 5, 2004.

GISGIS–One –One exampleexample with Five with Five Data LayersData Layers

Page 6: An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technology Bo Shen March 5, 2004.

Maps and Database are Maps and Database are InteractiveInteractive

Page 7: An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technology Bo Shen March 5, 2004.

Some ways of using GIS Some ways of using GIS TechnologyTechnology

Wherever Spatial Data Analysis is Wherever Spatial Data Analysis is NeededNeeded

Emergency ServicesEmergency Services – Fire & Police– Fire & Police Environmental Environmental – Monitoring & Modeling– Monitoring & Modeling BusinessBusiness – Site Location, Delivery Systems– Site Location, Delivery Systems IndustryIndustry – Transportation, Communication,– Transportation, Communication,

Mining, Pipelines, HealthcareMining, Pipelines, Healthcare Government Government – Local, State, Federal, Military– Local, State, Federal, Military EducationEducation – Research, Teaching Tool, – Research, Teaching Tool,

AdministrationAdministration

Page 8: An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technology Bo Shen March 5, 2004.

GIS ApplicationGIS Application

In the past,Survey data was first read into a computational program, where errors are eliminated and point coordinates reduced.

The reduced data is then transferred to a CAD program and complemented with construction elements

Finally the data is transferred to a central system.

Page 9: An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technology Bo Shen March 5, 2004.

GIS ApplicationApplication Today

Today’s modern systems allow data to be transferred directly to the GIS database.

All information is immediately available for further processing such as correcting errors, performing calculations, etc.

Page 10: An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technology Bo Shen March 5, 2004.

GIS ApplicationApplication Today

Handheld GIS computer system

GPS based interface

Commercial GIS data sources

Internet based data

server

Page 11: An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technology Bo Shen March 5, 2004.

Data flow For GIS ApplicationData flow For GIS Application

Page 12: An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technology Bo Shen March 5, 2004.

Data Sources for GISData Sources for GIS

Digitized and Digitized and Scanned MapsScanned Maps

– – purchased, donated, purchased, donated, free (Internet)free (Internet)

– – created by usercreated by user DataBases DataBases –Tables of –Tables of

datadata GPS GPS – Global – Global

Positioning SystemPositioning System – – accurate locationsaccurate locations

Remote Sensing &Remote Sensing & Aerial Aerial

PhotographyPhotography

Page 13: An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technology Bo Shen March 5, 2004.

Data StoreData StoreVector Formats –Vector Formats –Discrete Discrete

representations of Realityrepresentations of Reality–– give specific spatial locations explicitly–– geographic space is continuous, not quantized–– attributes are stored separately from locations

Raster Formats –Raster Formats – use square cells to use square cells to model realitymodel reality

–– Matches hardware nicely

–– Reduced spatial precision

–– Large storage requirements

Page 14: An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technology Bo Shen March 5, 2004.

Raster Data Compression

Run-length encoding Chain codes Quadtrees

Page 15: An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technology Bo Shen March 5, 2004.

Run-length Encoding

Page 16: An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technology Bo Shen March 5, 2004.

Chain Codes

Page 17: An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technology Bo Shen March 5, 2004.

QuadtreeQuadtree starts with entire map divided into quadrants. Quadtree starts with entire map divided into quadrants. Each quadrant is subdivided until it is homogeneous.Each quadrant is subdivided until it is homogeneous.

Four quadrants are: NW, NE, SW, and SEFour quadrants are: NW, NE, SW, and SE smallest unit is a grid cellsmallest unit is a grid cell

Page 18: An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technology Bo Shen March 5, 2004.

Data QueryData Query Identifying specific featuresIdentifying specific features

Identifying features based on conditions

Florida counties with a

population greater than

300,000

Page 19: An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technology Bo Shen March 5, 2004.

Data AnalysisData Analysis

Page 20: An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technology Bo Shen March 5, 2004.

Data DisplayData Display

Page 21: An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technology Bo Shen March 5, 2004.

Data OutputData Output

Page 22: An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technology Bo Shen March 5, 2004.

GIS based on many disciplines and technologies

– Geography – Cartography – Computer science – Mathematics – Statistics – Remote sensing/GPS/surveying – Telecommunications/Internet – Operations research/information science

Page 23: An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technology Bo Shen March 5, 2004.

GIS Technology: SoftwareGIS Technology: Software

GIS softwareGIS software provides the functions and tools provides the functions and tools needed to store, analyze, and display information about needed to store, analyze, and display information about places. places.

The key components of GIS softwareThe key components of GIS software are are Tools for entering and manipulating geographic Tools for entering and manipulating geographic

information such as addresses or political boundaries information such as addresses or political boundaries A database management system (DBMS) A database management system (DBMS) Tools that create intelligent digital maps you can Tools that create intelligent digital maps you can

analyze, query for more information, or print for analyze, query for more information, or print for presentation presentation

An easy-to-use graphical user interface (GUI) An easy-to-use graphical user interface (GUI)

Major GIS softwareMajor GIS software ARCGIS (ARCGIS (ArcView 8.1)ArcView 8.1)

Page 24: An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technology Bo Shen March 5, 2004.

ArcView GIS Data SetsArcView GIS Data Sets

The GIS Data set usedThe GIS Data set used Shape file Shape file

• Consisting of :Consisting of : Shape file (*.shp)Shape file (*.shp) Shape Index (*.shx)Shape Index (*.shx) Database table (*.dbf)Database table (*.dbf)

• Additional files may be present and required as Additional files may be present and required as wellwell

Page 25: An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technology Bo Shen March 5, 2004.

ArcView GIS ArcView GIS

Three Principles ModulesThree Principles Modules ArcCatalogArcCatalog ArcMapArcMap ArcToolboxArcToolbox

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ArcCatalogArcCatalog

A window into your database

Browse your data Manage your data Create and view data

documentation

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ArcMapArcMap Primary display

application Perform map-

based tasks Displaying Editing Querying Analyzing Charting Reporting

Page 28: An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technology Bo Shen March 5, 2004.

ArcToolboxArcToolbox

Major functions: Data management,

analysis, and conversion

Variation of tools between ArcGIS products

Page 29: An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technology Bo Shen March 5, 2004.

GIS ResourcesGIS Resources GIS InformationGIS Information University of California Berkeley, GIS libraryUniversity of California Berkeley, GIS library

http://http://sunsitesunsite..berkeleyberkeley..eduedu/GIS//GIS/gisnetgisnet.html .html Spatial Odyssey, University of Maine, GIS Literature DatabaseSpatial Odyssey, University of Maine, GIS Literature Databasehttp://http://wwwsgiwwwsgi..ursusursus..mainemaine..eduedu/ /

GIS Software SourcesGIS Software Sources Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. (ESRI)Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. (ESRI)

http://www.http://www.esriesri.com/.com/ MapInfoMapInfo

http://www.http://www.mapinfomapinfo.com/ .com/ Intergraph Intergraph

http://www.http://www.intergraphintergraph.com/.com/dynamicdefaultdynamicdefault.asp.asp AutoCADAutoCAD

http://http://usausa..autodeskautodesk.com/.com/adskadsk//servletservlet/home?/home?siteIDsiteID=123112&id=129446=123112&id=129446

Clark Labs Clark Labs http://www.clarklabs.org/http://www.clarklabs.org/

Page 30: An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technology Bo Shen March 5, 2004.

Global Positioning System Global Positioning System (GPS)(GPS)

The Global Positioning The Global Positioning System (GPS)System (GPS)

is a satellite-based navigation is a satellite-based navigation system made up of a network system made up of a network of 24 satellites placed into orbit of 24 satellites placed into orbit by the U.S.Department of by the U.S.Department of Defense.Defense.

GPS satellitesGPS satellites 24 Satellites in 6 planes, each 24 Satellites in 6 planes, each

plane has 4 satellitesplane has 4 satellites These space vehicles (SVs) These space vehicles (SVs)

send radio signals from space.send radio signals from space.

Page 31: An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technology Bo Shen March 5, 2004.

What does the GPS do

Satellite signals can be Satellite signals can be processed in a GPS receiver.processed in a GPS receiver.

GPS receiver will show your GPS receiver will show your EXACT location on the EarthEXACT location on the Earth (latitude and longitude)

Helps you find your way to a specified location

Let’s you know what direction you are heading and how fast you are going

Page 32: An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technology Bo Shen March 5, 2004.

GPS- How it worksGPS- How it works Measuring the distance from a satellite by measuring Measuring the distance from a satellite by measuring

travel time of radio signals secondstravel time of radio signals seconds

Distance = speed of light * latency in timeDistance = speed of light * latency in time Four GPS satellite signals are used to compute positions Four GPS satellite signals are used to compute positions

in three dimensions and the time offset in the receiver in three dimensions and the time offset in the receiver clock.clock.

Page 33: An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technology Bo Shen March 5, 2004.

GPS- How it worksGPS- How it works

Given 1 satellite …Given 1 satellite …

We can locate our We can locate our position on the position on the surface of a spheresurface of a sphere

Page 34: An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technology Bo Shen March 5, 2004.

GPS- How it worksGPS- How it works

Given 2 satellitesGiven 2 satellites

We can locate our We can locate our position on the position on the intersection of 2 intersection of 2 spheres (a circle)spheres (a circle)

Page 35: An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technology Bo Shen March 5, 2004.

GPS- How it worksGPS- How it works

Given 3 satellites …Given 3 satellites …

We can locate our We can locate our position on the position on the intersection of 3 intersection of 3 spheres (2 points)spheres (2 points)

Page 36: An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technology Bo Shen March 5, 2004.

GPS-How it worksGPS-How it works

Given 4 satellites …Given 4 satellites …

We can locate our position We can locate our position on the intersection of 4 on the intersection of 4 spheres (1 point). The point spheres (1 point). The point should be located on the should be located on the earth’s surfaceearth’s surface

Page 37: An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technology Bo Shen March 5, 2004.

GPS- How it worksGPS- How it works The GPS receiver compares the time a signal was The GPS receiver compares the time a signal was

transmitted by a satellite with the time it was received. transmitted by a satellite with the time it was received. The time difference tells the GPS receiver how far away The time difference tells the GPS receiver how far away the satellite is.the satellite is.

With four or more satellites in view, the receiver can With four or more satellites in view, the receiver can determine the user's 3D position (latitude, longitude and determine the user's 3D position (latitude, longitude and altitude).altitude).

Page 38: An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technology Bo Shen March 5, 2004.

Pocket Streets- an example with Pocket Streets- an example with GPS and GISGPS and GIS

Pocket Streets offers exciting Pocket Streets offers exciting

features such as street-smart features such as street-smart

mapping, map customization, mapping, map customization,

GPS and Microsoft OutlookGPS and Microsoft Outlook

integration. integration. With Pocket Streets on your With Pocket Streets on your

Pocket PC, you will take a smart Pocket PC, you will take a smart

map with you wherever you go.map with you wherever you go.

Page 39: An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technology Bo Shen March 5, 2004.

Pocket Streets- an example with Pocket Streets- an example with GPS and GISGPS and GIS

Download the map for the city.Download the map for the city.

Connect the GPS receiver to Connect the GPS receiver to

Pocket PC. Pocket PC.

Choose "Track Position" from theChoose "Track Position" from the

GPS menu to show your current GPS menu to show your current

position on the map. position on the map.

The position moves when you move.The position moves when you move.

Page 40: An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technology Bo Shen March 5, 2004.

Pocket Streets- an example with Pocket Streets- an example with GPS and GISGPS and GIS

Tap-and-Hold on either a Contact Tap-and-Hold on either a Contact with an address, or a Calendar with an address, or a Calendar appointment that has an address appointment that has an address in the location.in the location.

Choose "Find On Map" from the Choose "Find On Map" from the pop-up menu to show the location pop-up menu to show the location

in Pocket Streets.in Pocket Streets.

Page 41: An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technology Bo Shen March 5, 2004.

Pocket Streets- an example with Pocket Streets- an example with GPS and GISGPS and GIS

With GPS, you can get your With GPS, you can get your

Current Location. Current Location.

From the outlook, you get the From the outlook, you get the

Address of your contacts and GIS Address of your contacts and GIS

Will find the location on the map.Will find the location on the map.

So, Pocket Street will guide you So, Pocket Street will guide you

to your destinationto your destination

Page 42: An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technology Bo Shen March 5, 2004.

Automated Vehicle Location Automated Vehicle Location SystemSystem

Where is the bus What direction is

the bus traveling to What is the travel

speed Where is stop How long is the stop

Page 43: An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technology Bo Shen March 5, 2004.

Automated Vehicle Location Automated Vehicle Location SystemSystem

How Do GPS , GIS and AVL Relate? GPS receiver calculates its position (latitude and

longitude) and record the information at fixed time

interval GPS transmitter transmits location and vehicle

dynamic data to control center at prescribed interval Control center system process data accoding to

customer specifications GIS Software display filtered information on the screen

with map layer

Page 44: An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technology Bo Shen March 5, 2004.

Automated Vehicle Location Automated Vehicle Location SystemSystem

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ConclusionsConclusions

GPS can show your EXACT location on the EarthGPS can show your EXACT location on the Earth (latitude and longitude)

GIS provides several different map layers where each layer holds data about a particular kind of feature related to spatial data.

Using GIS and GPS we can capture, management, analysis, modeling and display geographically referenced data for decision making. It is a way in which to begin to represent and model the real world.