An Introduction to Genes and Genomes. BOGGLE When the timer begins, try to construct as many words...
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Transcript of An Introduction to Genes and Genomes. BOGGLE When the timer begins, try to construct as many words...
![Page 1: An Introduction to Genes and Genomes. BOGGLE When the timer begins, try to construct as many words as possible using the given letters. You may go in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042703/56649e4e5503460f94b44370/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
An Introduction to Genes and Genomes
![Page 2: An Introduction to Genes and Genomes. BOGGLE When the timer begins, try to construct as many words as possible using the given letters. You may go in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042703/56649e4e5503460f94b44370/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
BOGGLEWhen the timer begins, try to construct as many words
as possible using the given letters. You may go in any direction, but not diagonally.
Think & write quickly!!!
![Page 3: An Introduction to Genes and Genomes. BOGGLE When the timer begins, try to construct as many words as possible using the given letters. You may go in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042703/56649e4e5503460f94b44370/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Genetic Code-our directions for inheritance (DNA)
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NUCLEIC ACIDS• Nucleotide - monomer;
- phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar and nitrogenous base• Nucleotides covalently bind to form a nucleic acid• Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information
4 Types of nucleotides (A-T/U-C-G) = endless # of different molecules2 Types of Nucleic Acids = DNA and RNA
![Page 5: An Introduction to Genes and Genomes. BOGGLE When the timer begins, try to construct as many words as possible using the given letters. You may go in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042703/56649e4e5503460f94b44370/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Antiparallel=
“head to toe”
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![Page 7: An Introduction to Genes and Genomes. BOGGLE When the timer begins, try to construct as many words as possible using the given letters. You may go in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042703/56649e4e5503460f94b44370/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Building Activity
![Page 8: An Introduction to Genes and Genomes. BOGGLE When the timer begins, try to construct as many words as possible using the given letters. You may go in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042703/56649e4e5503460f94b44370/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Central Dogma"the coded genetic information hard-wired into DNA is transcribed into individual transportable cassettes…each mRNA cassette contains the program for synthesis of a particular protein (or small number of proteins)." Chapter 1: The Dynamic Cell, of Molecular Cell Biology.
(NHGRI)
![Page 9: An Introduction to Genes and Genomes. BOGGLE When the timer begins, try to construct as many words as possible using the given letters. You may go in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042703/56649e4e5503460f94b44370/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Gene Video• YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eOvMNOMRRm8&NR=1
![Page 10: An Introduction to Genes and Genomes. BOGGLE When the timer begins, try to construct as many words as possible using the given letters. You may go in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042703/56649e4e5503460f94b44370/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Genes• Gene – a sequence of nucleotides
• Provides cells with instructions for making proteins• Usually 1000-4000 nucleotides in length• Then what is a chromosome??
• By controlling proteins, genes influence how cells, tissues, and organs appear
• Inherited appearances are called traits
• Some traits are controlled by one gene and some are controlled by many genes
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Chromosomes and Genes
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Chromosome Structure
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Human Chromosomes
• Human cell = 23 pairs (46 total)• 23 chromosomes from mother (maternal)• 23 chromosomes from father (paternal)
• Pairs are called homologous pairs or homologues• Chromosomes 1-22 are autosomes• Chromosome pair 23 are the sex chromosomes, X
and Y chromosomes• Human egg and sperm, gametes, each contain 23
chromosomes - a haploid number (n) • All other cells, somatic cells, have two sets of
chromosomes – the diploid number (2n)
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Karyotype• Chromosome 1 – largest• Chromosome 21 – smallest
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DNA Replication Animations
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4jtmOZaIvS0
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Semiconservative Replication
Prior to cell division, DNA replicates itself by semiconservative replication
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Protein Function
Movement
Growth and Repair
NOT for energyStructure
Biochemical Control
Defense
Protein = “first or primary”
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Transcription & Translation Video
transcription & translation animation
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Protein Synthesis
• Genes within DNA are copied into messenger RNA molecules (mRNA) in a process called transcription
• mRNA molecules, which are exact copies of DNA, are deciphered into instructions for making a protein in a process called translation
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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Deoxyribose Sugar
Double Stranded
Bases: A T C G
In the nucleus
Ribose Sugar
Single Stranded
Bases: A U C G
Leaves the nucleus
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Transcription
![Page 22: An Introduction to Genes and Genomes. BOGGLE When the timer begins, try to construct as many words as possible using the given letters. You may go in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042703/56649e4e5503460f94b44370/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Translation
• The ultimate function of a gene is to produce a protein.
• Translation is using the information in mRNA to synthesize a protein from amino acids.
![Page 23: An Introduction to Genes and Genomes. BOGGLE When the timer begins, try to construct as many words as possible using the given letters. You may go in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042703/56649e4e5503460f94b44370/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Translation
Translation occurs in the cytoplasm of cells as a multi-stepprocess that involves several different of RNA molecules:
• Messenger RNA (mRNA) – an exact copy of a gene. Acts as a messenger by carrying the genetic code, from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where this information can be read to produce a protein.
• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – short molecules that make up ribosomes, organelles that are essential for protein synthesis. Ribosomes recognize and bind to mRNA and read the mRNA during translation.
• Transfer RNA (tRNA) – molecules that transport amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis.
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