An intro to programming The basic nitty-gritty that’ll make you scratch your head and say, “This...
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Transcript of An intro to programming The basic nitty-gritty that’ll make you scratch your head and say, “This...
An intro to programming
The basic nitty-gritty that’ll make you scratch your head and say, “This is programming?”
What is a program?
• A program is computer coding that:
• Takes input• Performs some
calculation on the input
• Displays output
A program is a function!
• Both take inputs and give outputs based on some “rule”
• Both make calculations
• Both take “arguments”
A program is a NOT function!
• In a function, there is exactly one output for every input
• Some computer programs will have different outputs for the same input
• Example: a virtual set of dice
The client
• The user of the program is sometimes called the client
• The client doesn’t have to know what’s going on inside the “black box” to use the program
• Do you know exactly how Microsoft Word works?
Using outside sources
• Many programs must consult outside sources to perform the correct calculations on their input
Writing programs
• You need:• Knowledge of a
coding language• A compiler –
translates your language into machine code (0s and 1s the computer can understand)
What is pseudocode?
• Pseudocode is programmers’ shorthand for actual code
• It mimics actual programming languages
• There are no “rules” of pseudocode…yet
A simple pseudocode program
program DogYears;
write “How old are you?”;
let humanAge = INPUT;
let dogAge = humanAge * 7;
write humanAge;
end program;
INPUT
CALCULATION BASED ON INPUT
OUTPUT
MISCELLANEOUS OUTPUT
PROGRAM CONTROL STATEMENT
PROGRAM CONTROL STATEMENT
A program that 1) asks the user’s age in human years, 2) calculates the user’s age in dog years, and 3) tells the user what that age is.
A few good pseudocode “rules”
• The name of the program begins with a capital letter
• Each line ends in a semicolon;
• All variable names begin in lowercase
• We use an asterisk (*) to represent multiplication (also use +, -, /, ^)
program DogYears;
write “How old are you?”;
let humanAge = INPUT;
let dogAge = humanAge * 7;
write humanAge;
end program;
Write your own pseudocode program
Write a program in pseudocode that:
1. Asks the client what grade they just finished
2. Calculates how many years of high school the client has remaining.
3. Outputs this answer.
A sample programprogram Graduation;
write “What grade did you just complete?”;
let lastGrade = INPUT;
let yearsLeft = 12 – lastGrade;
write lastGrade;
end program;
Three parts of programs
• Variables, to store data• Calculation statements, to handle
input, calculations, and output• A user interface, which allows the
client to use the program
Variables – primitive types
• Different types depending on the kind of data
• In Java, some types include:boolean for true or falseint for integerschar for lettersdouble for real numbersstring for strings
• These are called primitive types because they are built into the language
Variables - objects
• In some languages, including Java, users can define their own variable types, called objects
• An object is a collection of primitive types• Example: an object representing a cat
might contain a double variable for its weight, a string variable for its name, and a boolean variable for if it’s been neutered or spayed
Variables - objects
• In some languages, including Java, users can define their own variable types, called objects
• An object is a collection of primitive types
• Example: a string is an object that holds many char variables, so a string is any set of letters: a word or a sentence
Java
• Java was released in 1995 by Sun Microsystems.
• It is based on the language C++.
• Java is platform-independent, object-oriented, and easy to use on the Internet.
import extra.*;
public class Graduation {
public static void main(String args[]) {
Std.out.println( "What grade did you just complete?" );
int lastGrade;lastGrade = Std.in.readInt();
int yearsLeft;yearsLeft = 12 - lastGrade;
Std.out.println( "You have " + yearsLeft + " years of high school left.");
}}
Graduation in Java
Java blather that’s meaningless for now
Write this:
Make a new variable of type int and call it “lastGrade”
Assign to “lastGrade” the value that the user inputs…hope it’s an integer Make a new variable of type int and call it
“yearsLeft”Use calculations to assign “lastGrade” a value based on “yearsLeft”
Declaring variables• We create variables for
our program to use by declaring them
• Declaring a variable is like saying, “Computer, save some space in RAM for this variable”
• Declaring is done ONCE before using the variable
• a variable does NOT assign a value to the variable
How to declare a variable
• Write the variable’s type
• Leave a space• Write the
variable’s name (start with a lowercase letter, it’s good style)
• Examples:
char faveLetter;int days;double foodMass;string name;
How to assign a value to a variable
• Write the variable’s name
• Write a single equals sign (=)
• Use single quotes for char, double quotes for string
• Write the variable’s value and a semicolon
• Examples:
faveLetter = ‘q’;days = 42;foodMass = 33.42;name = “Matthew”;
Declaring and assigning at the same time
• You can, if you choose, declare variables and assign values to them at the same time
• Write the variable’s type, then its name, and then its value
• Examples:char faveLetter = ‘q’;int days = 42;double foodMass = 33.42;string name = “Matthew”;
Input: the easy wayBecause input in Java is not easy, we use a
package called extra that assists with input.
•To input using extra:
•Declare a variable
•Assign an input statement as its value
•The input statement should begin with Std.in.readInt() reads an integerreadChar() reads a characterreadLine() reads a stringetc…
Output: always easy
• To output, write Std.out.println();
• In the parens, write a variable name, a string, or any combination of variables and strings connected with plus (+) signs
Input and output examples
int days;
Days = Std.in.readInt();
String name;
Std.out.println(“What is your name?)
Name = Std.in.readLine();
An exercise
Write a program that:• Calculates the number a miles has
traveled during the last year• Calculates the car’s average
miles/gallonYou should ask the client for the average
number of miles per day s/he drives and the total gallons of gas s/he uses in one year
import extra.*;
public class Miles {
public static void main(String args[]) {
Std.out.println( “How many miles per day do you drive?" );
double milesPerDay;milesPerDay = Std.in.readDouble();
Std.out.println( “How many gallons of gas did you use last year?” );int gallonsUsed;gallonsUsed = Std.in.readDouble();
double totalMiles = milesPerDay * 365;double avgMPG = totalMiles / gallonsUsed;
Std.out.println( "You drove “ + totalMiles + “ miles last year and averaged “ + “ avgMPG + “ miles per gallon.”);
}}
A solution