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An initiative towards water saving: Non-conventional water resources as an
additional irrigation water source
Atef Hamdy Emeritus Professor,
Water Resources Management Ciheam/MAIBari, Italy
by
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The dominant fact that will be strongly evident over the next few decades
in the structural imbalance between the constantly increasing demand for
water to meet the needs and the limited natural available water supply :
Water resources: the dominant facts
A)
Water Resources Dilemma in the Mediterranean Region.
B) Managerial Capacity BuildingMost developing countries in the Mediterranean are suffering big
shortages in the water managers who are capable not only to evaluate the problem, but, to find the reasonable solutions; those with good understanding to integrate ecological and human water needs in a comprehensive way.
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The 3 approachesThe 3 approaches
1- by increasing the efficiency with which current needs are met 1- by increasing the efficiency with which current needs are met
2- by increasing the efficiency with which water is allocated among different uses 2- by increasing the efficiency with which water is allocated among different uses
3- by introducing non-traditional sources of supply including, saline, reclaimed or recycled water and in some limited circumstances, desalinized brackish water or seawater
3- by introducing non-traditional sources of supply including, saline, reclaimed or recycled water and in some limited circumstances, desalinized brackish water or seawater
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Why water saving in the Agricultural Sector?
278
356.9
414.5
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
1990 2010 2025
Water Demand [in km3/year]Water requirements [km3/year]
+28% +49%
278
356.9
414.5
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
1990 2010 2025
Water Demand [in km3/year]Water requirements [km3/year]
+28% +49%
Water demand
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140water losses by sector (km3/year)
drinking water supply
11.44
leaks or misuses
(domestic, industrial)
4.1
losses in irrigation
conveyance
43.3
inefficient irrigation
water
71.1
subtotal agriculture
114.4
TOTAL
129.9
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140water losses by sector (km3/year)
drinking water supply
11.44
leaks or misuses
(domestic, industrial)
4.1
losses in irrigation
conveyance
43.3
inefficient irrigation
water
71.1
subtotal agriculture
114.4
TOTAL
129.9
Water losses
Why water saving in the Agricultural Sector?
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Possible water savings
Why water saving in the Agricultural Sector?
7.7
50 % reduction of
losses in drinking
water supply
14
50 % of recycling in
industry
21.6
50 % reduction in conveyance
losses
30.6
irrigation efficiency generalized at 80 %
52.2
subtotal agriculture
74
TOTAL
possible water savings (km3/year)
7.7
50 % reduction of
losses in drinking
water supply
7.7
50 % reduction of
losses in drinking
water supply
7.7
50 % reduction of
losses in drinking
water supply
14
50 % of recycling in
industry
14
50 % of recycling in
industry
14
50 % of recycling in
industry
14
50 % of recycling in
industry
21.6
50 % reduction in conveyance
losses
21.6
50 % reduction in conveyance
losses
21.6
50 % reduction in conveyance
losses
30.6
irrigation efficiency generalized at 80 %
30.6
irrigation efficiency generalized at 80 %
30.6
irrigation efficiency generalized at 80 %
52.2
subtotal agriculture
52.2
subtotal agriculture
52.2
subtotal agriculture
74
TOTAL
74
TOTAL
74
TOTAL
possible water savings (km3/year)
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278
148
7456
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Waterdemand
Effectivelyused
Possiblesavings
Shortage
Summary of the situation
Why water saving in the Agricultural Sector?
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WATER USE EFFICIENCY IN AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AND ITS
IMPACT ON WATER SUPPLY
294.8
1 2 3
S1
S2
S3
45% 60% 80%
Water demand by 2025 294.8 294.8 294.8
97.30 72.97 129.73
182.8 207.1 239.6 Increase of water supply
Water effectively Used in agriculture
water use efficiency in agricultural sector
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FIELD OF ACTIONS
Social Technical Economical
Capacity Building Institutional improvement HRD (Human Resources Development)
RAP “Water Resources Management”
Use of non-conventionalwater resources
Irrigationwater useefficiency
Performanceanalysis ofcollective
irr. systems
Allocation Efficiency &water valuation
Participatory Irr.Management (PIM) &
Water User Associations (WUA)
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Water Use Efficiency in Agriculture and Potentialsfor Water Saving in the Middle East Region
Atef Hamdy
4th World Water Forum20 March 2006
Regional Action Programme on “Water Resources Management”Conclusion
Tunisia•Min. of Agric.•INRAT, Ariana•IRESA, Tunis•INAT, Tunis
Algeria•Min. of Agriculture•INSID, Alger
Morocco•Ministry of Agriculture•IAV Hassan II, Rabat•IAV Hassan II, Agadir•INRA, Settat•MAAE, Rabat
Malta•Min. of Agric.•Inst. Water Tech.
Egypt•Min. of Water Res. and Irrigation•Min. of Agriculture•ARC•NRC•CLEQM
NWRC- CairoNWRC- Cairo
Turkey•Cukurova Univ.•Karahmanmaras Univ
Lebanon•Min. of Agric.•NRC, Beirut•LARI. Beirut•ISIAM, Tamail•Sant-Esprit deKaslik Univ.
Jordan•Amman Univ.
Syria•Min. of Agric.
Cyprus•Min. of Agric.•ARI, Nicosia
Italy•Bari Univ.•Polytechnics of Bari•Catania Univ.•Foggia Irr. Consortia•Univ. Of Trieste•CNR - Bari
Bari Bari InstituteInstitute
International•FAO, Rome•ICARDA, Aleppo•IFAD, Rome•World Bank, Washington•INPIM, Washington
RAP-WRM Partners
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Logistic Support
EU/CIHEAM-MAI.B
Regional Action Programme “Water Resources Management”
M.Sc. Mobilization Program
Research Project “WASIA”
Aid to Decision Making
Activities
Advanced Short Courses
Research Networks
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Water Use Efficiency in Agriculture and Potentialsfor Water Saving in the Middle East Region
Atef Hamdy
4th World Water Forum20 March 2006
General objective:• to develop a conceptual framework for
water saving in agriculture through the integration of – Water Use Efficiency in cropping
practices (WUE),– Irrigation Systems Performances (ISP),
and– Use of Non-conventional Water
Resources (NWR)
WUE
ISP
NWR
WAter Saving in Irrigated AgricultureWASIA project
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Sustainable use of Non-Conventional water resources (Treated wastewater and saline brakish water)
Some Successful Case Studies
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Water Use Efficiency in Agriculture and Potentialsfor Water Saving in the Middle East Region
Atef Hamdy
4th World Water Forum20 March 2006
WAter Saving in Irrigated AgricultureWASIA project, Results and Outputs
1. Reuse of Treated Wastewater for Irrigation of Cereals, Forage and Vegetablesby Means of Different Irrigation Methods (Agadir, Morocco)
2. Recycling of Drainage Water for Sustainable Irrigated Agriculture(Western Nile Delta, Egypt)
3. Sustainable Use of Highly Saline Water for Irrigation of CropsUnder Arid and Semiarid Conditions (Adana, Turkey)
4. Development of Screening Legumes and Forage Nursery forSalinity Tolerance (ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria)
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Water Use Efficiency in Agriculture and Potentialsfor Water Saving in the Middle East Region
Atef Hamdy
4th World Water Forum20 March 2006
Regional Action Programme on “Water Resources Management”Conclusion
In order to move from WATER SCARCITY to WATER SECURITY, the following Local Actions should be generalised to the whole region:
1. Collect, treat and reuse every single drop of wastewater and drainage water;
2. Increase the Water Use Efficiency (more “crop per drop”) through:• the use of modern irrigation systems (sprinkler irrigation, drip
irrigation),• Deficit irrgation,• Supplemental irrigation,• Water harvesting.
3. A more efficient, equitable water allocation through the use of new technologies for water distribution at farm-level (AcquaCard).
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Water Use Efficiency in Agriculture and Potentialsfor Water Saving in the Middle East Region
Atef Hamdy
4th World Water Forum20 March 2006
CIHEAMMediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari, Italy