An illustrated and revised catalogue of Mesozoic radio ...

191GEODIVERSITAS • 2009 • 31 (2) © Publications Scientifi ques du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. www.geodiversitas.com

O’Dogherty L., Carter E. S., Dumitrica P., Gorican Š. & De Wever P. 2009. — An illustrated and revised catalogue of Mesozoic radio larian genera – objectives, concepts and guide for users. Geodiversitas 31 (2) : 191-212.

ABSTRACTTh is revision paper represents the fi nal report by the InterRad Mesozoic Working Group on the taxonomy and stratigraphy of Mesozoic radio larians at generic level. Th e review reports 915 genera and encompasses the type species’ illus-tration of all described nominal genera of Mesozoic radio larians (superorder Polycystina) from 1867, when the fi rst Mesozoic radio larian was described,

Luis O’DOGHERTYFacultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad de Cádiz,

E-11510 Puerto Real (Spain)[email protected]

Elizabeth S. CARTERDepartment of Geology, Portland State University,

Portland, OR 97207-0751 (USA)and 69745 Old Wagon Road, Sisters, OR 97759 (USA)

[email protected]

Paulian DUMITRICADennigkofenweg 33, CH-3073 Gümligen (Switzerland)

[email protected]

Špela GORICANPaleontoloski Institut Ivana Rakovca ZRC SAZU,

Novi trg 2, SL-1000 Ljubljana (Slovenia)[email protected]

Patrick DE WEVERMuséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Département Histoire de la Terre,

case postale 48, 57 rue Cuvier, F-75231 Paris cedex 05 (France)[email protected]

An illustrated and revised catalogue of Mesozoic radio larian genera – objectives, conceptsand guide for users

192 GEODIVERSITAS • 2009 • 31 (2)

O’Dogherty L. et al.

MOTS CLÉSRadiolaires,

révision taxonomique,Mésozoïque,

systématique,espèce type,

biostratigraphie.

KEY WORDSRadiolaria,

taxonomic revision,Mesozoic,

systematics,type species,

biostratigraphy.

to 2008. Th is work is organized as an image catalogue of genera, where each type species is re-illustrated with a graphic scale bar indicating its magnifi ca-tion. Associated with each image is the most basic information that allows the reader quick location of the original publication where both genus and type species were described and/or illustrated.Th e review undergone here confi rms the taxonomic validity of all genera according to the ICZN rules. Order and family assignment, synonymies and stratigraphic ranges are also fully analyzed. Th e review is divided in two parts: the Triassic and the Jurassic-Cretaceous. Th is division is justifi ed by the low number of taxa crossing the Triassic-Jurassic boundary and by the signifi cant change in morphologic patterns and faunal composition that occurred in the latest Triassic. A further reason justifying such division is the very low number of nomina dubia recorded in the Triassic, as opposed to the higher number in the Jurassic-Cretaceous interval. Th e main purpose of this catalogue is to enable radio larian paleontologists to arrive to a satisfactory taxonomic system and establish the standards for future descrip-tion of new radio larian genera. Th e revision also includes a brief stratigraphic synthesis (generic range charts) which are only accessible in the electronic ver-sion of the journal.

RÉSUMÉUn catalogue illustré et révisé de genres de radiolaires mésozoïques – objectifs, idées et guide pour les utilisateurs.La publication du présent article est l’aboutissement d’un travail de révision entrepris par le Groupe de Travail Mésozoïque de l’association InterRad sur la taxonomie et la stratigraphie des radiolaires mésozoïques au niveau générique. Le nombre des genres mésozoiques révisés est de 915. Cette révision comprend les illustrations de toutes les espèces types des genres de radiolaires du Méso-zoïque (superordre Polycystina) depuis 1867, date de la première description d’un radiolaire mésozoïque, jusque 2008. Ce travail est organisé comme un catalogue photographique des genres où chaque espèce type est illustrée avec une échelle de grossissement. Chaque image est associée à un certain nombre d’informations qui permettent au lecteur de retrouver facilement la publication originale dans laquelle le genre et l’espèce type ont été décrits et/ou illustrés. La révision entreprise dans ce travail précise la validité taxo nomique de tous les genres selon les règles du Code international de Nomenclature zoo logique. Les attributions aux familles et ordres, les synonymies et les répartitions stratigraphiques ont aussi été analysées avec grand soin. La révision est présentée en deux parties : le Trias et le Jurassique-Crétacé. Ce découpage est justifi é par le petit nombre de taxons qui franchissent la limite Trias-Jurassique et donc le grand changement qui intervient à la fi n du Trias, tant au point de vue des grands traits morphologiques qu’à celui de la composition faunique. Une autre raison qui justifi e cette subdivision est le petit nombre de nomina dubia notés au Trias, à la diff érence du Jurassique et du Crétacé qui en comprennent un grand nombre. Dans le travail présenté ici, notre objectif principal est de permettre aux paléontologues de disposer d’un ensemble taxonomique satis-faisant permettant ainsi de disposer de standards corrects pour les descriptions futures de nouveaux genres de radiolaires. La révision inclut aussi une synthèse stratigraphique des genres ainsi que des chartes de répartition stratigraphique (uniquement accessibles dans la version électronique disponible sur le site internet de la revue).

193

Catalogue of Mesozoic radiolarian genera: guide for users

GEODIVERSITAS • 2009 • 31 (2)

Nomina si nescis, perit et cognitio rerumWho knows not the names, knows not the subject

Critica Botanica, Linnaeus, 1773

INTRODUCTIONOBJECTIVES OF THIS CATALOGUE

Th e main goal of this catalogue is to present a complete and reviewed set of all existing Mesozoic genera with illustration of their type species. Th e catalogue is presented in two parts: Part 1 for the Triassic and Part 2 for the Jurassic-Cretaceous. Th e division is justifi ed by the low number of genera in common to the two parts, i.e. only 30 genera cross the Rhaetian-Hettangian boundary.

We envision that this catalogue of radio larian type species will be a useful tool in future systematic studies. In the past three decades there has been an overabundance of information, and the group experienced a vast proliferation of new generic names (up to 915). Th is is in part due to the fact that radio larians displayed their maximum diver-sity through the Mesozoic Era. But the vastness of information is also related to the large number of radio larian researchers and, consequently, to the many new taxa described in scattered publications, some rather obscure. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, soon after modern radio larian research was initiated, it was relatively easy to be acquainted with all radio larian literature. Currently, however, it has become more and more diffi cult, especially for beginners, to fi nd and process the complete in-formation and to evaluate the validity of all existing names of radio larian taxa.

Th e goal of this publication is to present all the hith-erto described genera, to revise their status and family assignment, and to provide their currently known stratigraphic range. Such a compilation will certainly facilitate everyday work for radio larian researchers and will also serve to establish a taxonomic basis for a refi ned Mesozoic radio larian stratigraphy.

WHY A CATALOGUE?

Th e origin of this project was founded on two main concepts: the high diversity of radio larians

and recurrent misclassifi cation at generic level. Th e project was born in December 2005 when some of the authors were working on an article on radio-larian diversity. At that time, we were discussing the recurrent misclassifi cation of many species by a process comparable to changes that occur in oral knowledge, that the historians call “homeostasis”, i.e. the stories change imperceptibly over time to suit the needs and values of the culture. A striking case, for example, are the subsequent species as-signed to the genus Canutus. Th is taxon is a good example of how new species included under the nominal genus show a gradual displacement from the original type species concept.

Th e reason for this is the misconception the ge-nus inherited as a result of incorrect classifi cation of the fi rst species included under the genus which, in some cases, attains more signifi cance than the type species. In other words, there is a gradual drift in the generic concept as newly described species assigned to the genus become progressively farther from the type species concept.

Obviously, changes in oral knowledge cannot be undone because there are no old copies to go back to. In our case something similar happens, however, there is still the possibility to go back to the sources, i.e. to revisit the type species. In this sense, we believed it is essential to provide a refer-ence catalogue of all type species described for the Mesozoic genera. Preliminary information on this catalogue was presented at the 11th InterRad meet-ing (March 2006, Wellington, New Zealand) and a joint international project was then initiated under the framework of the Mesozoic Working Group of this association.

SOURCES

How to get a complete list of genera?1) Th e fi rst step was to produce a complete list of species described from Mesozoic material from which we derived the raw list of generic names. Th e species list is an objective record of all newly described taxa regardless their taxonomic status and includes valid taxa, junior objective or subjective synonyms, nomina dubia, etc. A catalog of holotypes

194 GEODIVERSITAS • 2009 • 31 (2)


was produced by the project leader and it will be published as a “Complete index of Mesozoic Radio-larians (1876-2008)” in Carnets de Géologie. Th e list covers the period between 1876, when Karrer published the fi rst Jurassic species, up to 2008. Th e number of diff erently named species known for the Mesozoic up to the present is 6296 recorded in 420 publications. As this represents the main source of this catalogue, an inventory with basic information is given at the end of this issue of Geodiversitas (O’Dogherty 2009, this volume).

Th is master list of Mesozoic species was made following a detailed bibliographic search of over 2300 papers dealing with Mesozoic radio larians. Another source has been the use of the taxonomic database of the Zoological Record and Nomenclator Zoologicus provided by uBIO.2) From the aforementioned list we have discriminated between true Mesozoic generic names and those names erroneously used for Mesozoic occurrences. Under “erroneously used” we have included all Mesozoic species that were placed incorrectly under a non-Mesozoic nominal genus by their authors. By this we mean, the use of a Recent, Cenozoic, or Paleozoic genus name but without any known representatives in the Mesozoic. Such attribution clearly constitutes an incorrect identifi cation of the genus-group for such species. Th e list of these genera wrongly attributed to a Mesozoic species is given in full in Appendix 2; these genera should no longer be used for Mesozoic species. Following this action, we retained only the generic names considered as valid for the Mesozoic (see Appendix 1). Th is list is sorted alphabetically and can be searched by genus. Since the plates are not numbered, each genus is labeled with a fi gure code numbered from 1 to 396 for the Triassic and 1 to 603 for the Jurassic-Cretaceous; this follows the Japanese style of Yao (1997) or Matsuoka (2004).

DISCUSSION OF TAXA

Th e Mesozoic Working Group met twice for two-weeks in 2006 and 2007 in Granada, Spain, and soon after two of the participants attended two short meet-ings held in 2007 and 2008 in Paris, France. During these workshops we agreed upon the systematics and

stratigraphy of Mesozoic genera. Th roughout 2005-2006 we collected data to prepare the two databases for Mesozoic genera, one for the Triassic and the other for the Jurassic-Cretaceous. Th e datasets were prepared to enable fruitful discussion of each taxon and were sent to participants with detailed instructions, several months before the main meetings in Granada. Th ese drafts were prepared as a catalogue of genera arranged by family groups or by closely related morphologies, following the systematic framework given in Dumi-trica (1995) and the taxonomic classifi cation of De Wever et al. (2001). Th e reason for this procedure was clear from the beginning since the taxonomic revision of a huge number of genera would be easier and more realistic if they were discussed by groups of closely related taxa instead of alphabetically. Pre-meeting preparation consisted of a personal revision of the stratigraphic ranges, possible synonyms and an outline agreement about family assignment. Th e discussions during each meeting in Granada were carried out with these annotated drafts. During the workshops the participants checked all taxa carefully in order to agree on the systematics and to achieve a taxonomic consensus of all contributors. Finally, the updated versions were prepared for the Paris meet-ings with the ultimate goal of completing the fi nal version of the catalogue.

GUIDE FOR THE USER

Th is catalogue of genera ideally will be a quick visual tool allowing the identifi cation of genera. For this reason, each genus is labeled with the most basic information (see Figure 1).

FIGURES

Each genus has an individual taxon code, which is a number without taxonomic signifi cance but is required to fi nd taxa on the plates. Since the genera follow a morphologic arrangement, this number, which is indicated in the alphabetic index, allows a quick search of the plates.

We have scanned and reproduced good images at 300 dpi resolution for each type species. Th ese are accompanied by a scale bar made from the meas-urements indicated in the original publication. All

195



�

E

008

Protoperispyridium Yeh, 1987a: 91

Eptingiidae

Protoperispyridium oregonense Yeh, 1987a: 91, pl.13, fig. 14

SEE PERISPYRIDIUM

�

SYN. �

Genus

Genus authority, year: page

Image number

see bottomline

Type species authority,year: page,

plate and figureof holotype

SYN. (synonym) HOM. (homonym)

SUP. (support image) INV. (invalid name)

Order

Type species

See current genus,status or

stratigraphic range

Scale

Type species’ holotype

2

1 3

4

Family 5

6

7

9

8

10

11

100 µm

FIG. 1. — Image explanation. Example of genus record in the catalogue with indication of basic taxonomic information.

permissions granted for reproduction of the illustra-tions are gratefully acknowledged and are explicitly listed at the beginning of each catalogue.

ARRANGEMENT OF FIGURES

Th e fi gured genera are arranged on the plates taxo-nomically rather than alphabetically because, from a systematic point of view, we prefer to group taxa having morphologically signifi cant affi nities. Th e genera are grouped fi rst by order (Albaillellaria, La-tentifi stularia, Entactinaria, Spumellaria including central capsules, and Nassellaria), then arranged by family, and fi nally are placed following stratigraphic occurrence and phylogenetic affi nities. We have followed the systematic framework established by Dumitrica (1995), subsequently revised by the same author in De Wever et al. (2001), which has improved once more as a consequence of this

taxonomic review. In some cases, a group of genera classifi ed under the same family might be regarded as somewhat diff erent at external morphology. Th is is due to the modern suprageneric classifi cation followed, which is based on the internal spicule, constituting the basis of natural systematic relation-ships. Although the inventory of initial structures (especially in Entactinaria and Spumellaria) is still limited and their understanding fragmentary, this review fully agrees with the importance of such elements at higher systematic levels. Th e guiding principle in the classifi cation of radio larians at supra generic level is that the structure of the initial skeletal elements is the most conservative through evolution and represents the common element characterizing a family group. With ontogeny, new skeletal elements are farther morphologically from the initial skeleton and this is the reason for

196 GEODIVERSITAS • 2009 • 31 (2)


some external diff erences occasionally observed in a family group. Th e reader is referred to the general taxonomy in De Wever et al. (2001) for a more thorough explanation of this principle.

HOMONYMS AND SYNONYMS

When a case of homonymy was detected, or a taxon has been designed or suspected to be a synonym, this is indicated in the upper left part of the fi gure box (see Figure 1). In such cases the line underneath the fi gure refers to the correct genus.

In the initial stage of this study we noticed that several important genera were already preoccupied, and each author was duly informed allowing him/her a reasonable time of two years in which to publish a replacement name. Th rough 2006 and 2007 many new replacement names were published and they are included in this revision, but a few names still remain as homonyms (Acastea Yang, 1993, Amuria Whalen & Carter in Carter et al., 1998, Beatricea Whalen & Carter in Carter et al., 1998, Canutus Pes-sagno & Whalen, 1982, Helena Hull, 1997, Maudia Carter in Carter et al., 1988, Mita Pessagno, 1977, Th urstonia Whalen & Carter in Carter et al., 1998, Triversus Takemura, 1986). Following the code of ethics of ICZN, any future reviewer may establish a new replacement name for these genera.

Th e taxa were carefully reviewed and re-examined and many genera (157) were declared to be syno-nyms. An interesting observation derived from this study is that many of these synonymous taxa were established on very few morphological character-istics leading in most cases to a monotypic genus. Doubtful synonyms either at family or genus levels are preceded by a question mark.

In those cases where the characters displayed by the type species were not satisfactory and do not match positive identifi cation to the type we have included an additional image (this is indicated in the upper left corner of the image, see Figure 1) as supporting evidence. Th ese pictures are placed at the end of the catalogue.

NAMES OF DOUBTFUL APPLICATION

Th ose genera considered nomina dubia (up to 140) are indicated beneath the fi gure (see Figure 1) and the majority is presented at the end of the catalogue

without family assignment. Th e only exceptions are those nomina dubia related or classically attached to a specifi c family. Such forms are allocated be-side the closer representatives of the corresponding family group. Most of the genera here considered nomina dubia are those taxa described from thin sections by the pioneers of the study of Mesozoic and Paleozoic Radiolaria.

NOMINA NUDA

Since these names or nomenclatural acts are void of type species and were never illustrated they are only listed below.

Contortocircus Dumitrica & Dumitrica-Jud, 1997: 48 (type species Acanthocircus furiosus Jud, 1994) published in a proceeding conference (ICZN 1999: Art. 9.9.).

Excingula Kozlova, 1994 (type species Excingula bifaria Kozlova, 1994) is an invalid taxon. Although this nominal genus has been utilized (see Vish-nevskaya & Murchey 2002) it was published in an internal report and cannot be considered valid according to ICZN 1999 Art. 9.7.

Stichomitrella Aliev, 1974, it cannot be considered valid according to the Code (ICZN 1999: Art. 9.5.), because it is recorded in Petrushevskaya (1981: 194) as oral communication from Aliev, neither holotype nor pictures are given in Petrushevskaya’s review.

INVALID NAMES

Names that have not been published in the meaning of Article 8 of the Code (ICZN 1999) have not been treated in this catalogue. An example is the genus Pseudolivarella Rose, 1994 (Rose 1994: 397), which was presented in an unpublished and not distributed thesis. However, the genus Foremanella Muzavor, 1977 (Muzavor 1977: 67) although not valid, is reillustrated because many copies of Muzavor’s thesis were distrib-uted and largely employed through the 1980s.

AUTHORS

Th e general recommendations of the Code (ICZN 1999: Appendix B. 12) clearly state that in those cases where a name was published by more than three authors, the surname of the fi rst author (as given in the original publication) may be cited alone in the text and followed by the term “et al.” However, we

197



TABLE 1. — List of abbreviated citations in the catalogue due to space limitations.

Authors Modifi ed in text as

Dumitrica, Baumgartner & Gorican, 1997 Dumitrica et al., 1997Hori, Whalen & Dumitrica in Gorican et al., 2006 Hori, Whalen & Dumitrica, 2006Marcucci & Salvini in Marcucci et al., 1994 Marcucci & Salvini, 1994O’Dogherty, Gorican & Dumitrica in O’Dogherty et al., 2006 O’Dogherty, Gorican & Dumitrica, 2006Pessagno & Blome in Pessagno et al., 1984 Pessagno & Blome, 1984Pessagno & MacLeod in Pessagno et al., 1987 Pessagno & MacLeod, 1987Pessagno & Yang in Pessagno et al., 1989 Pessagno & Yang, 1989Pessagno, Blome & Hull in Pessagno et al., 1993 Pessagno, Blome & Hull, 1993Tekin & Dumitrica 2007 in Dumitrica & Hungerbühler, 2007 Tekin & Dumitrica, 2007Tikhomirova in Tikhomirova & Kazintsova, 1990 Tikhomirova, 1990Vishnevskaya & Dumitrica in Vishnevskaya, 2006 Vishnevskaya & Dumitrica, 2006

have preferred to give the surnames of all authors, except in those fi elds (families, genera or species) where the entries are modifi ed by limitations of fi eld length. Th ese changes are listed (Table 1) allowing their localization in the references list.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGES

Although the main purpose of this catalogue is to provide precise information for the identifi ca-tion of type species, complementary stratigraphic ranges are presented on the bottom line of each valid genus (see Figure 1) merely to give some guidance to the age. We are aware of the limita-tions of our current stratigraphic knowledge, and a stratigraphic revision is far beyond the scope of this revision, especially when the zonal schemes for the Mesozoic (especially Lower Triassic and Upper Cretaceous) are not yet accurate. Th ese ranges are meant to serve as guides off ered by the contributors of this paper based on the literature and their own research (i.e. no references are cited for stratigraphic distribution of genera). As a complement of this revision, a brief stratigraphic synthesis (a set of two generic range charts) is in-cluded in the electronic version available in the Geodiversitas website.

LIMITATIONS CRUCIAL THINGSTO REMEMBER

– Th is is mainly an image catalogue of all Mesozoic genera rather than a stratigraphic one, as much

work is still required to understand the true strati-graphic range of genera, especially for the Jurassic-Cretaceous period. – Description of new genera is beyond the scope of this paper consequently this review reports only described Mesozoic genera. However, such assertion does not implicitly mean that it records all known genera. Th ere are still several groups of species waiting for a new nominal genus either because they have been in use but their type species are of doubtful application, they have been reported as queried, or simply they are unknown to the science.– Special attention must be paid to the critical boundaries of the Mesozoic Era, because the real knowledge of the fauna (at both genus and species levels) surrounding these intervals remains uncer-tain. Th is is in part due to enhanced preservation and diversity problems that are commonly associ-ated with major extinction boundaries. A further reason may also be the sharp change in systematic style between groups of taxonomists working in distinct fi elds (i.e. Late Paleozoic vs. Early Meso-zoic, or Late Mesozoic vs. Early Cenozoic). In this sense we strongly recommend the creation of two working groups to improve the knowledge of genera surrounding these critical boundaries. Th e exchanges in knowledge of the fauna would ulti-mately lead to improve and establish a solid and common taxonomic system. In a manner similar to this catalogue, the main eff ort should be paid to producing a common systematics for radio larian genera in which a general consensus of contributors is clearly stated.

198 GEODIVERSITAS • 2009 • 31 (2)


FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Th ese concluding words represent a fi nal recom-mendation in the interest of taxonomic stability:– description of a new genus should be imple-mented on good illustration; ideally the type species should be photographed by both scanning electron microscopy and transmitted light;– the type species for a new genus must be clearly determined in the original publication, with precise indication of the fi gured specimen and its location in a repository collection accessible to any researcher on request. Th e type locality, i.e. the sample from which the type species is derived, must be clearly indicated also;– when erecting a new genus, the type species should be chosen from among suffi cient pictures to illustrate the morphologic variability of such species;– avoid erecting a new genus based on a very old publication whose holotype is not located in a clear repository site or is no longer accessible;– the type species for a new genus should display nearly all common characters for the group of species;– try to evade abuse of a monotypic genus by avoiding the description of a new genus based only on a few morphological characteristics. As a rule, the use of a single morphological character is not suffi cient to distinguish a taxon at generic level. For this reason it would be best to use the combination of two or more characters for a new genus; – the type species for a new genus must be selected from those taxa occupying a mid-position in the range of variability of the genus;– when erecting a new genus, it should be manda-tory to present the most complete list of included species under the new nominal genus.

AcknowledgementsWe are indebted to our colleagues and reviewers Yoshiaki Aita, Fabrice Cordey, Rie Hori, and Valen-tina Vishnevskaya for their criticism improving this contribution and to Annemarie Ohler for nomen-clatural review. Part of funding for this work was provided by research group Centre de Recherche en

Paléontologie et Paléoenvironnement du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle (Paris), who fi nanced several-month fellowships to L. O’Dogherty and Š. Goričan, thus enabling joint work with P. De Wever in Paris.

Th e project also benefi ts from important collabora-tion of some colleagues who helped us by contributing information relative to certain genera or publications of diffi cult access. In this sense we are indebted to Edward Amon, Nikita Bragin, Shyam Gupta, Yoshi-hito Kamata, Hui Luo, Jean-Pierre Caulet, Annika Sanfi lippo and Valentina Vishnevskaya.

We especially wish to thank Jean-Pierre Caulet for allowing us to use the RadWorld relational database, an “endless work” prepared by himself, late Catherine Nigrini and Annika Sanfi lippo. He constantly provided us with the latest version of this database containing original and subsequent descriptions of numerous radio larian genera and their type species.

NOTE ADDED TO PROOFS

After this manuscript was accepted, our colleague Valentina Vishnevskaya provided us with the paper of Kazintsova & Tikhomirova (1975). Th is paper introduced several new taxa (three new genera and two new species; full names below) described in thin sections from chert and jaspers having very bad fossil preservation. Th ese taxa are not illustrated in the main catalogue; nevertheless they would not infl uence the general meaning since they must be treated as nomina dubia.

Conocarposphaera Kazintsova in Kazintsova & Tikhomirova, 1975 (Kazintsova & Tikhomirova 1975: 37) (type species Carposphaera circumplicata Rüst, 1885: 290).

Conocarposphaera caucasica Kazintsova in Ka-zintsova & Tikhomirova, 1975 (Kazintsova & Tikhomirova 1975: 37).

Conocarposphaera zhamoidai Tikhomirova in Kazintsova & Tikhomirova, 1975 (Kazintsova & Tikhomirova 1975: 39).

Conocromyomma Kazintsova in Kazintsova & Tikhomirova, 1975 (Kazintsova & Tikhomirova 1975: 41) (type species Cromyomma tuberculata Lipman, 1949 [Lipman 1949: 117]).

199



Conothecosphaera Kazintsova in Kazintsova & Tikhomirova, 1975 (Kazintsova & Tikhomirova 1975: 41) (type species Th ecosphaera conosphaerica Zhamoida, 1968 [Zhamoida 1968: 162]).

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Submitted on 12 January 2009;accepted on 2 May 2009.

202 GEODIVERSITAS • 2009 • 31 (2)


Abnormisphaera (n.d.) ....................................... T378Acaeniospongus (syn.) ........................................ T195Acaeniotyle ............................................................ 45Acaeniotylopsis ....................................................... 51Acanthocircus .............................................. 189, 580Acanthopyle (n.d.) ............................................... 479Acanthotetrapaurinella ....................................... T150Acastea (hom.) ...................................................... 43Acidnomelos ........................................................ 305Acotripus (n.d.) ................................................... 480Acusten ................................................................. 47Acutacapsula (n.d.) .............................................. 481Acuticassis ........................................................... 244Adelocyrtis (n.d.) ................................................. 482Advena (syn.) ........................................................ 86Afens ................................................................... 471Aitaum ............................................................... 438Alatipicapora (syn.) ........................................... T278Albaillella ............................................................. T1Alievium ............................................................. 135Amphibrachium (n.d., hom.) ............................... 483Amphiparvex (syn.) ............................................. 417Amphipternis ....................................................... 416Amphipyndax ...................................................... 419Amuria (hom.) ........................................... T107, 63Anachoreta (hom.) .............................................. 373Anaticapitula ...................................................... 226Andromeda (hom.) .............................................. 474Angulobracchia .................................................... 121Angulocircus ...................................................... T216Angulopaurinella ............................................... T147Anisicyrtis ......................................................... T320Annikaella .......................................................... 293Annulobulbocyrtium .......................................... T308Annulohaeckelella .............................................. T264Annulopoulpus .................................................. T261Annulosaturnalis ............................................... T226Annulotriassocampe ........................................... T340Ansubuga ............................................................ T91Anthocorys (n.d.) ................................................. 484Apophysisphaera (syn.) ......................................... T28Arachnoplecta ...................................................... 215Arcanicapsa ......................................................... 447Archaeoacanthocircus ......................................... T214Archaeocenosphaera ...................................... T105, 62Archaeodictyomitra .............................................. 342Archaeohagiastrum ................................................ 89Archaeoplegma ...................................................... 17Archaeosemantis ................................................ T243

Archaeospongoprunum ............................... T172, 159Archaeothamnulus (syn.) ..................................... T26Archaeotriastrum (syn.) ....................................... 114Archaeotritrabs .................................................... 142Archecampe (n.d.) ............................................... 485Archecyrtum (n.d.) .............................................. 486Archeeucyrtis (n.d.) .............................................. 487Archefusus (n.d.) ................................................. 488Archemirus (n.d.) ................................................ 489Archesomus (n.d.) ................................................ 490Archestrumus (n.d.) ............................................. 491Archetypum (n.d.) ............................................... 492Archicapsa (n.d.) ................................................. 440Arcicubulus ......................................................... T73Ares .................................................................... 472Astrocentrus ....................................................... T161Atactodiscus (n.d.) ............................................... 493Atalanta (hom.) .................................................. 384Atalantria ........................................................... 385Aurisaturnalis ...................................................... 192Austrisaturnalis ................................................... T62Ayrtonius .......................................................... T291Bagotella (n.d.) ................................................... 494Bagotum ............................................................. 325Balcanella (n.d., hom.) ....................................... 495Baloghisphaera .................................................... T55Barabasella (inv.) ................................................. 394Baratuna ................................................ T255, T382Bathropyramis ..................................................... 265Baumgartneria .................................................. T200Beatricea (hom.) ................................................. 104Becus .................................................................. 136Belleza ................................................................ 344Berlahmium ...................................................... T177Bernoullius .......................................................... 163Betraccium .......................................................... T99Beturiella ................................................. T56, T383Bigrumpta (syn.) ................................................. 119Bikinella (syn.) ................................................. T316Bipedis ........................................... T281, T384, 225Bipylomella (n.d.) ................................................ 158Birkenmajeria (n.d.) ............................................ 378Bistarkum ........................................................... 118Bitubopyle ......................................................... T185Bivallupus (syn.) ................................................... 40Blechschmidtia .................................................. T212Blomella (syn., hom.) .......................................... T21Bogdanella ........................................................ T202Bolena .................................................................. 76

APPENDIX 1

Index of Mesozoic genera sorted alphabetically. The number refers to the position in the corresponding part of this catalogue; the T before the number means that the taxon is presented in the Triassic part. Those genera crossing the Triassic-Jurassic boundary are reported twice in both parts of the Catalogue. Numbers for support fi gures are indicated in italics. Homonyms (hom.), synonyms (syn.), invalid taxa (inv.) and nomina dubia (n.d.) are indicated in brackets.

203



Bosniacyrtis ....................................................... T377Botryocylinder ..................................................... 307Botryometra ................................................. 304, 581Braginastrum (syn.) ........................................... T132Braginella ........................................................... T19Broctus ................................................................ 326Bulbocyrtium .................................................... T305Bulgarida (n.d.) .................................................. 496Bullacapsula (n.d.) .............................................. 497Busuanga (hom.) ................................................ T90Cachecreekaria ...................................................... 11Caltrop ................................................................... 9Calyptocoryphe .................................................... 297Cana .................................................................... 34Candissa (syn.) .................................................... 380Canelonus ........................................................... 396Canesium .......................................................... T367Caneta ................................................................ 399Canoptum ................................................. T352, 358Cantalum ......................................................... T100Canutus (hom.) .................................................. 327Caphtorocyrtium ............................................... T317Capnodoce ......................................................... T102Capnuchosphaera ............................................... T123Carinacyclia ...................................................... T115Carinaheliosoma .................................................. T74Carposphaera (n.d.) ............................................. 498Carterella (syn.) .................................................. T42Carterwhalenia ................................................... 240Cassideus ............................................................. 249Castrum (syn.) .................................................. T363Catenopyle ............................................................ 80Catoma ............................................................... T89Cauletella .............................................................. T4Cavabracchia (syn.) ............................................. 122Cavaspongia .......................................................... 71Cavidiscus ............................................................. 72Cecrops (hom.) ...................................................... 33Celluronta ......................................................... T296Cenellipsis (n.d.) ................................................. 499Cenodiscaella ......................................................... 49Cenolarcopyle ...................................................... 203Cenosphaerocapsula ................................... T237, 211Cerebellocapsula ................................................ T238Charlottea ............................................................... 6Cinguloturris ....................................................... 364Citriduma ................................................. T294, 246Cittiglioella (n.d.) ............................................... 500Clathrocyclas ....................................................... 261Clavaxitus ........................................................... 407Collicyrtidium ..................................................... 470Combusta (syn.) .................................................. 343Complexapora (syn.) ............................................ 275Coniforma .......................................................... 260Conospongocyrtis ................................................ T304Cornucapsula (n.d.) ............................................. 501

Cornutella ................................................. T297, 264Cornutellium (n.d.) ............................................. 502Cornutovum ........................................................ 308Coronacylindrella (syn.) ..................................... T186Coronatubopyle ................................................... T44Corum .............................................................. T358Crolanium .......................................................... 408Crubus ................................................................ 337Crucella ...................................................... T120, 85Cryptamphorella .................................................. 280Cryptocapsa (n.d.) ............................................... 503Cryptocephalus (n.d.) ........................................... 504Cryptostephanidium ............................................. T37Cuboctostylus ........................................................... 3Cuniculiformis .................................................... 248Cyclastrum .......................................................... 116Cyrtocapsa (n.d.) ................................................. 441Dactyliodiscus .............................................. 138, 582Dactyliosphaera ............................................. 84, 583Dantze (syn.) ........................................................ 52Danubea ............................................................. 201Darvelus ..................................................... 400, 584Decitubocapsula .................................................... 13Defl andrastrum (syn.) ............................... T230, 187Defl andrecyrtium ............................................... T286Defl andrella (hom.) .............................................. T3Denize (syn.) ........................................................ 35Deviatus ............................................................. 123Diacanthocapsa ................................................... 290Diactoma (syn.) .................................................... 58Dibolachras ......................................................... 467Dicapnodoce (n.d.) ............................................ T184Dicapnuchosphaera ............................................ T128Diceratigalea ....................................................... 235Diceratosphaera (syn.) ......................................... 202Dicerosaturnalis ........................................... 199, 585Dicolocapsa (n.d.) ............................................... 505Dicroa .................................................................. 60Dictyodedalus ...................................................... 266Dictyomitra .......................................................... 348Dictyomitroma (syn.) .......................................... 349Dictyoplegma (n.d.) ............................................. 506Dictyoprora ................................................. 310, 586Didactylum (syn.) ............................................... 145Diplactura (n.d.) ................................................. 507Diplosphaerella (hom.) ...................................... T239Diplostrobus (syn.) .............................................. 351Discofulmen ...................................................... T192Discokatorella (syn.) .......................................... T156Disphaerocapsula ............................................... T240Dispongotripus ............................................ 139, 587Distylocapsa ................................................ 433, 588Ditortis (syn.) ..................................................... T83Ditrabs ............................................................... 144Divatella ............................................................. T47Dobridolum (n.d.) ............................................... 508

204 GEODIVERSITAS • 2009 • 31 (2)


Domuzdagia ....................................................... 149Doryconthidium (n.d.) ........................................ 509Dorylonchidium (n.d.) ................................... T97, 29Dorypyle (n.d.) .................................................... 453Draculacampe ................................................... T313Dreyericyrtium .................................................. T287Droltus ............................................................... 323Drulanta (syn.) ................................................... 332Druppastylus (n.d.) ............................................. 510Ducatus .............................................................. 456Dumitricaella ...................................................... 231Dumitricaia .......................................................... 70Dumitricasphaera .............................................. T176Eastonerius (syn.) ................................................ 292Ectonocorys .......................................................... 303Elbistanium ...................................................... T342Ellipsoxiphus (n.d.) ........................................ T96, 27Ellisus ................................................................. T51Elodium .............................................................. 392Emiluvia ............................................................. 105Empirea ............................................. T72, T385, 12Enoplocampe (syn.) ........................................... T326Entactinia ........................................................... T27Eonapora .......................................................... T265Eospongosaturninus .............................................. 195Eostichomitra ...................................................... 424Eoxitus ................................................................ 415Eptingium ........................................................... T40Eribotrys ............................................................. 306Eucyrtidiellum ..................................................... 319Eucyrtis (n.d.) ..................................................... 426Ewingella (hom.) ................................................ 256Ewingium (syn.) ................................................. 257Excentropylomma ................................................ 287Excentrosphaerella ................................................. 77Falcicyrtis (syn.) ................................................ T277Falcispongus ...................................................... T203Falsocromyodrymus ........................................ 75, 589Fantus (syn.) ....................................................... 333Farcus ................................................................. 237Favosyringium ............................................. 460, 590Fenestrula ............................................................... 2Ferresium ............................................................ T49Flexispongus ...................................................... T209Fluegelium .......................................................... 132Follicucullus .......................................................... T2Fontinella .................................................. T133, 112Foremanella (inv.) ............................................... 124Foremanellina ................................................... T273Foremania ........................................................... 430Foremanina ......................................................... 413Fueloepicyrtis ..................................................... T270Fultacapsa ........................................................... 448Gastrulocapsula ................................................. T241Gelasinus (n.d.) ................................................... 128Gibberospongus (syn.) ........................................ T204

Gigi .................................................................... 457Globolaxtorum .................................................. T354Glomeropyle ........................................................ T14Godia ................................................................. 137Goestlingella ...................................................... T298Gomberellus ...................................................... T189Gongylothorax ..................................................... 269Gorgansium .................................................. T98, 30Grandicapsula (syn.) ........................................... 367Grumpta (syn.) ................................................... 120Guexella .............................................................. 422Guttacapsa .................................................. 357, 591Guttida (n.d.) ..................................................... 511Gyangzesphaera (n.d.) ......................................... 512Haeckelella (n.d.) ................................................ 513Haeckelicyrtium ........................................ T288, 245Hagiastrum .............................. T121, T386, 88, 592Halesium ............................................................ 131Halicapsa (n.d.) .................................................. 298Halidictyum (n.d.) ............................................ T210Haliodictya (n.d.) ................................................ 514Harsa (hom.) ...................................................... T50Hegleria .............................................................. T12Heitzeria (syn.) ......................................... T369, 459Helena (hom.) ...................................................... 61Heliocryptocapsa .................................................. 272Heliosaturnalis .................................................. T223Heliosestarium ............................................... 23, 593Helocingulum (syn.) ............................................ 468Helvetocapsa ........................................................ 352Hemicryptocapsa .................................................. 276Hemicryptocephalis (syn.) .................................... 439Heptacladus ........................................................ T64Hetalum ........................................................... T289Hexacatoma ...................................................... T168Hexaporobrachia ............................................... T134Hexapylocapsa ..................................................... 224Hexapylomella ................................................... T108Hexapyramis ......................................................... 73Hexasaturnalis .................................................... 196Hexasphaera (syn.) ................................................ 55Hexaspongus ...................................................... T232Hexastylus (n.d.) ................................................. 515Hexatortilisphaera ............................................... T93Higumastra ........................................................... 91Hilarisirex ........................................................... 238Hindeosphaera ..................................................... T79Hinedorcus ........................................................ T275Hiscocapsa ........................................................... 466Holocryptocanium ............................................... 283Holocryptocapsa ................................................... 281Homeoarchicorys .................................................. 273Homoeoparonaella ............................................... 130Hozmadia ......................................................... T263Hsuum ................................................................ 334Huglusphaera .................................................... T211

205



Hungarosaturnalis ............................................... T59Hypoxiphothecaella (syn.) .................................. T346Icrioma ............................................................. T136Immersothorax ..................................................... 288Inaequalientactinia (syn.) .................................... T29Intermediella (syn.) ........................................... T151Intocapsa (n.d.) ................................................... 516Ishigaum ............................................................... T6Italosaturnalis (syn.) .......................................... T227Jacus (syn.) ......................................................... 229Japonisaturnalis ................................................... 184Japonocampe ..................................................... T364Japonocapsa ......................................................... 299Justium ............................................................. T101Kafanella (n.d.) ................................................... 517Kahlerosphaera .................................................. T129Karnospongella .................................................. T191Kassinia (n.d.) .................................................... 442Katorella ........................................................... T157Katroma ............................................................. 454Kilinora .............................................................. 270Kimagior (syn.) ..................................................... T5Kinyrosphaera (syn.) .......................................... T127Komoella (syn.) ................................................... T66Kozurastrum (syn.) .............................................. 197Kozuria (syn.) ........................................... T295, 247Kozuricyrtium ................................................... T360Kozurium ........................................................... 286Krempelinella ...................................................... 259Kreutzstella ......................................................... 109Kulacella ........................................................... T154Kungalaria .......................................................... T32Kuppelella ........................................................... 296Ladinocampe ..................................................... T319Lampasa ............................................................... 74Lantus ................................................................ 421Lanubus ................................................................ 56Larnacopylomma ................................................. 151Latentifi stula ......................................................... T8Latium (syn.) .................................................... T365Laxtorum .................................................. T353, 363Leugeo .................................................................. 53Levileugeo ............................................................. 54Liassobetraccium .................................................. 127Liassosaturnalis (syn.) ................................ T221, 177Ligulatubus ....................................................... T181Linaresia (hom.) ................................................. 339Lipmanium (syn.) ............................................... 251Lithocampium (n.d.) ........................................... 518Lithocorys (n.d.) .................................................. 519Lithomespilus ........................................................ 19Livarella ........................................................... T292Livinallongella (syn.) ........................................... T69Lobactinocapsa .................................................... T22Loff a ................................................................. T103Loopus ........................................................ 379, 594

Lophocorys (n.d.) ................................................. 520Loupanus .................................................. T141, 126Lupherium (syn.) ................................................ 331Lysemelas ........................................................... T375Mallanites ........................................................... 204Mariella (n.d., hom.) .......................................... 521Maudia (hom.) ................................................... 365Mendacastrum .................................................... 111Mesosaturnalis ........................................... T229, 186Mesovallupus ......................................................... 38Meyenella (n.d.) .................................................. 522Microsciadiocapsa ................................................ 250Mictyoditra ......................................................... 346Milax (hom.) ...................................................... 420Minocapsa ........................................................... 436Mirifusus ............................................................ 395Miropyle ............................................................. 150Mita (hom.) ....................................................... 347Moebicircus ......................................................... 191Molzaxis ........................................................... T250Monicasterix ...................................................... T310Monocapnuchosphaera ....................................... T125Monosera (syn.) ................................................... 320Monospongella ................................................... T190Monostylosphaera ................................................. T35Monostylus (n.d.) ................................................. 523Monotrabs ........................................................... 147Morosyringium (syn.) .......................................... 469Mostlericyrtium ................................................. T347Mostlerisaturnalis (syn.) .................................... T213Muellericyrtium ................................................. T279Muelleritortis ....................................................... T82Mulderella (syn.) ............................................... T109Multastrum ......................................................... 101Multiarcusella ..................................................... T54Multimonilis ..................................................... T356Myllocercion ........................................................ 294Nabolella .......................................................... T272Nakasekoellus (syn.) .......................................... T349Nandartia ......................................................... T244Napora ............................................................... 227Naropa ............................................................... 230Natoba ................................................................ 318Natraglia .......................................................... T171Nazarovella (hom.) ............................................... T9Nazarovella ....................................................... T135Neocanoptum .................................................... T355Neoparonaella ..................................................... 146Neopaurinella (syn.) .......................................... T152Neopylentonema ..................................... T267, T387Neorelumbra ....................................................... 405Neosciadiocapsa ................................................... 255Neotripocyclia (syn.) .............................................. 68Neovallupus ........................................................... 41Neowrangellium (syn.) ........................................ 360Nevanellus ........................................................ T331

206 GEODIVERSITAS • 2009 • 31 (2)


Nishimuraella (n.d.) .......................................... T379Nitrader .............................................................. 383Nodocapnuchosphaera ........................................ T126Nodopentasphaera (syn.) ...................................... T86Nodotetraedra (syn.) ............................................ 169Nodotetrasphaera ................................................. T85Nodotrisphaera .................................................... T45Nofrema ............................................................ T285Nolita ................................................................... 44Norispongus (syn.) ............................................. T159Noritus ............................................................... 328Noviforemanella (syn.) ........................................ 125Novitripus ............................................................. 48Novixitus ............................................................ 412Novodiacanthocapsa (syn.) ................................... 291Obeliscoites .......................................................... 377Obesacapsula ....................................................... 366Octosaturnalis ................................................... T224Octostella .......................................................... T169Oertlisphaera (syn.) ............................................. T18Oertlispongus ..................................................... T199Ogivus (syn.) ....................................................... 335Olanda ............................................................... 376Orbiculidiscus (syn.) ............................................ 100Orbiculiforma ....................................................... 99Orbiculiformella .......................................... T117, 83Ornatisaturnalis .................................................. T58Oruatemanua ........................................................ T7Ovum (hom.) ..................................................... 267Ovumella ............................................................ 268Pachus .............................................................. T361Pachyonchus .......................................................... 26Palaeacanthus (n.d.) ............................................ 524Palaeoeuchitonia (n.d.) ........................................ 525Palaeosaturnalis ......................................... T220, 176Palaeosemantis ................................................... T246Palaeospongurus (syn.) ............................... T173, 160Palaeoxyphostylus (syn.) ....................................... T30Paleoeucyrtis (syn.) ............................................ T196Palhindeolithus ......................................... T24, T388Palinandromeda .................................................. 475Pantanellium ................................................ T94, 25Papiliocampe ..................................................... T312Parabipedis (syn.) .............................................. T282Paracanoptum (syn.) ........................................... 359Paradroltus .......................................................... 324Paraheptacladus ................................................. T155Parahsuum .......................................................... 330Paramyelastrum (n.d.) ......................................... 526Paraplafkerium (syn.) ........................................ T163Parapodocapsa ..................................................... 461Parapoulpus (syn.) ............................................. T258Pararchaeospongoprunum ................................... T193Parares (syn.) ...................................................... 473Pararuesticyrtium .............................................. T328Parasaturnalis (syn.) ............................................ 185

Parasepsagon ........................................................ T77Paratriassoastrum .............................................. T143Paratriassocampe ............................................... T333Parentactinia ................................................... T13, 1Parentactinosphaera ............................................. T65Paricrioma (syn.) .............................................. T137Paroertlispongus ................................................. T194Paronaella ................................................. T138, 113Parvibrachiale ................................................... T376Parvicingula ........................................................ 398Parvicuspis .......................................................... 167Parvifavus ........................................................... 476Parvivacca ............................................................. 59Patellula .............................................................. 170Patrulius ........................................................... T111Patulibracchium .................................................. 133Paurinella ......................................................... T146Pegoxystris ......................................................... T174Pentabelus ........................................................... T33Pentactinocapsa ................................................... T15Pentactinocarpus .................................................. T16Pentactinorbis ...................................................... T20Pentaporobrachia (syn.) ....................................... T88Pentasphaera ....................................................... 205Pentaspongodiscus ................................... T165, T389Pentaspongoreta ................................................... 374Pentatortis (syn.) ................................................. T84Perispongidium (n.d.) .......................................... 155Perispyridium .......................................................... 7Peritiviator .......................................................... 206Perseus ................................................................ 477Pessagnobrachia (syn.) ......................................... 134Pessagnocyrtium (syn.) ....................................... T306Pessagnoella (syn.) ............................................... 141Pessagnollum ..................................................... T236Pessagnosaturnalis (syn.) ............................ T219, 175Pessagnulus ............................................................ 16Petasiforma (syn.) ................................................ 258Phalangites (hom.) .............................................. 434Phantum ............................................................... 79Phaseliforma ....................................................... 166Picapora (syn.) .................................................. T276Plafkerium ........................................................ T162Planispinocyrtis ................................................. T314Platycryphalus (n.d.) ............................................ 527Pleesus ................................................................. 431Plicaforacapsa ...................................................... 271Ploechingerella ..................................................... T53Pobum (syn.) ........................................................ 87Poculinapora ....................................................... 232Podobursa (n.d.) ........................................ T370, 462Podocapsa (n.d.) .................................................. 449Pogonias (hom.) .................................................. 242Pogonisella .......................................................... 243Polystichia (n.d.) ................................................. 528Porodiscus (n.d.) .................................................. 156

207



Poulpus .................................................. T257, T390Praeacanthocircus (syn.) ..................................... T301Praeamphibrachidium (n.d.) ................................ 529Praecaneta (syn.) ................................................. 390Praecatenopyle ....................................................... 81Praecitriduma ................................................... T293Praeconocaryomma ................................................ 78Praeconosphaera (syn.) ........................................... 50Praedivatella (syn.) .............................................. T43Praedruppatractylis (syn.) .................................... T17Praefl ustrella (n.d.) .............................................. 157Praegomberellus ................................................. T188Praeheliostaurus ........................................ T61, T391Praehexasaturnalis (syn.) ........................... T222, 178Praemesosaturnalis ............................................. T231Praenanina ....................................................... T110Praeorbiculiformella ........................................... T116Praeparvicingula ................................................. 389Praeprotunuma ................................................. T350Praerhopalastrum (n.d.) ....................................... 530Praesarla (syn.) ................................................... T81Praestylodictya (n.d.) ........................................... 531Praestylosphaera (syn.) ........................................... 21Praetrigonocyclia (n.d.) ...................................... T380Praewilliriedellum ............................................... 437Praexiphospira (n.d.) ........................................... 532Praexitus ............................................................. 406Praeyeharaia (syn.) ............................................ T336Praezhamoidellum (syn.) ..................................... 277Proparvicingula ................................................. T357Protokatroma (syn.) ............................................. 429Protoperispyridium (syn.) ......................................... 8Protopsium .......................................................... 161Protosphaera (n.d.) .............................................. 533Protostichocapsa (syn.) ......................................... 418Protovallupus ......................................................... 37Protoxiphotractus ................................................... 18Protunuma .......................................................... 355Prunobrachium ........................................... 171, 595Pseudacanthocircus .................................... T225, 180Pseudoacanthosphaera .................................. 207, 596Pseudoaulophacus ................................................ 140Pseudocanoptum (syn.) ........................................ 362Pseudocrolanium ................................................. 402Pseudocrucella ....................................................... 90Pseudodictyomitra ................................................ 381Pseudodictyomitrella ............................................ 423Pseudoertlispongus (syn.) .................................... T198Pseudoeucyrtis ................................. T366, T392, 428Pseudogodia ................................................. T118, 82Pseudohagiastrum .............................................. T144Pseudoheliodiscus ....................................... T217, 173Pseudoheptacladus (syn.) ...................................... T67Pseudohigumastra .......................................... 92, 597Pseudohsuum ....................................................... 338Pseudopantanellium ............................................... 36

Pseudopentalastrum (n.d.) ................................. T381Pseudopoulpus ..................................................... 219Pseudoristola ....................................................... 387Pseudosaturnalis .................................................. 194Pseudosaturniforma ........................................... T299Pseudosepsagon .................................................... T71Pseudostylosphaera ............................................... T76Pseudotheocampe ................................................. 313Pseudotriassocampe ............................................ T338Pseudovum ........................................................ T322Pseudoxitus .......................................................... 404Pterospongus ...................................................... T208Pterotrabs ............................................................ 148Pyloctostylus ............................................................. 4Pylostephanidium ................................................ T41Pyramispongia ..................................................... 168Pyrumella (n.d.) .................................................. 534Quadrigastrum ...................................................... 98Quadriremis ........................................................ T10Quadrisaturnalis ................................................. T63Quarkus .............................................................. 279Quarticella .......................................................... 451Quasipetasus (syn.) ............................................ T307Quinquecapsularia ................................................ 14Raciditor (syn.) ................................................... T11Radium ............................................................... T92Raoultius ............................................................. 315Recoarella .......................................................... T167Recoaroella ........................................................ T274Relanus (syn.) ..................................................... 361Religa .................................................................. 446Relindella .......................................................... T166Renila ............................................................... T233Renzium ........................................................... T104Reticulotubulus .................................................... 478Rhabdolithis ........................................................ 216Rhaphidococcus (n.d.) .......................................... 535Rhombodictyum (n.d.) ......................................... 536Rhopalosyringium ................................................ 312Riedelius (hom.) .................................................. 233Riedeliusella ........................................................ 234Rikivatella ......................................................... T160Risella (hom.) ................................................... T139Ristola ................................................................. 393Rolumbus (syn.) .................................................. 236Rotaforma ........................................................... 262Ruestia (n.d.) ...................................................... 537Ruesticyclia (n.d.) ................................................ 538Ruesticyrtium .................................................... T329Saitoum .............................................................. 217Saitulpus ............................................................. 218Saldorfus (syn.) ..................................................... 94Salpingocapsa (n.d.) ............................................ 539Sandovalella ........................................................ 435Sanfi lippoella .................................................... T268Sanniopileus ........................................................ 239

208 GEODIVERSITAS • 2009 • 31 (2)


Sarla ................................................................. T131Saturniforma ....................................................... 263Saturnosphaera (syn.) ................................ T218, 174Savaryella ............................................................. 97Schaafella ............................................................ 409Schadelfusslerus (syn.) .......................................... 295Schaumellus ........................................................ 375Sciadiocapsa (n.d.) .............................................. 254Scutispongus ...................................................... T205Scyphiforma (syn.) ............................................... 252Sella .................................................................... 340Semihsuum ......................................................... 341Senelella ............................................................ T345Sepsagon .............................................................. T78Septinastrum (n.d.) ............................................. 102Serilla ............................................................... T140Sertasaturnalis ................................................... T228Setalella .............................................................. T23Sethocapsa (n.d.) ................................................. 540Sethodiscus (n.d.) ................................................. 541Shana (syn., hom.) ............................................. 382Shengia (inv., syn., hom.) .................................. T335Silicarmiger ....................................................... T283Siphocampe ................................................. 311, 598Siphocampium (n.d.) ........................................... 542Solenotryma ........................................................ 309Solicubulus ............................................................ 15Solidea ................................................................ 445Solisaturnalis (syn.) ............................................. T60Sontonaella (syn.) ................................................ 115Sophia (syn., hom.) ............................................. 106Sphaerocalpis (n.d.) ............................................. 543Sphaerostylus (syn.) ................................................ 22Spicularina (syn.) ................................................ T46Spinoellipsella (syn.) ............................................ 181Spinohollisella ................................................... T113Spinolobocyrtium ............................................... T309Spinomersinella ................................................. T324Spinopaurinella (syn.) ....................................... T148Spinopoulpus ..................................................... T262Spinoprotunuma (syn.) ...................................... T351Spinosicapsa ................................... T368, T393, 458Spinotriassocampe .............................................. T315Spinunuma (syn.) ............................................... 354Spongasteriscus (n.d.) ........................................... 544Spongechinus (n.d.) ............................................. 545Spongiostoma (syn.) ............................................. 164Spongoacanthus (n.d.) ......................................... 546Spongocapsula ..................................................... 368Spongocyrtis (n.d.) ............................................... 547Spongodiscus ........................................................ 153Spongolophophaena ............................................ T303Spongopallium ................................................... T183Spongoplegma (n.d.) ............................................ 548Spongopyle ........................................................... 152Spongosaturnalis (syn.) ........................................ 190

Spongosaturnaloides ............................................. T52Spongosaturninus ................................................. 188Spongoserrula .................................................... T206Spongosilicarmiger ............................................. T284Spongostephanidium ............................................ T36Spongostichomitra ................................................ 370Spongotortilispinus ............................................. T178Spongoxystris ..................................................... T175Spongulus (syn.) .................................................. 210Spongurus ................................................... 172, 599Squinabolella (hom.) ......................................... T271Squinabolella (syn.) ............................................. 253Squinabollum ...................................................... 450Stampfl iella ....................................................... T269Stauracanthocircus ............................................... 179Staurodictya (n.d.) .............................................. 549Staurodiscus (n.d.) ............................................... 550Staurodoras (n.d.) ................................................ 551Staurolonche (n.d.) .............................................. 552Stauromesosaturnalis ............................................ 182Stauropylissa ........................................................ T70Staurosphaera (n.d.) ............................................ 553Staurosphaeretta .................................................. 208Steigerispongus ................................................... T207Stichocapsa (n.d.) ................................................ 443Stichomitra (n.d.) ................................................ 427Stichophormis (n.d.) ............................................ 554Striatojaponocapsa ............................................... 300Striatotriassocampe ............................................ T339Struma (n.d.) ...................................................... 555Stylocryptocapsa (syn.) ......................................... 282Stylodruppa (n.d.) ................................................. 24Stylosphaera ........................................................... 20Sulovella (syn.) .................................................. T124Suna ..................................................................... 67Supervallupus (syn.) .............................................. 42Svinitzium .......................................................... 401Syringocapsa (n.d.) .................................... T371, 463Takoum .............................................................. 221Tamonella ......................................................... T187Tandarnia ......................................................... T245Tappanella ............................................................ 46Tauridastrum ...................................................... T48Teesium ............................................................... 455Teichertus ............................................................ 165Tertonium ........................................................... 322Tesserastrum (n.d.) .............................................. 556Tethysetta ............................................................ 397Tetracanthellipsis ................................................. 209Tetracapnuchosphaera ........................................ T122Tetracapsa (n.d.) .................................................. 557Tetraditryma ......................................................... 93Tetrapaurinella .................................................. T145Tetraplecta ........................................................... 212Tetraporobrachia .................................................. T87Tetrarchiplagia .......................................... T249, 214

209



Tetrarectangulum ................................................. 108Tetrarhopalus (syn.) ............................................. T34Tetraspinocyrtis .................................................. T325Tetraspongodiscus ............................................... T164Tetratholura ...................................................... T112Tetratrabs .............................................................. 95Tetriastrum ........................................................... 96Th aisphaera ....................................................... T235Th anarla ............................................................. 345Th ecacapsula (n.d.) .............................................. 558Th ecosphaera (n.d.) .............................................. 559Th eocampe (n.d.) ................................................. 314Th eocapsa (n.d.) .................................................. 444Th eocapsomella .................................................... 289Th eocorys (n.d.) ................................................... 560Th eopodium (n.d.) ............................................... 561Th eosyringium (syn.) ................................. T373, 465Th etis (hom.) ...................................................... 316Th etisolala ........................................................... 317Th olodiscus .......................................................... 154Th olusus (n.d.) .................................................... 562Th urstonia (hom.) ............................................... 110Tiborella ............................................................. T57Tipperella .................................................. T234, 200Tirodella ........................................................... T280Tjerkium (syn.) ................................................. T215Torculum (syn.) ................................................... 369Toritenum ........................................................... 321Torosaturnalis (syn.) .......................................... T300Tozerium ................................................................ 5Transhsuum ......................................................... 336Transylvanaria ...................................................... 10Trekljama (n.d.) .................................................. 563Trexus ................................................................. 329Triacanthocircus (syn.) ......................................... 183Triactinosphaera (n.d.) ........................................ 129Triactis (syn.) ........................................................ 66Triactoma ..................................................... 64, 600Triadosphaera .................................................... T242Triaenosphaera .................................................... T31Trialatus ........................................................... T327Triarcella .......................................................... T130Triarcopoulpus (syn.) ......................................... T260Triassistephanidium ............................................. T39Triassoastrum .................................................... T142Triassobipedis .................................................... T266Triassobullasphaera ............................................ T106Triassocampe ..................................................... T334Triassocingula .................................................... T362Triassocrucella ................................................... T119Triassocyrtium ........................................ T318, T394Triassomitra (syn.) ............................................. T374Triassospongocyrtis ............................................. T302Triassospongosphaera .......................................... T158Triassothamnus .................................................... T25Tricapsula (syn.) .................................................. 301

Tricolacyrtis (n.d.) ............................................... 564Tricolocampe (n.d.) ............................................. 565Tricornicyrtium ................................................. T290Tridentocyrtis ...................................................... 222Trigonactura (n.d.) .............................................. 566Trigonodiscus (n.d.) ............................................. 567Trillus ................................................................... 32Trimiduca ......................................................... T170Trimulus ..................................................... 285, 601Tripedocassis ...................................................... T253Tripedocorbis ..................................................... T254Tripedurnula ..................................................... T256Tripilidium (n.d.) ............................................... 568Tripocyclia (n.d.) ................................................... 69Tripodiscus (n.d.) ................................................ 569Tripodocorys (n.d.) .............................................. 223Triprionium (n.d.) .............................................. 570Trisphaera (n.d.) ................................................. 571Trisyringium ............................................... 284, 602Tritortis ............................................................... T80Tritrabs ............................................................... 143Triversus (hom.) .................................................. 388Trochosphaera (n.d.) ............................................ 572Trokama (n.d.) .................................................... 432Tubilustrionella ................................................... 372Tubilustrium (hom.) ........................................... 371Tubospongopallium ............................................ T180Tubotriassocyrtis ................................................ T311Tuguriella ................................................... 411, 603Tugurium (hom.) ................................................ 410Turanta ............................................................... 220Turbocapsula ....................................................... 356Turospongus ...................................................... T201Turriseiff elus ........................................................ 241Tympaneides ........................................................ 107Udalia ................................................................ 103Ultranapora (syn.) ............................................... 228Ungulastrum (syn.) ............................................. 117Unuma ............................................................... 353Urocyrtis (n.d.) .......................................... T372, 464Vallupus ................................................................ 39Vasiella (n.d.) ...................................................... 573Veghia ............................................................... T259Veghicyclia ............................................. T114, T395Veles (hom.) ...................................................... T323Veloruesticyrtium (syn.) ..................................... T330Verticiplagia .............................................. T248, 213Vesiculla (n.d.) .................................................... 574Vinassaspongus .................................................. T179Vistularia (syn.) .................................................. 425Vitorfus ............................................................... 193Welirella ............................................................. T75Weverella ................................................ T182, T396Weverisphaera (syn.) ............................................ T68Whalenella (n.d.) .............................................. T359Wildeus (syn.) ..................................................... 414

210 GEODIVERSITAS • 2009 • 31 (2)


Williriedellum ..................................................... 278Wilvemia ............................................................ 162Windalia (syn.) ................................................... 391Wrangellium ....................................................... 386Wuranella ......................................................... T332Xastrum (n.d.) .................................................... 575Xenorum ............................................................. T38Ximolzas ........................................................... T252Xipha ................................................................ T348Xiphocapsa (n.d.) ................................................ 576Xiphodictya (n.d.) ............................................... 577Xiphosphaera (n.d.) ....................................... T95, 28Xiphostaurus (n.d.) .............................................. 578Xiphostylus ............................................................ 65Xiphotheca (hom.) ............................................. T343Xiphothecaella ................................................... T344Xitus ................................................................... 403

Yamatoum ........................................................... 452Yangia (syn.) ..................................................... T197Yaocapsa .............................................................. 302Yaosaturnalis (syn.) ............................................. 198Yeharaia ............................................................ T337Yichunella (inv., syn.) ........................................ T153Zagortchevella (n.d.) ............................................ 579Zaldacria .......................................................... T247Zamolxis (hom.) ............................................... T251Zanola (syn., hom.) .............................................. 57Zartus ................................................................... 31Zevius (syn.) ..................................................... T321Zhamoidaicyrtium (n.d.) ................................... T341Zhamoidellum ..................................................... 274Zhamojdasphaera .............................................. T149Zifondium (syn.) ................................................. 350

APPENDIX 2

Names of genera used erroneously for the Mesozoic, sorted alphabetically (for complete references, see the bibliography).

Acanthocorys Haeckel, 1881Acanthosphaera Ehrenberg, 1858Acrosphaera Haeckel, 1881Actinomma Haeckel, 1860aAmphicraspedum Haeckel, 1881Amphisphaera Haeckel, 1881Amphistylus Haeckel, 1881Amphymenium Haeckel, 1881Anthocyrtis Ehrenberg, 1847aArchicircus Haeckel, 1887Archicorys Haeckel, 1881Artocapsa Haeckel, 1881Artophormis Haeckel, 1881Artostrobium Haeckel, 1887Artostrobus Haeckel, 1887Astractura Haeckel, 1881Astrocyclia Haeckel, 1881Astrophacus Haeckel, 1881Bathropyramis (Acropyramis) Haeckel, 1881Bisphaerocephalina Petrushevskaya, 1965Botryocella Haeckel, 1887Botryostrobus Haeckel, 1887Calocyclas Ehrenberg, 1847bCannobotrys Haeckel, 1881Carpocanistrum Haeckel, 1887Carpocanium Ehrenberg, 1847aCarpocanopsis Riedel & Sanfi lippo, 1971Caryosphaera Haeckel, 1881Cenodiscus Haeckel, 1887Cenosphaera Ehrenberg, 1854Ceratocyrtis Bütschli, 1882

Challengeranium Haeckel, 1887Challengeria Murray, 1876Challengeron Murray, 1876Chitonastrum Haeckel, 1881Clathropyrgus Haeckel, 1881Clistophaena Haeckel, 1887Coccodiscus Haeckel, 1862Conarachnium Haeckel, 1881Conocaryomma Lipman, 1969Conosphaera Haeckel, 1881Cornutanna Haeckel, 1881Corocalyptra Haeckel, 1887Cromyechinus Haeckel, 1881Cromyodruppa Haeckel, 1887Cromyodrymus Haeckel, 1881Cromyomma Haeckel, 1862Cromyosphaera Haeckel, 1881Cromyostylus Haeckel, 1881Cyphanta Haeckel, 1887Cyphinus Haeckel, 1881Cyphonium Haeckel, 1887Cyrtocalpis Haeckel, 1860bCyrtophormis Haeckel, 1887Cyrtophormis (Acanthocyrtis) Haeckel, 1881Dictyastrum Ehrenberg, 1860Dictyocephalus Ehrenberg, 1860Dictyoceras Haeckel, 1862Dictyocoryne Ehrenberg, 1860Dictyomitrella Haeckel, 1887Dictyophimus Ehrenberg, 1847aDictyophimus (Dictyophimium) Haeckel, 1887

211



Dictyospyris Ehrenberg, 1847aDiscospira Haeckel, 1862Dizonium Haeckel, 1887Dorydictyum Hinde, 1890Doryplegma Hinde, 1890Dorysphaera Hinde, 1890Druppatractus Haeckel, 1887Druppula Haeckel, 1887Drymyomma Jørgensen, 1900Ellipsidium Haeckel, 1887Ellipsostylus Haeckel, 1887Ethmosphaera Haeckel, 1860aEuchitonia Ehrenberg, 1860Eucyrtidium Ehrenberg, 1847aEusyringium Haeckel, 1881Flustrella Ehrenberg, 1838Halicalyptra Ehrenberg, 1847aHalicapsa (Calpocapsa) Haeckel, 1887Halicapsa (Echinocapsa) Haeckel, 1881Haliomma Ehrenberg, 1838Heliodiscus Haeckel, 1862Heliosoma Haeckel, 1881Heliosphaera Haeckel, 1860aHexacontium Haeckel, 1881Hexacromyum Haeckel, 1881Hexadoras Haeckel, 1881Hexadoridium Haeckel, 1881Hexalonche Haeckel, 1881Hexastylarium Haeckel, 1887Hexinastrum Haeckel, 1881Histiastrum Ehrenberg, 1847aHymeniastrum Ehrenberg, 1847aLiosphaera Haeckel, 1887Lithapium Haeckel, 1887Lithatractus Haeckel, 1887Lithobotrys Ehrenberg, 1844Lithocampe Ehrenberg, 1838Lithochytris Ehrenberg, 1847aLithocircus Müller, 1857Lithocubus Haeckel, 1881Lithocyclia Ehrenberg, 1847aLithomelissa Ehrenberg, 1847bLithomitra Bütschli, 1882Lithomitra (Lithomitrissa) Haeckel, 1887Lithopera Ehrenberg, 1847aLithostrobus Bütschli, 1882Lophophaena Ehrenberg, 1847bLychnocanium Ehrenberg, 1847aMedusetta Haeckel, 1887Melittosphaera Haeckel, 1881Micromelissa Haeckel, 1881Mitrocalpis Haeckel, 1881Myelastrum Haeckel, 1881Nephrospyris Haeckel, 1887Octodendron Haeckel, 1887Odontosphaera Haeckel, 1887

Ommatodiscus Stöhr, 1880Pactarentinia Furutani, 1983Palacantholithus Defl andre, 1973Pentinastrum Haeckel, 1881Perichlamydium Ehrenberg, 1847aPeromelissa Haeckel, 1881Phacostaurus Haeckel, 1881Phacostylus Haeckel, 1881Phlebarachnium Haeckel, 1881Phormocampe Haeckel, 1887Phormocampe (Cyrtocorys) Haeckel, 1881Phormocyrtis Haeckel, 1887Phormostichoartus Campbell, 1951Pipettella Haeckel, 1887Plectodiscus Petrushevskaya & Kozlova, 1972Podocampe Haeckel, 1881Podocyrtis Ehrenberg, 1847aPrismatium Haeckel, 1862Protocystis Wallich, 1869Prunocarpus Haeckel, 1887Prunopyle Dreyer, 1889Prunulum Haeckel, 1887Psilomelissa Haeckel, 1881Pterocanium Ehrenberg, 1847aPterocorys Haeckel, 1881Rhodosphaera Haeckel, 1881Rhopalastrum Ehrenberg, 1847aRhopalodictyum Ehrenberg, 1860Saturnalis Haeckel, 1887Saturnulus Haeckel, 1879Semantis Haeckel, 1887Sethamphora Haeckel, 1887Sethocephalus Haeckel, 1887Sethochytris Haeckel, 1881Sethoconus Haeckel, 1887Sethocorys Haeckel, 1881Sethophormis Haeckel, 1887Sethopilium Haeckel, 1881Sethopyramis Haeckel, 1881Sethosphaera Haeckel, 1881Sphaerozoum Meyen, 1834Spirema Haeckel, 1887Spirocapsa Rüst, 1892Spongaster Ehrenberg, 1860Spongatractus Haeckel, 1887Spongobrachium Haeckel, 1881Spongocore Haeckel, 1887Spongocyclia Haeckel, 1862Spongodictyon Haeckel, 1887Spongodiscus (Spongodisculus) Haeckel, 1887Spongodruppa Haeckel, 1887Spongolena Haeckel, 1887Spongolonche Haeckel, 1881Spongoprunum Haeckel, 1887Spongosphaera Ehrenberg, 1847bSpongostaurus Haeckel, 1881

212 GEODIVERSITAS • 2009 • 31 (2)


Spongostylus Haeckel, 1881Spongotripus Haeckel, 1881Spongotripus (Spongotripodiscus) Haeckel, 1887Spongotrochus Haeckel, 1860bStauracontium Haeckel, 1881Stauralastrum Haeckel, 1887Staurocromyum Haeckel, 1881Staurocyclia Haeckel, 1881Staurolonchidium Haeckel, 1887Staurostylus Haeckel, 1881Stauroxiphos Haeckel, 1887Stephanastrum Ehrenberg, 1847aStichocampe Haeckel, 1881Stichocorys Haeckel, 1881Stichopilium Haeckel, 1881Stichopilium (Stichopilidium) Haeckel, 1887Stigmosphaera Haeckel, 1887Stigmosphaerostylus Rüst, 1892Stylartus Haeckel, 1881Stylatractus Haeckel, 1887Stylocapsa Principi, 1909Stylocyclia Ehrenberg, 1847bStylodictya Ehrenberg, 1847aStylodiscus Haeckel, 1887Stylosphaera (Stylosphaerella) Haeckel, 1887Stylospongia Haeckel, 1862Stylostaurus Haeckel, 1881Stylotrochus Haeckel, 1862Stylotrochus (Stylotrochiscus) Haeckel, 1887Stypolarcus Haeckel, 1887

Styptosphaera Haeckel, 1881Syringium Principi, 1909Tessarastrum Haeckel, 1887Tetrahedrina Haeckel, 1881Tetraphormis Haeckel, 1881Th eocalyptra Haeckel, 1881Th eocapsomma Haeckel, 1887Th eoconus Haeckel, 1887Th eocoronium Haeckel, 1887Th eocyrtis Haeckel, 1887Th eocyrtis (Th eocorusca) Haeckel, 1887Th eodiscus Haeckel, 1887Th eophormis Haeckel, 1881Tlecerina Furutani, 1983Trematodiscus Haeckel, 1860bTriactiscus Haeckel, 1887Triadiscus Krasheninnikov, 1960Tricolocampe (Tricolocampium) Haeckel, 1887Tricolocampe (Tricolocamptra) Haeckel, 1887Tricolocapsa Haeckel, 1881Tricolocapsa (Tricolocapsium) Haeckel, 1887Trilonche Hinde, 1899Tripocalpis Haeckel, 1881Tripodictya Haeckel, 1881Tripodiscium Haeckel, 1881Triposphaera Hinde, 1890Trochodiscus Haeckel, 1887Tympanidium Haeckel, 1887Zygocircus Bütschli, 1882Zygostephanus Haeckel, 1862

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