An Exploration of Timing Abilities from Nineteen to Ninety SyMoN Martine Turgeon Lawrence W. Taylor...

An Exploration of Timing Abilities An Exploration of Timing Abilities from Nineteen to Ninetyfrom Nineteen to Ninety

SyMoN

Martine Turgeon Martine Turgeon Lawrence W. Taylor Lawrence W. Taylor

Alan M. WingAlan M. Wing

Rhythm Perception & Production Workshop

2005, July, 3rd

Contact: [email protected]

Researching ‘Timing & Aging’ : Researching ‘Timing & Aging’ : 1. Main Question and Objectives1. Main Question and Objectives

► Q. : Q. : How does the How does the detection and correction of a Phase Shift detection and correction of a Phase Shift (PS) (PS) perturbation in synchronization to otherwise isochronous sequences perturbation in synchronization to otherwise isochronous sequences with Inter-Onset Intervals (IOI) spanning the pulsation range with Inter-Onset Intervals (IOI) spanning the pulsation range vary withvary with ageage in in non-musical expertsnon-musical experts? ?

► No work has been done on that No work has been done on that specificspecific issue. issue. Yes, but whyYes, but why is it an interesting issue? is it an interesting issue?……that should become clear by the end of the talk! that should become clear by the end of the talk!

If not, keep the question in mind and ask it!!If not, keep the question in mind and ask it!!

► However, interesting work has been done on However, interesting work has been done on ‘the internal clock’ slowing with aging as well as on rhythmic ‘the internal clock’ slowing with aging as well as on rhythmic tapping with musical experts and non experts of different tapping with musical experts and non experts of different ages. ages.

► Let’s review that work on ‘Timing and Aging’Let’s review that work on ‘Timing and Aging’

Researching ‘Timing & Aging’ : Researching ‘Timing & Aging’ : 2. Is ‘the clock’ ticking more slowly over 2. Is ‘the clock’ ticking more slowly over

time?time?Assuming that: Spontaneous motor tempo reflects internal time mechanism.

Baudouin, A., Vanneste, S., and Isingrini, M. (2002) found supporting evidence that internal timing mechanisms slow with age.

Drake, Jones and Baruch (2000) also found supporting evidence for that at the lower end of the age spectrum (young children to young adults).

Researching ‘Timing & Aging’ : Researching ‘Timing & Aging’ : 2. Is ‘the clock’ ticking more slowly over time? 2. Is ‘the clock’ ticking more slowly over time?

(ctnd.)(ctnd.)Assuming that: A greater variability in inter-tap intervals reflects an underlying ‘slower internal clock’ .

Age-comparative studies of timed finger tapping provide Age-comparative studies of timed finger tapping provide conflicting evidenceconflicting evidence as to whether or not the ‘clock’ slows as to whether or not the ‘clock’ slows with age:with age:

• Woodruff-Pak & Jaeger (1998) found Woodruff-Pak & Jaeger (1998) found age-related increasesage-related increases in in internal clock variability;internal clock variability;

• Greene and Williams (1993) found Greene and Williams (1993) found NO age-related increasesNO age-related increases in in internal clock variability; internal clock variability;

• Duchek, Balota, & Ferraro (1994) fDuchek, Balota, & Ferraro (1994) found ound age-related increasesage-related increases in internal clock variability in internal clock variability only in participants who showed early only in participants who showed early

dementiadementia..NOTE: Task done with single isochronous interval (550 ms)

Researching ‘Timing & Aging’ : Researching ‘Timing & Aging’ : 3. Rhythmic processes, models & Krampe’s work3. Rhythmic processes, models & Krampe’s work

► The results of Krampe et al., (2002) support some The results of Krampe et al., (2002) support some age-related age-related deficits in complex bimanual tapping which can be overcome deficits in complex bimanual tapping which can be overcome by musical expertiseby musical expertise, but , but notnot on tapping to a simple on tapping to a simple isochronous sequenceisochronous sequence. .

► Krampe concludes that:Krampe concludes that: both theboth the motor implementation motor implementation and and timekeeper executiontimekeeper execution

processesprocesses show show similar levels of functioningsimilar levels of functioning in young and older adults. in young and older adults. On the other hand, On the other hand, target specification processestarget specification processes are are clearly clearly

affected by ageaffected by age. .

► For more detailed on these rhythmic processes and associated For more detailed on these rhythmic processes and associated models, models, I refer you to Krampe’s work and to the I refer you to Krampe’s work and to the rhythm program rhythm program hypothesishypothesis proposed by Vorberg and Wing (1996). proposed by Vorberg and Wing (1996).

The heart of the matter: The heart of the matter: 1. Specific Questions and Objectives1. Specific Questions and Objectives

► What are the What are the perceptual limits for detecting a phase-perceptual limits for detecting a phase-shift perturbationshift perturbation in an isochronous sequence? in an isochronous sequence? Is it affected by tempi? If so, how?Is it affected by tempi? If so, how? Is it affected by tapping (synchronization)? If so how? Is it affected by tapping (synchronization)? If so how?

► Do so in Do so in “non musician” neurologically-intact adults “non musician” neurologically-intact adults from early 20’s to late 80’sfrom early 20’s to late 80’s. .

► Do so within Do so within dual- and single- task contextsdual- and single- task contexts

► Do so with a Do so with a fast procedurefast procedure

The heart of the matter: The heart of the matter: 1. Specific Questions and Objectives (ctnd.)1. Specific Questions and Objectives (ctnd.)

These would address the following objectives:These would address the following objectives:

1. generalize Repp’s conclusion on sensorimotor 1. generalize Repp’s conclusion on sensorimotor synchronization beyond a 2-Hz context and to a synchronization beyond a 2-Hz context and to a ‘normal’ or non-musician population; ‘normal’ or non-musician population;

2. establish ‘age-related norms’ against which timing 2. establish ‘age-related norms’ against which timing deficits can be assessed in schizophrenics as well as deficits can be assessed in schizophrenics as well as in stroke patients.in stroke patients.

3. tease apart sensory from sensorimotor factors in the 3. tease apart sensory from sensorimotor factors in the detection and synchronization performance.detection and synchronization performance.

The heart of the matter: The heart of the matter: 1. What about hypotheses?1. What about hypotheses?

It all depends on another question:It all depends on another question:

“Does error detection and correction in audio-guided action, “Does error detection and correction in audio-guided action, like the synchronization tapping task used in this study like the synchronization tapping task used in this study truly ‘bypass’ any rhythm program (truly ‘bypass’ any rhythm program (target specification target specification processesprocesses), ), being completely dependent on ‘low level’ pre-attentive being completely dependent on ‘low level’ pre-attentive motor implementationmotor implementation and and timekeeper execution processestimekeeper execution processes in Krampe’s terms, in Krampe’s terms,

or is it rather partly dependent (in some conditions) on them? or is it rather partly dependent (in some conditions) on them?

In other words, In other words, is timing error detection and correctionis timing error detection and correction across across the temporal frequency range evoking a spontaneous ‘pulse the temporal frequency range evoking a spontaneous ‘pulse sensation’ (audiomotor ‘entrainment’ zone) sensation’ (audiomotor ‘entrainment’ zone) ‘simple’ or ‘complex‘simple’ or ‘complex’ ’ (to borrow again from Krampe’s rhythmic tasks’ classification (to borrow again from Krampe’s rhythmic tasks’ classification scheme) scheme) in the general population? in the general population?

The heart of the matter: The heart of the matter: 2. Methodology and Design2. Methodology and Design

► ParticipantsParticipants

50 neurologically-intact adults50 neurologically-intact adults► 10 non-rhythm experts in each of 4 age groups:10 non-rhythm experts in each of 4 age groups:

19-35 (Mean Age: 27.4)19-35 (Mean Age: 27.4) 36-55 (Mean Age: 46.4)36-55 (Mean Age: 46.4) 56-75 (Mean Age: 67.1)56-75 (Mean Age: 67.1) 76+ (Mean Age: 84.8)76+ (Mean Age: 84.8)

► 10 rhythm experts (presented only if time allows) with:10 rhythm experts (presented only if time allows) with: 5 years of formal musical or ‘rhythmic dance’ (e.g. flamenco) training and/or5 years of formal musical or ‘rhythmic dance’ (e.g. flamenco) training and/or 10 years of regular practice of a musical instruments or ‘rhythmic dance’10 years of regular practice of a musical instruments or ‘rhythmic dance’

The heart of the matter: The heart of the matter: 2. Methodology and Design (ctnd)2. Methodology and Design (ctnd)

► Psychophysical Psychophysical correlates correlates of of PS detection & PS detection & correctioncorrection in isochronous in isochronous sequences sequences of 3 tempi:of 3 tempi:

1.1. 300-ms IOI 300-ms IOI

2.2. 600-ms IOI 600-ms IOI

3.3. 900-ms IOI 900-ms IOI

For 3 conditions:For 3 conditions:

► Single-task contextSingle-task context

1. Detection:1. Detection:

Evaluation of temporal JND using a Evaluation of temporal JND using a 1 Up/2 Dn adaptive staircase procedure 1 Up/2 Dn adaptive staircase procedure (Levitt, 1971); (Levitt, 1971);

2. 2. SynchronizatioSynchronization:n:

Error correction is evaluated through Error correction is evaluated through the the Tap-Tone AsynchroniesTap-Tone Asynchronies (TTA) (TTA) from T-3 to T+5.from T-3 to T+5.

TTA’s in turn are used to compute TTA’s in turn are used to compute Compensation FunctionsCompensation Functions (CF’s) (CF’s) for for PS below, at or above JND’s.PS below, at or above JND’s.

► Dual-task contextDual-task context

3. Detection + Synchronization3. Detection + Synchronization

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 +811

• IOI = 300 ms

Trial structureTrial structure

The heart of the matter: The heart of the matter: 2. Tasks and Demos2. Tasks and Demos


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 +811

• IOI = 600 ms

The heart of the matter: The heart of the matter: 2. Tasks and Demos (ctnd.)2. Tasks and Demos (ctnd.)


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 +811

• IOI = 900 ms


Phase-Shift Detection task using adaptive staircase Phase-Shift Detection task using adaptive staircase procedure: start at PS=IOI/4procedure: start at PS=IOI/4

““Is there an TEMPORAL IRREGULARITY Is there an TEMPORAL IRREGULARITY

in the sequence?”in the sequence?”

• IOI = 300 ms

T+1 +2 +3 +4

T-3 -2 T-1-4-6 -5

PS = 75 ms

Yes


e.g. staircase at fast rate


Phase-Shift Detection at 3.33 Hz: Phase-Shift Detection at 3.33 Hz: … …later in the staircase procedurelater in the staircase procedure

““Is there an TEMPORAL IRREGULARITY Is there an TEMPORAL IRREGULARITY

in the sequence?”in the sequence?”

• IOI = 300 ms

T+1 +2 +3 +4T

-3 -2 T-1-4-6 -5

PS = 7 ms !!!

No!

Results: 1. PerceptualResults: 1. PerceptualMean Just-Detectable Phase-Shifts (JND)’s

• for 11 Rhythm Experts and Age-Matched Non Experts:

• for youngest vs. eldest age group of 10 non experts each

19-35 years old(Mean Age: 27.36)

048

121620

300 600 900

IOI (ms)

JND

(%

IOI)

DetectionDetection + Synchonization

Results: 2. Perceptual MotorResults: 2. Perceptual Motor

56-75 years old (Mean Age: 67.1)

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

T-3 T-2 T-1 T T+1 T+2 T+3 T+4 T+5

Tone Position

Rel

ativ

e T

TA

(m

s)

Mean (PS < JND): 16 msMean (PS = JND): 29 msMean (PS > JND): 45 ms


-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

T-3 T-2 T-1 T T+1 T+2 T+3 T+4 T+5

Tone Position


Mean Compensations Functions (CF’s) with Relative Tap-Tone Asynchronies (TTA’s) for the fast rate for 4 Age Groups of 10 Non Experts each

NOTE: all at 300-ms IOI except for the elderly at 600-ms IOI36-55 years old (Mean Age: 46.4)

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

T-3 T-2 T-1 T T+1 T+2 T+3 T+4 T+5



-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

T-3 T-2 T-1 T T+1 T+2 T+3 T+4 T+5

Rel

ativ

e T

TA

(m

s)


Results: 2. Perceptual Motor (ctnd.)Results: 2. Perceptual Motor (ctnd.)

Mean CF’s with Relative TTA’s:• for the medium rate for 4 Age Groups of 10 Non Experts each

NOTE: all at 600-ms IOI except for the elderly at 750-ms IOI


-175

-125

-75

-25

25

T-3 T-2 T-1 T T+1 T+2 T+3 T+4 T+5

Rel

ativ

e T

TA

(m

s)



-175

-125

-75

-25

25

T-3 T-2 T-1 T T+1 T+2 T+3 T+4 T+5

Tone Position



-175

-125

-75

-25

25

T-3 T-2 T-1 T T+1 T+2 T+3 T+4 T+5

Tone Position

Rel

ativ

e T

TA

(m

s)



-175

-125

-75

-25

25

T-3 T-2 T-1 T T+1 T+2 T+3 T+4 T+5


Results: 2. Perceptual Motor (ctnd.)Results: 2. Perceptual Motor (ctnd.)

Mean CF’s with Relative TTA’s:• for the slow rate for 4 Age Groups of 10 Non Experts each

NOTE: all at 900-ms IOI this time!


-250-200-150-100-50

050

T-3 T-2 T-1 T T+1 T+2 T+3 T+4 T+5

Rel

ativ

e T

TA

(m

s)



-250-200-150-100-50

050

T-3 T-2 T-1 T T+1 T+2 T+3 T+4 T+5

Tone Position

Rel

ativ

e T

TA

(m

s)



-250-200-150-100

-500

50

T-3 T-2 T-1 T T+1 T+2 T+3 T+4 T+5



-250-200-150-100-50

050

T-3 T-2 T-1 T T+1 T+2 T+3 T+4 T+5

Tone Position


Results: 3. Preferred Rate, Fastest Rate Results: 3. Preferred Rate, Fastest Rate and Time-Interval Estimation through Mean and Time-Interval Estimation through Mean

IRI Production in the Young vs. Elderly groupsIRI Production in the Young vs. Elderly groups

Mean Preferred and Fastest Tapping Rate:

Young Group (19-35)

0.51.52.53.54.55.5

Rat

e (H

z)

Preferred: Beginning

Preferred: End

Fastest

Absolute Time Estimation through Produced IRI's: 10 young adults (19-35)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

Target Interval (ms)

Mea

n IR

I (m

s)

Target IOI: 500 ms

Target IOI: 1000 ms

Absolute Time Estimation through Produced IRI's: 10 elderly adults (76-90)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

Target Interval (ms)

Mean Preferred and Fastest Tapping Rate:

Elderly Group (76-90)

0.51.52.53.54.55.5

Summary of Results, Conclusions & Summary of Results, Conclusions & Further Questions: 1. Perceptual (PS Further Questions: 1. Perceptual (PS

Detection)Detection)SummarySummary

PS-detection thresholds:PS-detection thresholds:

1.1. were lower for our ‘rhythm experts’ were lower for our ‘rhythm experts’ (8-10 % of IOI) than age-matched (8-10 % of IOI) than age-matched non experts (10-12 % of IOI) except non experts (10-12 % of IOI) except at fast rate; at fast rate;

2.2. appear to be a constant proportion appear to be a constant proportion of the period which does not differ of the period which does not differ among age groups of neurologically among age groups of neurologically intact non-rhythm experts;intact non-rhythm experts;

3.3. do not appear to be significantly do not appear to be significantly affected by tapping, though in ‘our’ affected by tapping, though in ‘our’ rhythm experts, it tended to rhythm experts, it tended to decrease sensitivity, while in some decrease sensitivity, while in some elderly individuals, it actually elderly individuals, it actually increased it (i.e., improved PS increased it (i.e., improved PS detection performance).detection performance).

ConclusionsConclusions

1.1. Musical or ‘Musical or ‘rhythmic dance’ expertiserhythmic dance’ expertise appear appear to to improve sensitivityimprove sensitivity to a phase-shift to a phase-shift irregularity.irregularity.Q. Does that hold for a ‘ period’ one? Q. Does that hold for a ‘ period’ one?

2.2. PS sensitivity PS sensitivity as aas a function of tempifunction of tempi obeysobeys Weber’s lawWeber’s law and does and does not not appear to be appear to be affectedaffected by ageby age..

3.3. The non-interference of error detection The non-interference of error detection (through Yes/No judgement) and correction (through Yes/No judgement) and correction (through synchronization) tasks is consistent (through synchronization) tasks is consistent with their being mediated bywith their being mediated by specialized specialized ((notnot to imply to imply independentindependent) underlying neural ) underlying neural circuitries (to a certain extent), one (“The circuitries (to a certain extent), one (“The What” or ‘sensation for perception’) largely What” or ‘sensation for perception’) largely responsible for ‘conscious’ or attentionally-responsible for ‘conscious’ or attentionally-driven perceptual decisions and another driven perceptual decisions and another (“The How” or ‘sensation for action’) critical (“The How” or ‘sensation for action’) critical for efficient audio-guided actions through for efficient audio-guided actions through largely ‘unconscious’ and pre-attentive largely ‘unconscious’ and pre-attentive sensorimotor mechanisms. sensorimotor mechanisms.

Summary of Results, Conclusions & Summary of Results, Conclusions & Further Questions: 1. Perceptual MotorFurther Questions: 1. Perceptual Motor

Error correction (from CF’s) suggest that:Error correction (from CF’s) suggest that:

1.1. All adults up to 75 years of age show CF’s All adults up to 75 years of age show CF’s

up to the standards of Bruno Repp’s up to the standards of Bruno Repp’s expert tappers!expert tappers!

2.2. As for the As for the elderly participantselderly participants (76+), (76+), they:they:

► Largely show ‘normal’ CF’sLargely show ‘normal’ CF’s, , though though some fail to return to their some fail to return to their pre-shift baselinepre-shift baseline within the post-shift within the post-shift period (new baseline) for just period (new baseline) for just detectable or clearly detectable PS. detectable or clearly detectable PS. This was particularly true at their fast This was particularly true at their fast rate (600-ms IOI), which is actually rate (600-ms IOI), which is actually the most comfortable for most the most comfortable for most ‘younger’ people. At that ‘fast’ rate, ‘younger’ people. At that ‘fast’ rate, many also fail to show an overshoot many also fail to show an overshoot at T+1 and do not correct faster for at T+1 and do not correct faster for ‘supra’ than ‘subli’ PS (on average ‘supra’ than ‘subli’ PS (on average actually the reverse pattern)actually the reverse pattern)

► Their best performance is at the slow Their best performance is at the slow rate of 1.11 Hz (900-ms IOI.rate of 1.11 Hz (900-ms IOI.

ConclusionsConclusions

1.1. Non rhythm experts are as good as Non rhythm experts are as good as rhythm experts in PS correction. This rhythm experts in PS correction. This is consistent with it being largely an is consistent with it being largely an ‘automatic’ process (as claimed by ‘automatic’ process (as claimed by Repp), independent of differences in Repp), independent of differences in attentionally-driven and/or cognitive attentionally-driven and/or cognitive expectations such as those that might expectations such as those that might arise from extensive musical arise from extensive musical expertise.expertise.

2.2. Overall, elderly show :Overall, elderly show :► ‘‘normal’ timing error correction. normal’ timing error correction.

► Are we coming back to the Are we coming back to the Slowing of the clock’ with aging??Slowing of the clock’ with aging??

YES: the clock is ticking…YES: the clock is ticking…but what about the other timing but what about the other timing

measures measures Wait a minute…Wait a minute…

You (or your results) seem to say that You (or your results) seem to say that a 90 year old healthy elderly is a 90 year old healthy elderly is tapping just as welltapping just as well as a 19 year as a 19 year old (at least on our error detection and correction measures), old (at least on our error detection and correction measures),

but aren’t your ‘other measures’ (preferred and fastest rate and but aren’t your ‘other measures’ (preferred and fastest rate and time estimation through the mean IRI for target rates of 0.5 and 1 time estimation through the mean IRI for target rates of 0.5 and 1

second) suggesting ‘some deficits in timing’? , second) suggesting ‘some deficits in timing’? ,

Are not the clearly slower ‘preferred rate’, ‘fastest rate’ Are not the clearly slower ‘preferred rate’, ‘fastest rate’ as well as large overestimation as well as large overestimation

(i.e., impaired absolute estimation of the 2 target time intervals (i.e., impaired absolute estimation of the 2 target time intervals despite largely maintaining their ‘relative timing) despite largely maintaining their ‘relative timing)

all converging evidence for a slowing of the baseline of all converging evidence for a slowing of the baseline of an ‘internal clock’ with aging (or preferred period)? an ‘internal clock’ with aging (or preferred period)?

I’d like to open that for discussionI’d like to open that for discussion

THANKS for listening and participating!THANKS for listening and participating!

An Exploration of Timing Abilities from Nineteen to Ninety SyMoN Martine Turgeon Lawrence W. Taylor...

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