An Examination of Higher Education Productivity
51
An Examination of Higher Education Productivity Patrick Kelly The National Center for Higher Education Management Systems
Transcript of An Examination of Higher Education Productivity
An Examination of Higher Education Productivity
Patrick Kelly
The National Center for Higher Education Management Systems
A Time of Increased Pressure on Higher Education Productivity
• President’s Goal
• Foundation Goals (Lumina, Gates)
• College Completion Agenda
• Declining State Resources and Rising Tuition
$7,4
79
$7,8
55
$7,9
93
$7,9
88
$7,8
69
$7,8
25
$7,6
07
$7,1
71
$6,9
12
$6,9
94
$7,2
27
$7,3
11
$7,5
47
$7,7
70
$7,9
61
$8,0
35
$7,9
79
$7,6
82
$7,2
11
$6,7
40
$6,6
62
$6,9
86
$7,1
95
$7,3
25
$6,9
51
$6,4
51
$2,2
74
$2,3
71
$2,4
34
$2,5
01
$2,5
50
$2,6
08
$2,6
91
$2,9
03
$3,0
82
$3,1
86
$3,2
71
$3,3
87
$3,4
19
$3,4
31
$3,4
28
$3,3
37
$3,3
48
$3,3
56
$3,4
31
$3,6
11
$3,7
60
$3,9
35
$4,0
68
$4,1
16
$4,1
78
$4,3
21
$0
$2,000
$4,000
$6,000
$8,000
$10,000
$12,000
$14,000
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.01985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Do
lla
rs p
er
FT
E
Pu
blic
FT
E E
nro
llm
en
t(M
illio
ns
)
Public FTE Enrollment, Educational Appropriations and Total Educational Revenue per FTE, United States -- Fiscal 1985-2010
Net Tuition Revenue per FTE (constant $) Educational Appropriations per FTE (constant $) Public FTE Enrollment
Note: Constant 2010 dollars adjusted by SHEEO Higher Education Cost Adjustment. Educational Appropriations include ARRA funds. (HECA) Source: SHEEO
Public FTE Enrollment, Educational Appropriations and Total Revenue per FTE United States from 1985 to 2010
$5,4
29
$5,5
77
$5,6
50
$5,6
08
$5,5
01
$5,3
63
$5,2
46
$5,0
27
$4,9
70
$5,0
10
$5,1
02
$5,3
97
$5,5
65
$5,6
21
$5,6
18
$5,6
69
$5,7
72
$5,3
97
$4,1
06
$3,7
32
$3,7
86
$4,0
79
$4,1
88
$4,3
79
$4,7
51
$4,5
11
$3,6
28
$3,7
34
$3,8
60
$3,7
99
$3,9
09
$3,7
78
$3,9
83
$4,2
21
$4,4
80
$4,5
14
$4,6
70
$4,8
40
$4,8
20
$4,8
07
$4,8
30
$4,6
75
$4,7
30
$4,8
43
$4,7
79
$5,4
23
$5,1
71
$5,5
89
$5,2
98
$5,8
02
$6,1
68
$6,6
01
$0
$2,000
$4,000
$6,000
$8,000
$10,000
$12,000
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Do
lla
rs p
er
FT
E
Pu
blic
FT
E E
nro
llm
en
t(T
ho
us
an
ds
)
Public FTE Enrollment, Educational Appropriations and Total Educational Revenue per FTE, Colorado -- Fiscal 1985-2010
Net Tuition Revenue per FTE (constant $) Educational Appropriations per FTE (constant $) Public FTE Enrollment
Note: Constant 2010 dollars adjusted by SHEEO Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA). Educational Appropriations include ARRA funds. Source: SHEEO
Public FTE Enrollment, Educational Appropriations and Total Revenue per FTE Colorado from 1985 to 2010
21.4
21.1
20.7
20.3
19.8
18.6
17.9
17.8
17.5
16.8
16.2
16.1
16.1
15.2
15.2
14.6
14.3
14.2
13.7
13.6
13.5
13.2
13.1
11.5
11.4
11.1
10.9
10.8
10.4
10.2
10.0
9.4
7.4
7.2
6.9
6.9
6.6
6.6
6.5
6.0
5.9
5.3
4.1
4.0
3.9
2.4
1.9
0.8
0.5
-0.8
-9.8
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
Mic
hig
anO
klah
om
aR
ho
de
Isla
nd
Min
nes
ota
Vir
gin
iaSo
uth
Car
olin
aM
ain
eN
ew J
erse
yIo
wa
Ind
ian
aK
ansa
sN
ort
h D
ako
taA
rkan
sas
Mas
sach
use
tts
Uta
hP
enn
sylv
ania
Mis
siss
ipp
iC
olo
rad
oO
hio
Illin
ois
Ari
zon
aM
isso
uri
Wes
t V
irgi
nia
Cal
ifo
rnia
Ken
tuck
yC
on
nec
ticu
tSo
uth
Dak
ota
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Ore
gon
Ala
bam
aN
ew M
exic
oH
awai
iW
ash
ingt
on
Del
awar
eN
ew H
amp
shir
eM
on
tan
aId
aho
Wis
con
sin
Flo
rid
aN
ebra
ska
Geo
rgia
Ver
mo
nt
Ala
ska
Nev
ada
Mar
ylan
dLo
uis
ian
aN
ew Y
ork
Texa
sN
ort
h C
aro
lina
Ten
nes
see
Wyo
min
g
Change (%) in Tuition and Fee Revenues as a Percent of Total Public Funding (2000 to 2010)
Source: SHEEO, State Higher Education Finance Survey
Different Approaches to Analyzing Productivity
State and Local Appropriations Tuition and Fees Endowment Income Government Grants and Contracts Private Gifts, Grants and Contracts Other E&G Revenue
Instruction Student Services Academic Support Institutional Support Plant Operation and Maintenance Research Public Service Scholarships and Fellowships
Programmatic Costs Student/Faculty Ratios Faculty Workload Faculty and Staff Attrition Administrative Staffing Patterns Academic Program Mix Course Delivery Modes Space Utilization
Public Investment vs. Performance
Institutional Spending vs. Performance
Cost Savings and Efficiency
General Revenues
General Expenditures Internal Operations
Degree Production Retention and Graduation Rates External Research
Outcomes and Performance
6
Different Approaches to Analyzing Productivity
State and Local Appropriations Tuition and Fees Endowment Income Government Grants and Contracts Private Gifts, Grants and Contracts Other E&G Revenue
Instruction Student Services Academic Support Institutional Support Plant Operation and Maintenance Research Public Service Scholarships and Fellowships
Programmatic Costs Student/Faculty Ratios Faculty Workload Faculty and Staff Attrition Administrative Staffing Patterns Academic Program Mix Course Delivery Modes Space Utilization
Public Investment vs. Performance
Institutional Spending vs. Performance
Cost Savings and Efficiency
General Revenues
General Expenditures Internal Operations
Degree Production Retention and Graduation Rates External Research
Outcomes and Performance Total Unrestricted Revenues
7
Different Approaches to Analyzing Productivity
State and Local Appropriations Tuition and Fees Endowment Income Government Grants and Contracts Private Gifts, Grants and Contracts Other E&G Revenue
Instruction Student Services Academic Support Institutional Support Plant Operation and Maintenance Research Public Service Scholarships and Fellowships
Programmatic Costs Student/Faculty Ratios Faculty Workload Faculty and Staff Attrition Administrative Staffing Patterns Academic Program Mix Course Delivery Modes Space Utilization
Public Investment vs. Performance
Institutional Spending vs. Performance
Cost Savings and Efficiency
General Revenues
General Expenditures Internal Operations
Degree Production Retention and Graduation Rates External Research
Outcomes and Performance
Education Related Expenses
8
Different Approaches to Analyzing Productivity
State and Local Appropriations Tuition and Fees Endowment Income Government Grants and Contracts Private Gifts, Grants and Contracts Other E&G Revenue
Instruction Student Services Academic Support Institutional Support Plant Operation and Maintenance Research Public Service Scholarships and Fellowships
Programmatic Costs Student/Faculty Ratios Faculty Workload Faculty and Staff Attrition Administrative Staffing Patterns Academic Program Mix Course Delivery Modes Space Utilization
Public Investment vs. Performance
Institutional Spending vs. Performance
Cost Savings and Efficiency
General Revenues
General Expenditures Internal Operations
Degree Production Retention and Graduation Rates External Research
Outcomes and Performance
9
A New Look at the Institutional Component of Higher Education Finance: A Guide for Evaluating Performance
Relative to Financial Resources (2005)
The Dreaded “P” Word: An Examination of Productivity in Public Postsecondary Education (2009)
NCHEMS Reports/Work on Higher Education Productivity
Available at www.nchems.org
On-going work with state policymakers in Colorado, Indiana, Kentucky, Virginia
Two Types of Productivity Analyses
1. Performance relative to funding and expenditures
• Unrestricted funds available to institutions
• Expenditures on student-related activities
2. Funding and Expenditures per Degree • Weighted by the value of the degree in the state
• Weighted by STEM and Health
Measures of Funding and Expenditures
• State, local, and Tuition and Fee Revenues (unrestricted public funds provided by the state and students)
• Education and Related Expenditures (expenditures on instruction, student service and part academic support, institutional support, and plant operation and maintenance) – calculation provided by the Delta Project on College Costs
Source: NCES, IPEDS
Performance Relative to Total Public Revenues
Measures of Performance
• First-Year Retention Rates
• Graduation Rates within 150% of Program Time
• Undergraduate Credentials and Degrees per 100 Undergraduate FTE Students
• Research Expenditures per 100 FTE Faculty (Research Institutions Only)
Source: NCES, IPEDS
Public Two-Year Institutions: Undergraduate Credentials per 100 FTE Undergraduates and Total Funding per FTE Student (2007-08)
Source: NCES, IPEDS 2007-08 Completions Survey
AL
AZ
AR
CA
CO
CT
DE
FL
GA
HI
ID
IL
IN
IA
KS
KY
LA
ME
MD
MA
MI
MN
MS
MO
MT NE
NV
NH
NJ
NM NY
NC
ND
OH OK
OR
PA
RI
SC
SD
TN TX
UT
VT
VA
WA
WV WY US
5
20
35
50
3,000 6,000 9,000 12,000
Un
der
gra
duat
e C
red
enti
als
Aw
ard
ed p
er 1
00
FT
E S
tud
ents
State, Local, and Tuition and Fee Revenues (2008)
Public Research Institutions: Undergraduate Credentials per 100 FTE Undergraduates and Total Funding per FTE Student (2007-08)
Source: NCES, IPEDS 2007-08 Completions Survey
Un
der
gra
duat
e C
red
enti
als
Aw
ard
ed p
er 1
00
FT
E S
tud
ents
State, Local, and Tuition and Fee Revenues (2008)
AL
AK
AZ
AR
CA
CO
CT
DE
FL
GA
HI
ID
IL
IN
IA
KS
KY
LA
ME
MD
MA MI MN
MS
MO
MT NE NV
NH
NJ NM
NY
NC
ND
OH
OK OR
PA
RI
SC
SD
TN
TX
UT
VT
VA
WA
WV
WI
WY US
15
18
21
24
27
30
5,000 11,000 17,000 23,000 29,000 35,000
Public Bachelors and Masters Institutions: Undergraduate Credentials per 100 FTE Undergraduates and Total Funding per FTE Student (2007-08)
Source: NCES, IPEDS 2007-08 Completions Survey
Un
der
gra
duat
e C
red
enti
als
Aw
ard
ed p
er 1
00
FT
E S
tud
ents
State, Local, and Tuition and Fee Revenues (2008)
AL
AK
AR
CA
CO
CT
DE
FL
GA
HI
ID
IL
IN
IA
KS
KY
LA
ME MD
MA
MI
MN
MS
MO
MT NE
NV
NH
NJ
NM
NY
NC
ND
OH
OK
OR
PA
RI
SC
SD
TN
TX
UT
VT
VA
WA
WV
WI
US
8
12
16
20
24
28
2,000 6,000 10,000 14,000 18,000 22,000
Performance Relative to Funding: First-Year Retention Rate (2007-08)
Total Funding Per FTE
Perfo
rmance
High Performance, High Funding High Performance, Low Funding
Low Performance, High Funding Low Performance, Low Funding
FSU
OSU
TU UB
UAB UA
UC
UC-D
UI-C
UIA
UKS
UKY
UL
UMN
UMO
UNR
UNM
UUT
VCU
WSU
WVU AVERAGE
Carnegie Avg
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
7,500 10,000 12,500 15,000 17,500 20,000 22,500 25,000 27,500 30,000
Performance Relative to Funding: Six-Year Graduation Rate (2007-08)
Total Funding Per FTE
Perfo
rmance
High Performance, High Funding High Performance, Low Funding
Low Performance, High Funding Low Performance, Low Funding
FSU
OSU
TU UB
UAB
UA
UC
UC-D
UI-C
UIA
UKS
UKY
UL
UMN
UMO
UNR
UNM
UUT
VCU
WSU
WVU
AVERAGE Carnegie Avg
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
7,500 10,000 12,500 15,000 17,500 20,000 22,500 25,000 27,500 30,000
Performance Relative to Funding: Undergraduate Credentials Awarded
per 100 FTE Undergraduates (2007-08)
Total Funding Per FTE
Pe
rform
an
ce
High Performance, High Funding High Performance, Low Funding
Low Performance, High Funding Low Performance, Low Funding
FSU
OSU
TU UB
UAB
UA
UC
UC-D
UI-C UIA
UKS
UKY
UL
UMN
UMO
UNR UNM
UUT
VCU
WSU
WVU
AVERAGE Carnegie Avg
15
20
25
30
35
7,500 10,000 12,500 15,000 17,500 20,000 22,500 25,000 27,500 30,000
Performance Relative to Funding: Research Expenditures per FT Faculty (2007-08)
Total Funding Per FTE
Pe
rform
an
ce
High Performance, High Funding High Performance, Low Funding
Low Performance, High Funding Low Performance, Low Funding
FSU
OSU
TU
UB
UAB
UA
UC
UC-D
UI-C
UIA
UKS
UKY
UL
UMN
UMO
UNR UNM
UUT
VCU
WSU WVU
AVERAGE
Carnegie Avg
40,000
55,000
70,000
85,000
100,000
115,000
130,000
145,000
160,000
175,000
7,500 10,000 12,500 15,000 17,500 20,000 22,500 25,000 27,500 30,000
Index Score of Overall Performance Relative to Total Public Funds (Average Across all Performance Measures)
71.2
79.1
80.5
84.0
86.4
90.7
92.0
92.7
95.9
96.8
100.0
103.1
105.5
106.7
107.2
109.1
109.3
109.7
113.5
119.5
130.0
139.2
180.8
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
University of Alabama at Birmingham
University at Buffalo
Wayne State University
University of Nevada-Reno
Temple University
University of Minnesota-Twin Cities
University of Kentucky
University of New Mexico-Main Campus
University of Louisville
University of Kansas
Peer Avg
University of Iowa
Virginia Commonwealth University
University of Utah
University of Cincinnati-Main Campus
West Virginia University
University of Illinois at Chicago
University of Missouri-Columbia
University of Arizona
Carnegie Avg
Florida State University
Ohio State University-Main Campus
University of Colorado Denver
Preparation Levels of Incoming Students
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
15 17 19 21 23 25
IU-NW
IU-E PU-C
PU-NE
IU-SB IUPUFW
PU-NE
IU-K
USI
Average Entering ACT Scores of First-Time Freshmen Pro
du
ctiv
ity:
Rat
io o
f Pe
rfo
rman
ce (
Gra
du
atio
n R
ate)
to
To
tal R
even
ues
Correlation = 0.50
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
16 20 24 28 32
BSU
ISU
IUPUI
PU
IU
Average Entering ACT Scores of First-Time Freshmen Pro
du
ctiv
ity:
Rat
io o
f Pe
rfo
rman
ce (
Gra
du
atio
n R
ate)
to
To
tal R
even
ues
Correlation = 0.21
Total Public Revenues per Degree
Weighted by STEM and Health
Internal
Public Investment from State and
Students
Postsecondary Education
Institutions
Costs of Producing Degrees
Production of Degrees – and Value to Students
and the State
Policy Focus
External
Focus of this Work
Revenues and Expenditures per Degree
Calculation
State, Local, Tuition and Fee Revenues / Total Credentials Awarded (Weighted by Level of
Award, and STEM and Health)
STEM and Health Credentials and Degrees
Sources: NCES, IPEDS
CIP Codes Field CIP Codes Field
1 agriculture, agriculture operations, and related sciences. 29 military technologies
3 natural resources and conservation 30 multi/interdisciplinary studies
4 architecture and related services 31 parks, recreation, leisure, and fitness studies
5 area, ethnic, cultural, and gender studies 38 philosophy and religious studies
9 communication, journalism, and related programs 39 theology and religious vocations
10 communications technologies/technicians and support services 40 physical sciences
11 computer and information sciences and support services. 41 science technologies/technicians
12 personal and culinary services 42 psychology
13 education 43 security and protective services
14 engineering. 44 public administration and social service professions
15 engineering technologies/technicians 45 social sciences
16 foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics 46 construction trades
19 family and consumer sciences/human sciences 47 mechanic and repair technologies/technicians
22 legal professions and studies 48 precision production
23 english language and literature/letters 49 transportation and materials moving
24 liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities 50 visual and performing arts
25 library science 51 health professions and related clinical sciences
26 biological and biomedical sciences 52 business, management, marketing, and related support services
27 mathematics and statistics 54 history
STEM = CIP (4, 11, 14, 15, 26, 27, 40, 41). Health Prof = CIP (51).
Median Earnings in Virginia by Level, STEM and Health
Sources: U.S. Census Bureau, 2009 American Community Survey (Public Use Microdata Samples)
84,956
107,944
97,949
99,948
93,951
84,956
88,954
59,969
65,966
74,961
47,076
48,975
54,971
42,078
32,983
56,970
29,984
27,985
0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000
STEM
Health
Other
STEM
Health
Other
STEM
Health
Other
STEM
Health
Other
STEM
Health
Other
STEM
Health
Other
Some College, No Degree
Associate’s
Bachelor’s
Master’s
Doctoral
Prof
Indexed to Bachelor’s
Degree-Level Median EarningsIndexed to
Bachelor's DegreesAwards Weighted Awards
Certificates 22,777 0.54 2 1
Certificates STEM 57,016 1.36 0 0
Certificates Health 28,508 0.68 0 0
Associates 31,454 0.75 0 0
Associates STEM 61,103 1.46 0 0
Associates Health 43,385 1.03 0 0
Bachelors 41,975 1.00 2,699 2,699
Bachelors STEM 75,924 1.81 461 834
Bachelors Health 53,975 1.29 384 494
Masters 59,067 1.41 1,133 1,594
Masters STEM 92,915 2.21 172 381
Masters Health 63,351 1.51 236 356
Doctorates 75,924 1.81 62 112
Doctorates STEM 97,765 2.33 57 133
Doctorates Health 95,027 2.26 133 301
First-Professionals 85,524 2.04 0 0
First-Professionals STEM 75,924 1.81 0 0
First-Professionals Health 97,616 2.33 397 923
TOTAL 5,736 7,828
Total Public Revenues per Degree = State, Local, Tuition and Fee Revenue / Weighted Awards
Education and Related Expenditures per Degree = Education and Related Expenditures / Weighted Awards
Virginia Commonwealth University: Degrees Weighted by Value to the State and Individuals:
Median Earnings in the State Employment Market
State, Local, Tuition and Fee Revenues / 7,828
Total Public Revenues per Degree (2007-08) Weighted by STEM and Health
84,691
74,156
66,238
65,384
64,945
64,461
64,367
63,167
61,720
59,282
57,634
57,168
56,434
55,003
53,102
52,889
51,267
50,095
45,957
44,376
40,585
24,776
- 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000
University of Alabama at Birmingham
University of Nevada-Reno
University of Minnesota-Twin Cities
University at Buffalo
University of Kentucky
University of Arizona
University of Iowa
Temple University
University of New Mexico-Main Campus
University of Kansas
Ohio State University-Main Campus
Peer Average
University of Louisville
West Virginia University
Virginia Commonwealth University
University of Illinois at Chicago
Wayne State University
University of Missouri-Columbia
University of Cincinnati-Main Campus
University of Utah
Florida State University
University of Colorado Denver
Revenues per Degree (Weighted by Level, STEM, and Health) Virginia Institutions Relative to Peer Averages (2007-08)
Sources: NCES, IPEDS Finance Survey; U.S. Census Bureau, 2009 American Community Survey (Public Use Microdata Samples)
129.1%
57.6%
85.3%
133.5%
92.9%
123.2%
89.7%
78.7%
85.4%
73.8%
106.4%
104.7%
92.2%
59.6%
76.1%
103.1%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140% 160%
VCCS
Richard Bland College
Virginia Tech
Virginia State University
Virginia Commonwealth University
UVA's College at Wise
University of Virginia - Main Campus
University of Mary Washington
Radford University
Old Dominion University
Norfolk State University
Longwood University
James Madison University
George Mason University
College of William and Mary
Christopher Newport University
Peer Average
Productivity Measures Adopted by the National Governor’s Association
Credentials Awarded (One Year and More) per 100,000 of State, Local, and Tuition and Fee Revenues - Public Sector, 2008-09
(Weighted by Median Earnings of Graduates - by Degree-Level and STEM and Health)
2.9
6
2.6
5
2.4
3
2.4
1
2.1
9
2.1
4
2.1
0
2.0
8
2.0
7
2.0
7
2.0
2
1.9
9
1.9
5
1.9
4
1.9
4
1.9
4
1.9
2
1.9
1
1.9
0
1.8
9
1.8
7
1.8
7
1.8
6
1.8
6
1.8
4
1.8
4
1.7
8
1.7
8
1.7
8
1.7
8
1.7
7
1.7
5
1.7
3
1.7
2
1.7
1
1.7
1
1.6
9
1.6
9
1.6
8
1.6
7
1.6
4
1.6
2
1.5
9
1.5
7
1.5
1
1.4
8
1.4
0
1.3
6
1.3
5
1.1
8
0.9
0
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50C
olo
rad
oFl
ori
da
Mis
sou
riSo
uth
Dak
ota
Uta
hN
ort
h D
ako
taA
rkan
sas
Okl
aho
ma
Mo
nta
na
New
Ham
psh
ire
Was
hin
gto
nW
est
Vir
gin
iaG
eorg
iaTe
nn
esse
eV
irgi
nia
Ken
tuck
yM
ain
eO
rego
nA
rizo
na
Mis
siss
ipp
iSo
uth
Car
olin
aK
ansa
sM
ich
igan
Illin
ois
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Ala
bam
aC
alif
orn
iaW
isco
nsi
nTe
xas
Oh
ioM
inn
eso
taLo
uis
ian
aId
aho
Iow
aP
enn
sylv
ania
Ind
ian
aN
ew Y
ork
Mar
ylan
dM
assa
chu
sett
sR
ho
de
Isla
nd
Neb
rask
aN
ew J
erse
yN
ort
h C
aro
lina
Nev
ada
New
Mex
ico
Del
awar
eV
erm
on
tH
awai
iC
on
nec
ticu
tW
yom
ing
Ala
ska
Sources: NCES, IPEDS Completions Survey; U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey (Public Use Microdata Samples)
Credentials Awarded (One Year and More) per $100,000 of State & Local Appropriations and Tuition & Fees Revenues - Public Research & Medical, 2008-09 (Weighted by Median Earnings of Graduates - by Degree-Level and STEM and Health)
2.8
8
2.5
2
2.2
6
2.2
4
2.1
1
2.1
1
2.0
8
2.0
7
1.9
9
1.9
8
1.9
8
1.9
0
1.8
6
1.8
5
1.8
2
1.7
9
1.7
6
1.7
6
1.7
4
1.7
4
1.7
3
1.7
3
1.7
3
1.7
2
1.6
9
1.6
7
1.6
1
1.6
0
1.5
9
1.5
8
1.5
7
1.5
5
1.5
4
1.5
4
1.5
3
1.5
3
1.5
1
1.4
8
1.4
5
1.4
5
1.4
5
1.3
7
1.3
3
1.3
1
1.2
6
1.2
0
1.2
0
1.1
6
1.1
4
1.1
3
0.6
1
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5C
olo
rad
oFl
ori
da
Ore
gon
Sou
th D
ako
taM
isso
uri
Uta
hM
on
tan
aN
ew H
amp
shir
eIll
ino
isA
rizo
na
Vir
gin
iaN
ort
h D
ako
taO
hio
Mic
hig
anW
isco
nsi
nK
ansa
sTe
xas
Ark
ansa
sO
klah
om
aC
alif
orn
iaU
nit
ed S
tate
sTe
nn
esse
eW
ash
ingt
on
Geo
rgia
Sou
th C
aro
lina
Nev
ada
Idah
oN
ew M
exic
oR
ho
de
Isla
nd
No
rth
Car
olin
aIn
dia
na
Mis
siss
ipp
iLo
uis
ian
aW
est
Vir
gin
iaK
entu
cky
Ala
bam
aM
aryl
and
Iow
aM
assa
chu
sett
sM
ain
eD
elaw
are
Min
nes
ota
Haw
aii
Pen
nsy
lvan
iaN
ebra
ska
Ver
mo
nt
New
Yo
rkN
ew J
erse
yW
yom
ing
Co
nn
ecti
cut
Ala
ska
Sources: NCES, IPEDS Completions Survey; U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey (Public Use Microdata Samples)
Credentials Awarded (One Year and More) per $100,000 of State & Local Appropriations and Tuition & Fees Revenues - Public Masters, Bachelors, and Other 4-Year, 2008-09
(Weighted by Median Earnings of Graduates - by Degree-Level and STEM and Health)
4.5
4
3.0
7
2.9
7
2.9
0
2.8
2
2.8
0
2.7
9
2.6
1
2.5
6
2.5
4
2.5
2
2.4
8
2.4
8
2.4
7
2.4
7
2.4
2
2.3
9
2.3
8
2.3
7
2.3
6
2.3
2
2.2
9
2.2
7
2.2
4
2.2
2
2.1
9
2.1
8
2.1
8
2.1
4
2.1
2
2.0
8
2.0
6
2.0
2
2.0
1
1.9
7
1.9
7
1.9
4
1.9
2
1.8
8
1.8
7
1.8
1
1.7
6
1.6
8
1.4
5
1.3
6
1.3
1
1.3
1
1.2
6
1.1
9
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5C
olo
rad
oC
alif
orn
iaK
ansa
sFl
ori
da
Was
hin
gto
nO
rego
nP
enn
sylv
ania
Okl
aho
ma
Ten
nes
see
Neb
rask
aW
isco
nsi
nU
tah
Illin
ois
Wes
t V
irgi
nia
Mar
ylan
dA
lab
ama
Geo
rgia
Ark
ansa
sU
nit
ed S
tate
sTe
xas
No
rth
Dak
ota
Mic
hig
anM
isso
uri
New
Ham
psh
ire
New
Yo
rkN
ew J
erse
ySo
uth
Dak
ota
Mis
siss
ipp
iK
entu
cky
Min
nes
ota
Sou
th C
aro
lina
Rh
od
e Is
lan
dV
irgi
nia
Mai
ne
Idah
oIn
dia
na
Mas
sach
use
tts
Lou
isia
na
Iow
aC
on
nec
ticu
tV
erm
on
tN
ort
h C
aro
lina
Mo
nta
na
New
Mex
ico
Nev
ada
Del
awar
eH
awai
iO
hio
Ala
ska
Sources: NCES, IPEDS Completions Survey; U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey (Public Use Microdata Samples)
Credentials Awarded (One Year and More) per $100,000 of State & Local Appropriations and Tuition & Fees Revenues - Public Associates & Other 2-Year, 2008-09
(Weighted by Median Earnings of Graduates - by Degree-Level and STEM and Health)
4.3
8
4.0
1
3.6
6
3.4
0
2.8
9
2.8
7
2.8
0
2.7
8
2.6
9
2.4
4
2.3
8
2.3
1
2.2
2
2.2
0
2.1
5
2.0
9
2.0
4
2.0
3
2.0
2
1.9
5
1.8
7
1.8
0
1.8
0
1.7
8
1.7
6
1.7
6
1.7
5
1.7
4
1.7
3
1.6
3
1.6
3
1.6
0
1.5
9
1.5
7
1.5
5
1.5
4
1.5
1
1.4
9
1.4
3
1.4
2
1.4
2
1.4
0
1.3
8
1.3
2
1.2
3
1.2
3
1.2
1
1.2
1
1.1
8
1.1
6
0.2
5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5M
isso
uri
Sou
th D
ako
taW
est
Vir
gin
iaN
ort
h D
ako
taFl
ori
da
Mai
ne
Mo
nta
na
Ken
tuck
yM
issi
ssip
pi
Ind
ian
aO
klah
om
aA
rkan
sas
Iow
aV
erm
on
tLo
uis
ian
aSo
uth
Car
olin
aC
olo
rad
oW
ash
ingt
on
Min
nes
ota
Geo
rgia
Uta
hN
ew J
erse
yN
ew H
amp
shir
eM
assa
chu
sett
sTe
nn
esse
eA
lab
ama
Ari
zon
aD
elaw
are
Vir
gin
iaO
hio
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Idah
oN
ebra
ska
Mic
hig
anP
enn
sylv
ania
New
Yo
rkR
ho
de
Isla
nd
No
rth
Car
olin
aH
awai
iIll
ino
isK
ansa
sTe
xas
New
Mex
ico
Nev
ada
Wyo
min
gW
isco
nsi
nM
aryl
and
Ore
gon
Co
nn
ecti
cut
Cal
ifo
rnia
Ala
ska
Sources: NCES, IPEDS Completions Survey; U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey (Public Use Microdata Samples)
Credentials Awarded (One Year and More) per 100,000 of Education and Related Expenditures - Public Sector, 2008-09
(Weighted by Median Earnings of Graduates - by Degree-Level and STEM and Health) 2
.69
2
.62
2
.41
2
.33
2
.22
2
.21
2
.21
2
.19
2
.18
2
.16
2
.15
2
.06
2
.03
1
.97
1
.97
1
.96
1
.95
1
.93
1
.92
1
.88
1
.85
1
.82
1
.82
1
.82
1
.80
1
.78
1
.77
1
.75
1
.75
1
.74
1
.74
1
.73
1
.73
1
.71
1
.70
1
.69
1
.67
1
.65
1
.63
1
.63
1
.62
1
.57
1
.55
1
.53
1
.47
1
.47
1
.41
1
.36
1
.32
1
.24
1
.01
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00Fl
ori
da
Mis
sou
riU
tah
Sou
th D
ako
taN
ort
h D
ako
taA
rizo
na
Wes
t V
irgi
nia
Mo
nta
na
Okl
aho
ma
Geo
rgia
New
Ham
psh
ire
Ark
ansa
sV
irgi
nia
Ken
tuck
yM
ain
eId
aho
Kan
sas
Mic
hig
anM
issi
ssip
pi
Iow
aR
ho
de
Isla
nd
Ala
bam
aN
ew M
exic
oO
hio
Neb
rask
aU
nit
ed S
tate
sC
olo
rad
oIll
ino
isIn
dia
na
Wis
con
sin
Ten
nes
see
Texa
sM
inn
eso
taN
ew J
erse
yLo
uis
ian
aP
enn
sylv
ania
Mas
sach
use
tts
Sou
th C
aro
lina
Was
hin
gto
nM
aryl
and
Ore
gon
Nev
ada
No
rth
Car
olin
aC
alif
orn
iaV
erm
on
tN
ew Y
ork
Del
awar
eW
yom
ing
Haw
aii
Co
nn
ecti
cut
Ala
ska
Sources: NCES, IPEDS Completions Survey; U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey (Public Use Microdata Samples)
Credentials Awarded (One Year and More) per 100,000 of Education and Related Expenditures - Public Research, 2008-09
(Weighted by Median Earnings of Graduates - by Degree-Level and STEM and Health) 3
.04
2
.69
2
.52
2
.49
2
.47
2
.46
2
.36
2
.30
2
.19
2
.19
2
.16
2
.10
2
.02
2
.00
1
.99
1
.98
1
.98
1
.96
1
.96
1
.94
1
.92
1
.92
1
.90
1
.87
1
.86
1
.82
1
.82
1
.80
1
.72
1
.71
1
.71
1
.67
1
.66
1
.62
1
.61
1
.61
1
.56
1
.56
1
.54
1
.49
1
.47
1
.46
1
.45
1
.41
1
.39
1
.39
1
.38
1
.37
1
.27
1
.24
0
.81
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5Fl
ori
da
Uta
hSo
uth
Dak
ota
Geo
rgia
Mis
sou
riM
on
tan
aA
rizo
na
New
Ham
psh
ire
New
Mex
ico
Vir
gin
iaN
ort
h D
ako
taC
olo
rad
oK
ansa
sW
est
Vir
gin
iaW
isco
nsi
nId
aho
Ore
gon
Mis
siss
ipp
iM
ich
igan
Oh
ioO
klah
om
aR
ho
de
Isla
nd
Mar
ylan
dM
ain
eIo
wa
Illin
ois
Ken
tuck
yU
nit
ed S
tate
sN
evad
aLo
uis
ian
aA
rkan
sas
Mas
sach
use
tts
Sou
th C
aro
lina
Ala
bam
aN
ort
h C
aro
lina
Ind
ian
aTe
xas
Ten
nes
see
Neb
rask
aW
yom
ing
Min
nes
ota
New
Yo
rkH
awai
iD
elaw
are
New
Jer
sey
Pen
nsy
lvan
iaW
ash
ingt
on
Cal
ifo
rnia
Co
nn
ecti
cut
Ver
mo
nt
Ala
ska
Sources: NCES, IPEDS Completions Survey; U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey (Public Use Microdata Samples)
Credentials Awarded (One Year and More) per 100,000 of Education and Related Expenditures - Public Bachelor’s and Masters, 2008-09
(Weighted by Median Earnings of Graduates - by Degree-Level and STEM and Health) 2
.89
2
.78
2
.76
2
.67
2
.67
2
.62
2
.48
2
.47
2
.45
2
.43
2
.43
2
.43
2
.42
2
.41
2
.34
2
.34
2
.34
2
.28
2
.22
2
.21
2
.19
2
.18
2
.17
2
.17
2
.16
2
.15
2
.13
2
.12
2
.11
2
.11
2
.09
1
.95
1
.91
1
.88
1
.87
1
.83
1
.82
1
.81
1
.76
1
.76
1
.64
1
.61
1
.39
1
.31
1
.27
1
.21
1
.21
1
.18
1
.04
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5K
ansa
sO
klah
om
aFl
ori
da
Was
hin
gto
nTe
xas
Ark
ansa
sN
ebra
ska
Pen
nsy
lvan
iaC
alif
orn
iaU
tah
Ala
bam
aR
ho
de
Isla
nd
Mis
sou
riM
ich
igan
Ten
nes
see
Ore
gon
Illin
ois
Wes
t V
irgi
nia
Iow
aN
ew J
erse
yG
eorg
iaIn
dia
na
New
Ham
psh
ire
Ken
tuck
yW
isco
nsi
nN
ort
h D
ako
taU
nit
ed S
tate
sId
aho
Vir
gin
iaM
inn
eso
taV
erm
on
tN
ew M
exic
oM
ain
eM
issi
ssip
pi
Mas
sach
use
tts
Sou
th C
aro
lina
Sou
th D
ako
taM
aryl
and
Lou
isia
na
No
rth
Car
olin
aM
on
tan
aN
ew Y
ork
Co
nn
ecti
cut
Co
lora
do
Nev
ada
Ala
ska
Oh
ioD
elaw
are
Haw
aii
Sources: NCES, IPEDS Completions Survey; U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey (Public Use Microdata Samples)
Credentials Awarded (One Year and More) per 100,000 of Education and Related Expenditures - Public Two-Year, 2008-09
(Weighted by Median Earnings of Graduates - by Degree-Level and STEM and Health) 3
.55
3
.03
2
.69
2
.51
2
.24
2
.23
2
.23
2
.13
2
.10
1
.96
1
.96
1
.92
1
.90
1
.88
1
.82
1
.80
1
.71
1
.68
1
.67
1
.62
1
.61
1
.60
1
.58
1
.58
1
.57
1
.57
1
.55
1
.53
1
.52
1
.49
1
.47
1
.46
1
.46
1
.45
1
.40
1
.38
1
.38
1
.35
1
.33
1
.30
1
.28
1
.25
1
.24
1
.22
1
.22
1
.19
1
.13
1
.11
0
.99
0
.97
0
.19
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4M
isso
uri
Wes
t V
irgi
nia
Sou
th D
ako
taN
ort
h D
ako
taM
ain
eFl
ori
da
Ver
mo
nt
Okl
aho
ma
Ind
ian
aM
on
tan
aA
rizo
na
Ken
tuck
yA
rkan
sas
Mis
siss
ipp
iIo
wa
New
Ham
psh
ire
Min
nes
ota
Uta
hG
eorg
iaO
hio
Co
lora
do
New
Jer
sey
Del
awar
eN
ebra
ska
Lou
isia
na
Was
hin
gto
nV
irgi
nia
Idah
oM
ich
igan
Ten
nes
see
Sou
th C
aro
lina
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Texa
sM
assa
chu
sett
sA
lab
ama
Pen
nsy
lvan
iaIll
ino
isN
ew M
exic
oK
ansa
sN
ort
h C
aro
lina
Rh
od
e Is
lan
dN
ew Y
ork
Nev
ada
Wyo
min
gH
awai
iW
isco
nsi
nM
aryl
and
Cal
ifo
rnia
Ore
gon
Co
nn
ecti
cut
Ala
ska
Sources: NCES, IPEDS Completions Survey; U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey (Public Use Microdata Samples)
What’s Missing?
1. Measures of quality
2. Measures of actual “costs” per degree – by program, degree-level, etc.
3. Additional desired outcomes – e.g. measures of performance associated with public service, engagement with business and employers, research/technology transfer, etc.
At the Institutional Level – Why Peers are so Important
Comparison to similar institutions
• Mission
• Size
• Program Mix
• Selectivity
• Etc.
Approaches to Achieving Greater Productivity
• Building Cost Effective Systems
• Change the Academic Production Function
• Reduce Leaks in the Pipeline
• Reduce Demand Each Student Places on the System
Building Cost-Effective Systems
• More Appropriate Mix of Institutions
• Create New Types of Providers
• Effective Collaboration Among Institutions
• Support Year-Round Operations
Changing the Academic Production Function
• Create Programs of Cost-Effective Size (Elimination in Some Cases, Collaboration in Others)
• Reengineer Curricula
• Reengineer Course Delivery
Reducing Leaks in the Pipeline • Preparation of Traditional and Non-Traditional Students
• Transfer and articulation
• Incentives for Degree Completion
• Curricula Alignment
• Financial Aid Incentives
• Early-Warning Systems
• Improve Consumer Information
Reducing Demands Each Student Places on the System
• Students Come to College More Prepared (Less Remediation)
• Accelerated Learning
• Minimize “Rework”
• Improve Rates of Course Completion
• Reduce Credit Hours to Degree
• Encourage Use of Assessment/“Test-Out” Options
• Learning in the Workplace/Credit for Experience
If you had the data, how might you measure productivity differently?
What measures and methods would you use?
