An Engine of Commerce? Play with your fancies, and in them behold Upon the hempen tackle ship- boys...

An Engine of Commerce?An Engine of Commerce?

Play with your fancies, and in Play with your fancies, and in them beholdthem behold

Upon the hempen tackle ship-Upon the hempen tackle ship-boys climbing;boys climbing;

Hear the shrill whistle which Hear the shrill whistle which doth order givedoth order give

To sounds confused; behold To sounds confused; behold the threaden sails,the threaden sails,

Borne with th’invisible and Borne with th’invisible and creeping wind,creeping wind,

Draw the huge bottoms Draw the huge bottoms through the furrowed sea,through the furrowed sea,

Breasting the lofty surge.Breasting the lofty surge.

Steam Technology and Global Steam Technology and Global Maritime Trade, 1860-1910: Maritime Trade, 1860-1910:

Studies in Success and FailureStudies in Success and Failure

British Shipping – Total Net TonnageBritish Shipping – Total Net Tonnage

SailSail SteamSteam

18351835 2,750,0002,750,000 - - -- - -

18501850 3,618,0003,618,000 275,000275,000

18701870 4,876,0004,876,000 1,819,0001,819,000

18901890 3,127,0003,127,000 8,240,0008,240,000

19101910 1,205,0001,205,000 17,264,00017,264,000

19211921 - - -- - - 19,320,00019,320,000

Steam Tonnage Entering/Clearing UK Steam Tonnage Entering/Clearing UK PortsPorts

18601860 20.1%20.1%

18701870 41.1%41.1%

18801880 63.4%63.4%

18901890 83.0%83.0%

19001900 91.7%91.7%

Increases in Steam Pressure (lbs/sq Increases in Steam Pressure (lbs/sq inch)inch)

18201820 55

18501850 2525

18701870 5050

18801880 100100

18901890 200200

19001900 250250

The North Atlantic Passenger The North Atlantic Passenger TradeTrade

Blue Riband of the Atlantic HoldersBlue Riband of the Atlantic Holders

YearYear ShipShip OwnerOwner Avg Avg SpeedSpeed

GrtGrt

18518500

EuropaEuropa CunardCunard 11.8 11.8 knotsknots

1,8001,800

18618600

PersiaPersia CunardCunard 13.1 13.1 knotsknots

3,3003,300

18718700

ScotiaScotia CunardCunard 14.5 14.5 knotsknots

3,9003,900

18818800

GermanicGermanic White White StarStar

15.4 15.4 knotsknots

5,0005,000

18918900

City of ParisCity of Paris InmanInman 20.1 20.1 knotsknots

10,70010,700

19019000

Kaiser Wilhelm der Kaiser Wilhelm der GrosseGrosse

N D N D LloydLloyd

22.3 22.3 knotsknots

14,30014,300

19119100

MauretaniaMauretania CunardCunard 26.1 26.1 knotsknots

32,00032,000

RMS RMS MauretaniaMauretania, 1907-, 1907-19351935

BuiltBuilt – 1907 – 1907On launchOn launch – largest moving man-made object – largest moving man-made object

(16,000 tons) yet built(16,000 tons) yet builtService tonnageService tonnage – 31,500 gross tons – 31,500 gross tonsDimensionsDimensions – 790 ft long x 88 ft wide – 790 ft long x 88 ft wideEnginesEngines – 4 x direct drive steam turbines – 4 x direct drive steam turbinesDaily coal consumptionDaily coal consumption – 1,320 tons – 1,320 tonsPassengers Passengers – 563 1– 563 1stst, 464 2, 464 2ndnd, 1,138 3, 1,138 3rdrd

Crew Crew – 816– 816Fastest crossingFastest crossing – 4 days, 17 ½ hours (27.2 knots) – 4 days, 17 ½ hours (27.2 knots)Total careerTotal career – 318 Atlantic voyages, 1.5 m nautical – 318 Atlantic voyages, 1.5 m nautical

milesmiles

Mauretania & LusitaniaMauretania & Lusitania

11stst liners to exceed 700 ft in length liners to exceed 700 ft in length

11stst liners to exceed 30,000 gross tons liners to exceed 30,000 gross tons

11stst liners to cross Atlantic in less than 5 liners to cross Atlantic in less than 5 daysdays

11stst liners to cross Atlantic at more than 25 liners to cross Atlantic at more than 25 & 26 knots& 26 knots

Mauretania – the last steam-driven liner Mauretania – the last steam-driven liner to hold the Blue Riband 1907-1929to hold the Blue Riband 1907-1929

Allan Line Losses, 1957-Allan Line Losses, 1957-18641864

DateDate ShipShip LocationLocation Lives Lives LostLost

1/6/18571/6/1857 Canadian (I)Canadian (I) QuebecQuebec 00

21/11/185921/11/1859 IndianIndian Cape RaceCape Race 2727

19/2/186019/2/1860 HungarianHungarian Cape SableCape Sable 237237

4/6/18614/6/1861 Canadian (II)Canadian (II) Belle IsleBelle Isle 3434

5/11/18615/11/1861 North BritonNorth Briton Mingan IslandMingan Island 00

27/4/186327/4/1863 Anglo-SaxonAnglo-Saxon Cape RaceCape Race 238238

14/6/186314/6/1863 NorwegianNorwegian St Paul’s IslandSt Paul’s Island 00

22/2/186422/2/1864 BohemianBohemian Portland, MePortland, Me 2020

Staggering Along with the State LineStaggering Along with the State Line

IncarnationIncarnation FloateFloatedd

Target CapitalTarget Capital Final CapitalFinal Capital DissolvedDissolved

11stst 18721872 £1m£1m -- 18721872

22ndnd 18721872 £600k£600k £400k£400k 18761876

33rdrd 18761876 £300k£300k £150k£150k 18911891

The Antipodes – A Tale of Gold & SheepThe Antipodes – A Tale of Gold & Sheep

Failure & Success in the Antipodes-UK Failure & Success in the Antipodes-UK TradeTrade

11stst steamsteam

FateFate

The FailuresThe Failures

Australian Royal Mail Steam Nav CoAustralian Royal Mail Steam Nav Co 18521852 Folded 1860Folded 1860

General Screw Steam Shipping CoGeneral Screw Steam Shipping Co 18531853 Folded 1862Folded 1862

Australasian Pacific Mail Steam Australasian Pacific Mail Steam Packet CoPacket Co

18541854 Folded 1855Folded 1855

European & Australian Royal Mail Co European & Australian Royal Mail Co LtdLtd

18551855 Folded 1858Folded 1858

The SurvivorsThe Survivors

Orient Steam Nav Co LtdOrient Steam Nav Co Ltd 18781878 Extant 1914Extant 1914

New Zealand Shipping Co LtdNew Zealand Shipping Co Ltd 18831883 Extant 1914Extant 1914

Shaw, Savill & Albion Co LtdShaw, Savill & Albion Co Ltd 18821882 Extant 1914Extant 1914

Aberdeen Line (Geo Thompson & Co)Aberdeen Line (Geo Thompson & Co) 18821882 Extant 1914Extant 1914

Cutty Sark – Freight Loaded, Cutty Sark – Freight Loaded, Sydney NSW for UK, 1885Sydney NSW for UK, 1885

WoolWool 4,454 bales4,454 bales

Cobalt OreCobalt Ore 2,342 packages2,342 packages

Nickel OreNickel Ore 1,345 bags1,345 bags

HornsHorns 29,77229,772

Shank BonesShank Bones 122 cwt122 cwt

HoofsHoofs 76 cwt76 cwt

Sheep SkinsSheep Skins 6 bales6 bales

PithPith 1 cwt1 cwt

Romance & Ruin in the China Tea TradeRomance & Ruin in the China Tea Trade

Glen Line, Ship Investment & Return, 1873-Glen Line, Ship Investment & Return, 1873-18811881

GlenfallochGlenfalloch GlenartneyGlenartney GlenearnGlenearn

CompletedCompleted 18731873 18731873 18731873

CostCost £49,900£49,900 £55,136£55,136 £55,324£55,324

VoyagesVoyages 1515 1515 1616

Total EarningsTotal Earnings £57,134£57,134 £71,575£71,575 £69,467£69,467

Per VoyagePer Voyage £3,809£3,809 £4,678£4,678 £4,341£4,341

Credit Credit BalanceBalance

£7,234£7,234 £16,379£16,379 £14,137£14,137

Breakeven Breakeven VoysVoys

1414 1212 1414

Freight Rates, Far East-UK Freight Rates, Far East-UK (shillings/ton)(shillings/ton)

18741874 18791879

ShanghaiShanghai

TeaTea 70-8070-80 3030

Waste SilkWaste Silk 75-8075-80 4040

BristlesBristles 9090 4545

Hong KongHong Kong

TeaTea 8080 6060

Waste SilkWaste Silk 9090 8080

JapanJapan

TeaTea 105105 6060

Waste SilkWaste Silk 108 ½108 ½ 5050

General General merchandisemerchandise

108 ½ 108 ½ 62 ½ 62 ½

Tonight’s QuizTonight’s Quiz

A 2,800 ton/compound-engined steamer A 2,800 ton/compound-engined steamer arrives at the entrance to a British port arrives at the entrance to a British port with a cargo of cotton from Galveston with a cargo of cotton from Galveston some time between 1897 and 1910 … some time between 1897 and 1910 …

Can You Guess….Can You Guess….

1. When she was built:1. When she was built:(A)(A) 1860s1860s(B)(B) 1870s1870s(C)(C) 1880s1880s(D)(D) 1890s1890s

2. Where she was 2. Where she was owned/managedowned/managed

(A)(A) Bilbao/LiverpoolBilbao/Liverpool(B)(B) Brisbane/LondonBrisbane/London(C)(C) Boston/LeedsBoston/Leeds(D)(D) Buenos Aires/LlanelliBuenos Aires/Llanelli

3. What she was called:3. What she was called:(A)(A)NileNile(B)(B)NagoyaNagoya(C)(C)NankingNanking(D)(D)NicetoNiceto

4. Where she was arriving:4. Where she was arriving:(A)(A)LondonLondon(B)(B)LiverpoolLiverpool(C)(C)ManchesterManchester(D)(D)GlasgowGlasgow

Coal Out – Grain HomeCoal Out – Grain Home

T Dunlop & Sons – Ship Acquisition T Dunlop & Sons – Ship Acquisition CostsCosts

VesselVessel BuiltBuilt Grt/NrtGrt/Nrt CostCost Cost/NrtCost/Nrt 6464thth ShareShare

Clan Clan BuchanaBuchanann

18871887 2,140/2,0722,140/2,072 £18,057£18,057 £8.71£8.71 £282.14£282.14

Queen Queen MargaretMargaret

18901890 2,678/1,7322,678/1,732 £35,421£35,421 £20.45£20.45 £553.45£553.45

Clan Clan GalbraithGalbraith

18941894 2,149/1,9832,149/1,983 £16,876£16,876 £8.51£8.51 £263.69£263.69

Queen Queen MaryMary

18971897 3,564/2,2623,564/2,262 £33,110£33,110 £14.64£14.64 £517.34£517.34

T Dunlop & Sons – Profitability, Sail vs SteamT Dunlop & Sons – Profitability, Sail vs Steam

Clan GalbraithClan Galbraith Queen OlgaQueen Olga

Bt 1894, 1,983 Bt 1894, 1,983 NrtNrt

Bt 1894, 2,146 Bt 1894, 2,146 NrtNrt

CostCost £16,876£16,876 £31,248£31,248

6464thth Share Share £263.13.9£263.13.9 £488.5.1£488.5.1

8 Voyages8 Voyages 10 years10 years 5 years5 years

Earnings/64Earnings/64thth £197.10.0£197.10.0 £385.7.2£385.7.2

ROC per annumROC per annum 7.5%7.5% 29.5%29.5%

Cardiff – Fixture List, 15 June 1904Cardiff – Fixture List, 15 June 1904

DestinationDestination ShipShip GrtGrt BuiltBuilt OwnerOwner

Hong KongHong Kong AlgomaAlgoma 2,9332,933 18851885 Eeles & Ruston, CardiffEeles & Ruston, Cardiff

SantosSantos MelbridgeMelbridge 2,8682,868 18911891 J Temperley & Co, LondonJ Temperley & Co, London

Buenos AiresBuenos Aires Llanthony Llanthony AbbeyAbbey

2,4252,425 18901890 Pyman, Watson & Co, Pyman, Watson & Co, NewportNewport

ConstantinoplConstantinoplee

TrevethoeTrevethoe 2,0972,097 18951895 E Hain & Son, St lvesE Hain & Son, St lves

TricomaleeTricomalee BrightonBrighton 3,4633,463 18981898 R Chapman & Son, R Chapman & Son, NewcastleNewcastle

Diego SuarezDiego Suarez CandleshoeCandleshoe 3,7993,799 18991899 Bennetts & Co, GrimsbyBennetts & Co, Grimsby

Sierra LeoneSierra Leone CairngowanCairngowan 1,1811,181 18831883 Cairns, Noble & Co, Cairns, Noble & Co, NewcastleNewcastle

Rio de JanieroRio de Janiero GlengoilGlengoil 2,9632,963 18821882 Lindsay, Gracie & Co, LeithLindsay, Gracie & Co, Leith

AdenAden Baron Baron InnerdaleInnerdale

3,3443,344 18961896 H Hogarth & Sons, H Hogarth & Sons, ArdrossanArdrossan

SS Iona – Chief Engineer’s Log, 1889-90 SS Iona – Chief Engineer’s Log, 1889-90 (1)(1)

StartStart EndEnd DaysDays Av SpeedAv Speed DistanceDistance

TeesTees BombayBombay 34.7934.79 7.557.55 6,6106,610

BombayBombay KarachiKarachi 2.292.29 517517

KarachiKarachi BristolBristol 34.5234.52 9.179.17 5,9645,964

BristolBristol CardiffCardiff 0.140.14 1818

Coal/dayCoal/day 9.75 tons9.75 tons % Ballast% Ballast 4.254.25

CardiffCardiff ColomboColombo 33.3333.33 8.078.07 6,4486,448

ColomboColombo CuddaloreCuddalore 2.452.45 648648

CuddaloreCuddalore MarseillesMarseilles 29.7729.77 9.429.42 5,7215,721

MarseillesMarseilles CarthagenCarthagenaa

2.082.08 377377

CarthagenCarthagenaa

TeesTees 9.209.20 1,8451,845


SS Iona – Chief Engineer’s Log, 1889-90 SS Iona – Chief Engineer’s Log, 1889-90 (2)(2)

StartStart EndEnd DaysDays Av SpeedAv Speed DistanceDistance

TeesTees TyneTyne 0.160.16 1616

TyneTyne SavonaSavona 11.7511.75 8.728.72 2,3652,365

SavonaSavona SerphoSerpho 3.893.89 860860

SerphoSerpho RotterdamRotterdam 13.5813.58 10.2710.27 2,9402,940

RotterdamRotterdam CardiffCardiff 2.312.31 692692


CardiffCardiff LivornoLivorno 10.0610.06 7.617.61 1,8901,890

LivornoLivorno IbrailIbrail 7.227.22 1,4581,458

IbrailIbrail RotterdamRotterdam 20.4720.47 9.049.04 3,6893,689

RotterdamRotterdam CardiffCardiff 2.682.68 692692


UK Grain Imports (million tons)UK Grain Imports (million tons)

OriginOrigin 18601860 18701870 18801880 18901890 19001900

BalticBaltic 0.510.51 0.930.93 0.890.89 0.120.12 0.810.81

W W EuropeEurope

0.770.77 0.400.40 0.350.35 0.180.18 0.750.75

Black Black SeaSea

0.540.54 1.071.07 0.450.45 1.481.48 0.460.46

Medi’terMedi’ternn

0.020.02 0.080.08 0.060.06 0.120.12 0.070.07

N N AmericaAmerica

0.600.60 0.950.95 3.803.80 2.372.37 5.005.00

Aus/IndiaAus/India 0.390.39 0.610.61 0.200.20

S S AmericaAmerica

0.030.03 0.080.08 0.150.15 0.940.94

PacificPacific 0.350.35 0.600.60 0.530.53

TotalTotal 2.44/2.82.44/2.811

3,40/3.73,40/3.711

6.37/6.76.37/6.711

5.63/7.75.63/7.788

8.26/9.48.26/9.488

Tramp Steamers – Size & Carrying Tramp Steamers – Size & Carrying CapacityCapacity

NameName BuiltBuilt NrtNrt GrtGrt RatioRatio DwtDwt RatioRatio

NetoNeto 18821882 1,0731,073 1,6961,696 1.581.58 2,2802,280 2.122.12

SamaraSamara 18891889 1,0531,053 1,6231,623 1.541.54 2,5852,585 2.452.45

PersisPersis 18901890 1,2031,203 1,8501,850 1.541.54 3,0043,004 2.502.50

TurretTurret 18921892 1,2651,265 1,9701,970 1.561.56 3,2003,200 2.532.53

ChelstoChelstonn

19041904 2,3892,389 3,6873,687 1.541.54 6,4806,480 2.742.74

Bulk Freight Rates Bulk Freight Rates (shillings/ton)(shillings/ton)

TradeTrade RouteRoute YearYear MinMin MaxMax

CoalCoal S Wales/GenoaS Wales/Genoa 19001900 8/-8/- 12/312/3

19051905 5/-5/- 8/-8/-

19101910 5/15/1 8/38/3

CoalCoal S Wales/P SaidS Wales/P Said 19001900 10/-10/- 14/314/3

19051905 4/84/8 8/18/1

19101910 4/94/9 8/38/3

GrainGrain USA/UKUSA/UK 19001900 15/615/6 24/-24/-

19051905 8/68/6 12/112/1

19101910 7/97/9 13/613/6

GrainGrain River Plate/UKRiver Plate/UK 19001900 17/-17/- 29/629/6

19051905 11/111/1 20/-20/-

19101910 6/96/9 14/914/9

Freight Rates & Building Freight Rates & Building CostsCosts

PeakPeak TroughTrough AverageAverage SpreadSpread

Freight, Freight, 1883-1883-19131913

HomewardHomeward 125125 5858 91.591.5 7777

OutwardOutward 119119 5050 84.584.5 6969

Cost, Cost, 1898-1898-19131913

7,500 dwt7,500 dwt £60k£60k £36k£36k £46k£46k £24k£24k

Tonight’s Quiz AnswersTonight’s Quiz Answers

1. 1. (C)(C) Built 1884 Built 18842. 2. (A)(A) Owned in Bilbao/Managed in Liverpool Owned in Bilbao/Managed in Liverpool3. 3. (D)(D) Named Niceto Named Niceto4. 4. (C)(C) Entering the Manchester Ship Canal Entering the Manchester Ship Canal

Closing Closing ThoughtsThoughts

Romantic but Wrong; Repulsive but Romantic but Wrong; Repulsive but RightRight

As o’er the moon, fast fly the amber veils,As o’er the moon, fast fly the amber veils,For one dear hour let’s fling the knots behind,For one dear hour let’s fling the knots behind,And hear again, thro’ cordage and thro’ sails,And hear again, thro’ cordage and thro’ sails,The vigour of the voices of the wind.The vigour of the voices of the wind.

They’re gone, the Clyde-built darlings, like a dream,They’re gone, the Clyde-built darlings, like a dream,Regrets are vain, and sighs shall not avail,Regrets are vain, and sighs shall not avail,Yet, mid the clatter and the rush of steam,Yet, mid the clatter and the rush of steam,How strangely memory veers again to sail!How strangely memory veers again to sail!

An Engine of Commerce? Play with your fancies, and in them behold Upon the hempen tackle ship- boys...

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Transcript of An Engine of Commerce? Play with your fancies, and in them behold Upon the hempen tackle ship- boys...