AN EDUCATIONAL PUBLICATION OF THE HAWAIIAN …

AN EDUCATIONAL PUBLICATION OF THE HAWAIIAN MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY

VOL. XXVI NO.8 AUGUST, 1978 NEW SERIES NO. 224

THE MITER THAT LOOKS LIKE A VOLUTE Look at AnimalAs Well as Shell,Cautions Burgess

by C. M. BURGESS, M.D.

Study of speciation on the basis of conchologi-cal considerations alone - that is, looking at anempty shell and drawing conclusions - has gone

about as far as it should. In many instances, infact, we have travelled farther than is wise.

Ifit is to be scientifically sound, future progressmust be via observation of the living animal andcritical study of anatomy.

Holding these views, I read with considerableinterest and pleasure about three quarters of Dr. J.Manson Valentine's discussion of "Speciation asa Sexual. Phenomenon" (HSN June 1978). In it hemade several important points, one being theimportance of animal anatomy and the genes inspecies determination. I thought he felt as I dothat animal characters are more important in thatrespect than the shell itself, which we know variestremendously in different areas of the world andeven on the same reef..

Although we have recorded a great deal aboutthese shell differences, there has been relativelylittle study of the animals of the variations within aspecies. Significant differences in the living ani-mal have not been recorded, even when observedunder magnification. Collectors with aquariumshave a golden opportunity to contribute much-needed information.

Then Valentine let me down with a thump.First, he arbitrarily (and apparently without mak-ing actual animal studies) stated that, becauseCypraea annae Roberts and C. semiplota Mighelsdiffer in appearance, they should be regarded asseparate species. More than ten years ago Dr. E.Alison Kay, Professor of Zoology at the Univer-sity of Hawaii, did complete animal dissectionsand studies of these "two species" and foundthem to be identical. Her study included mantle,papillae, antennae, genitalia, and radula.

Dr. Kay's research confirmed what was appar-ent from a study of the shells alone. My owncollection includes seventy to 100 specimens ofsemiplota and annae with length-to-width ratiosranging from 2+: 1 to 1: lor less. If they are linedup, no two adjacent specimens can possibly bedifferentiated from conchological characters. In

(Cont'd on 1)

by LEN ffiLL

Only in the past yearhave a few specimens ofthe rare "Mitra" (Pleiop-tygma) helenae Radwin &Bibbey, 1972 becomeavailable for the privatecollector. It has even be-come a popular "Shell ofthe Show" at several re-cent gatherings. So itshould be of special inter-est to volute and miterfanciers alike to learn thatit is not yet knownwhether the species is re-ally a miter or a volute.

Not until 1971 were thefirst specimens of helenaetaken in lobster pots byCapt. Jack Casey off CaySal Bank, between theFlorida Keys and Cuba.All shells were crabbed,but in relatively freshcondition. . Fortunatelythe protoconch on oneshell was intact, whichaided in placing helenaein the subgenus Pleiop-

tygma.This was the first Re- -- .cent species in a subgenus Mitra helenae

previously represented entirely by fossils andtherefore believed to be an extinct line.

Members of Pleioptygma share characteristicsthat belong to volutes and others that are sharedby miters. Researchers have placedPleioptygma inboth families, not agreeing which is correct. Sev-eral fossil species are known from Miocene andPliocene deposits in the Southeastern U.S.(M. (P.) carolinensis Conrad (syn. heilprini Coss-mann) is most familiar to collectors and bears theclosest resemblance to helenae.

Two specimens of "Mitra" (P.) helenae Radwin& Bibbey are figured. Both shells were crabbed,having been taken in lobster traps in twentyfathoms off Honduras.

It is a beautiful species with brown flammula-tions on a white porcelaneous shell. It also bears

OR VICE VERSA

-p/foto: Hill

widely spaced rows of brown and white dots anddashes. The holotype is deposited at the Depart-ment of Marine Invertebrates at the San DiegoMuseum of Natural History.

One can readily appreciate the problems in-volved in placing the species in the proper familywhen the shell characters are examined.

Most obvious is the shell form, which suggestsa volute until the upper whorls are examined,revealing that the apex is not bulbous or mam-millate like that of a volute, but elongate andrather acuminate like a miter. The narrow aper-ture is also characteristic of miters.

The size of the shell - one specimen is 95mmand the other IIOmm - is unusual for miters as

most species are less than 35mm. There are many(Cont'd on Page 5)

HAWAIIAN SHELL NEWS August, 1978

Some of the dives have been very deep, down to260 feet. Others have been around World War IIwrecks in 150 to 200 feet.

On one deep dive, Larry's partner (not Helen,unfortunately) found a live gem Conus gloriamarison a hard silt bottom. Others that Goldberg hasfound alive included Conus mollucensis, C. circum-sisus, C. dialectus, C. mucronatus, Cypraea rabau-lensis andC. becki. Most of the latter were found atnight in 150 feet or more of water.

~ a«taiiale S Ieea 1teett6

Shell Standards

"The word malacological derives from Greekmalakos, meaning soft. It signifies study of thesoft parts of molluscs - in other words, the ani-

mal," says a comment by Bruce Wells."Dr. Burgess' fine talk with slides on the genus

Cypraea at the July HMS meeting amply broughtthis out. If we consider solely the molluscan shellitself we end up with hundreds of 'species' thatsimply are not valid. It is the anim~l that deter-mines a species. Nevertheless, the animal is notavailable in many cases, and anyhow only theshell survives when a mollusc is permanently re-moved from its natural environment, or dieswithin it.

"For this and other reasons, I heartily endorseWes Thorsson's opinions (HSN June 1978) aboutthe quest for perfection. As a malac010gical so-ciety we should not put ourselves in the role of

jewelers."I, for one, love marine molluscs for the intrin-

sic beauty of shell form, sculpture, color and pat-tern as displays of the infinite glory and harmonyof nature's creations. But, as Wes pointed out, theimportant question in grading shells is whethertheir characteristics permit them to be of scientificvalue.

"Growth marks, chipped lips, and mended dor-sums are normal in the life of the animal. These'defects,' therefore, should not detract from thescientific value of a shell."

Frank Abbottsmith

The- well-known Australian collector and au-thority on volutes, Frank Abbottsmith, died in hissleep on June 18, says a message from Bill Broughat Balga, Western Australia. He had been suffer-ing from a uncommon form of stomach cancer forseveral years, and in recent months had beenworking to dispose of his unique collection (seeHSN April 1978).

Hawaii's Kapuku Plan

After several years of discussion and more thansix months of actual preparation, the State of Ha-waii has proclaimed a "fisheries managementarea" along the shore between Waikiki beach andthe Diamond Head lighthouse, in Honolulu. Theeffect is to prohibit shell collecting (as well ascertain other activities) within about 500 yards ofthe shoreline (see HSN Jan. 1978).

The step does NOT involve a general ban onshelling in Hawaii. The area closed is about a milelong. The avowed purpose is to test the efficacy ofa much-discussed kapuku (Hawaiian: "restora-tion") system for protecting marine life against

over-exploitation.The primary objective is to restore the fish to an

inshore area that formerly was well stocked butwhich possibly has been over-fished in recentyears. The protection of molluscs, coral, crusta-ceans, and other marine life is incidental to theneed to give the fish every chance.

Under the Kapuku Plan, the area will be closedto fishing until July 1980. This will be followed bytwo years of open fishing. Thereafter open andclosed periods will alternate every two years.

HMS members were consulted by officials ofthe Hawaii Bureau of Land and Natural Re-sources in its consideration of the plan, and gener-ally supported the test, but the Society did nottake a position on the matter.

The Incognito Cone

Following up Bruce Wells' report on the Incog-nito Cone (HSN July 1978) he found in a fossil reefat Kaneohe, Honolulu, Dr. Alan Kohn at theUniversity of Washington reports that he and hisstudents have taken morphometric data on four-teen specimens.

"Only two of these, however, were suitable fordetermining all seven shell geometry paramet-ers," Kohn wrote. "Four others were suitable formeasuring all but one parameter and six othersfor measuring all but two parameters - but one of

the latter was an important one, W, the rate ofwhorl expansion.

"We have also measured some of the fossilConus ebraeus we collected (during Kohn's recentvisit to Hawaii), but do not have enough RecentC.ebraeus and C. chaldaeus with excellently pre-served spires."

To assist the study, Wells has asked Honolulumembers for the loan of good specimens of C.ebraeus and C. chaldaeus.

Further Adventures of LarryLawrence and Helen Goldberg - en route back

to the United States after two years in New Zea-land - continue to enjoy diving in the waters

around Papua New Guinea, according to wordreaching Honolulu friends. Although she is rela-tively new to scuba, Helen has become a fine

diving partner, Larry reports.

Kaopuiki- Kwiatkowski

The marriage of HMS Vice President PhilKwiatkowski and Libby Kaopuiki was celebratedin Honolulu on July 22. Both the bride and groomare members of the Honolulu police force. Theywill make their home in Kaneohe, a suburb ofHonolulu.

HMS JULY MEETING

ISSN 0017-8624Editor Emeritus ' E. R. CROSSEditor STUART LILLICOAssociate Editors. ELMER LEEHMAN, OLIVE

SCHOENBERG, GEORGE CAMPBELLScience Advisor ... E. ALISON KAYScience Consultant W. O. CERNOHORSKYEditorial Staff Lyman Higa, Scott Johnson,

Chris Takahashi, Cliff WeaverCorresponding Editors:

K. J. Gilchrist, M.D., Fr. AI Lopez S.J.,Rick Luther, William E. Old Jr.,

Peter van Pel, Thora Whitehead

HAWAIIAN MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY(Founded in 1941)

P. O. Box 10391 Honolulu, Hawaii 96816President GEORGE COOKVice President PHIL KWIATKOWSKITreasurer WES THORSSONRecording Sec'y KAREN ROTHERCorresponding Sec'y ... OLIVE SCHOENBERG

DirectorsANDY ADAMS STUART LILLICODAVID ARNETTE JOHN MAPESANDERSON BUTLER RAY McKINSEYGEORGE CAMPBELL INKY SHIELDSE. R. CROSS DICK VAN HORNED DUNHAMThe Society meets the first Wednesday ofeach month at the Hawaii National Guardheadquarters, Diamond Head Road & 22ndAvenue, Honolulu at 7:30 p.m.

VISITORS WELCOME!Hawaiian Shell News is issued free to

members of the Society. Postage rates havebeen computed and added to membershipdues. Single copies of any issue, $1.00, post-age included. Individual copies of any issuemay be obtained, free of charge, by qualifiedindividuals for bona fide research projects.

Members outside the United States areasked to pay with a draft from their localbank on its U.S. account. (Be sure yourname and address are on the draft!)

HMS DUES FOR 1978U.S. addresses, including Hawaii,

Alaska, Guam, American Samoa,APO, FPO and all others usingU.S. Zip Codes $12.00

First Class delivery to the above,plus Canada and Mexico $15.00

Non-U.S. addressesAs "printed matter" $13.50As "letter mail" (recommended) $16.00Airmail delivery $20.00Articles of interest to shell collectors are

solicited. Contents are not copyrighted. Re-publication, with credit to HSN, is invited.

Advertisements are accepted at the rateof US$15 per column-inch/issue, payable inadvance. Discounts are offered for six andtwelve insertions. Write to the CorrespondingSecretarY for information.

"Mr. Cowry," HMS veteran member C. M.

(Pat) Burgess, was the featured speaker at the July

meeting of the Society in the Hawaii National

Guard headquarters building. Attendance totaled

about 100.

Using a series of slides showing living speci-

mens of the Cypraeidae, Burgess stressed the"

importance of carefully noting differences in man-

tle, antenna and papillae. In many instances such

characteristics confirm or refute beliefs that two

shells represent different species, he said.

The study of shells is shifting from the earlier

preoccupation with shape, color and size to a de-

tailed study of the animal, and this means that the

traditional lists of genera, species and subspecies

face some radical changes, Burgess concluded.

August, 1978 HAWAIIAN SHELL NEWS

Consider Cypraea caputserpentisby ROBERT H. FANIEL

HAS TIME COMETO REFORM ICZNRULES ON NAMES?

Ask any ten shell collectors, "What is theI.C.Z.N. ?" and you are likely to get nine blankstares in reply. And yet the International Commis-sion on Zoological Nomenclature is a vital forcein the field of malacology. It deserves to be betterunderstood.

As John Tucker pointed out in his recent seriesof articles (see HSN Jan., Feb. and March 1978),the matter of assigning a name to a shell (or to anyother natural object) is tricky business. If chaos isto be avoided, rules must be established and fol-lowed. It was to write such rules that the ICZNwas formed nearly a century ago.

There is dissatisfaction today with the way theICZN rules are operating. HSN Associate EditorElmer Leehman expresses some of the feeling inthe article that follows. HMS members who havehad experience with the ICZN system, or whohave suggestions regarding changes in the rules,are invited to comment.

S.L.

by ELMER LEEHMAN

The International Commission on ZoologicalNomenclature (ICZN) holds no mysteries for theprofessional and scientific malacologists. It rep-resents a sort of grandfather figure to whomunanswerable questions can be submitted, andwhose wisdom is above argument.

But the average collector of shells is less wellinformed. Who are the members of the ICZN?How were they chosen? How often'do they meet?Who fixes their agenda? Who pays the bills?

length to maximum breadth runs between 1.437and 1.625. Teeth are coarse, number eleven tosixteen, and are white. Spaces between the teethare slightly cream.

The shells in this second group are definitelynot juvenile. They are heavy and do not show anytrace of a dark central band (see Allan). They havebeen collected during the same periods on thesame outer reefs.

The shells in the second group definitely are not

caputdraconis, englerti, caputanguis, argentata,caputophidi, and so on.

"The chief variation in form (within C. caput-serpentis) is in the amount of callus on the marginsand in the coloration of the base and teeth,"Burgess wrote. This is exactly what I have found.

But when these variations are accompanied by a

variation in shape, does that riot warrant specialconsideration?

The considerable variation within the specieshas not escaped Burgess. He confirms this charac-teristic-when he writes: "C. caputserpentis variesconsiderably from one area of the vast Indo-Pacific to another." And Allan wrote: "Thespecies on the whole shows tremendous varia-tion."

By studying these variations and sorting themstatistically, I have come to the conclusion thattwo subspecies exist within C. caputserpentis -

the marginated one with a length/breadth ratio of1.3 to 1.36, and a nonmarginated type with a ratioof 1.43 or more.

I would welcome the opinions of experts.

These and many other questions are difficult toanswer. Transcripts of the proceedirtgs of theICZN are slow to appear and are not widely dis-tributed. Whenavailable, they seem to deal exclu-sively with matters far removed from the concernsof the average collector.

illogical practice in some areas of retaining a typespecimen (holotype) in a private collection. Ap-proved museums should be mandatory as de-positories, where type specimens can be retainedfor future reference.

cologists on the ICZN.

It is 'my personal conviction that the ICZNrules should be tightened to the point where onlyproperly qualified experts can propose newnames. This control perhaps could be reachedthrough a prepublication review of proposed de-scriptions, with power of rejection.

Must it be that way?

.During the past few years there has been a greatdeal of discussion among shell people concerninga flood of "new" species names. There is wide-spread belief that many of these species are, infact, not new. Rather, they are mere sources ofconfusion - and possibly personal prestige. Isn't

this the very situation that the I CZN is intended toavoid? Why doesn't that body do something about

Greater consistency in the application of exist-ing ICZN rules is needed among various coun-tries. Standards of scholarship range widely fromone side of an ocean to another. Even as basic anattitude as whether a color variation of a shellconstitutes a new species is subject to different

interpretations.

Proposals such as the foregoing involve a greatdeal of effort and difficulty to everyone. I fear,however, that unless stricter rules are promul-gated and enforced -.:.- and soon - the ICZNcannot long survive as an effective force inmalacology. The present regime is too vague, andthe rules too easily circumvented, bringing newconfusion to a field that the Commission was orig-inally set up to rationalize.

My own reaction is that the ICZN has become a"toothless tiger" in this respect. Species namingis becoming a joke - and a scandal!

There is little doubt in my mind that the ICZNrules need revision and strengthening. Perhapsthe nature of the Commission itself should be re-vised. As one dealer friend commented recently,there are too many lawyers and not enough mala-

Something, certainly, must be done soon tocheck the flood of names being put forward fordubious species by poorly qualified authors.

I believe the ICZN should issue a list ofpublications qualified to publish descriptions ofnew species. The critical test of such a publicationshould be the competency of its editorial staff.Does a real scientist make the decision on whatmaterial is to be carried? How thoroughly is itreviewed before acceptance? Club journals (suchas HSN) should not be allowed to put forward new

species names.

Another change I favor is banning the present

BRUSSELS-To the aesthete, the concholog-ical characteristics of a shell are more importantthan the malacological, That is the basis for myinterest in Cypraea caputserpentis Linne, 1758,

The "snakehead" cowry really is ajewel ("Oneof the most beautiful of all cowries," writes C. M.Burgess in The Living Cowries). Fortunately, it isalso one of the most common.

I have some 300 specimens ofC. caputserpentisin my collection from the Pacific alone. Roughly100 are from the Lau group, Viti Levu, and VanuaLevu in Fiji, plus Samoa and Tonga, and the other200 are from Indonesia, mainly Bali.

My specimens have been sorted into two groupswhich seem to be quite different. The first in-

cludes shells that are'. very marginated. In some,the dorsum is the same dark chocolate brown as

the plain color of the sides. In others, the dorsumis much lighter. (This is particularly true of theBali shells.)

The shells in this group are slightly oval. Theratio of maximum length to maximum breadth isbetween 1.30 and 1.36. This gr<;>up contains shellsdescribed by Burgess and Joyce Allan (in CowryShells of the World) as typical.

The caputserpentis in the second group are notmarginated. The base is convex. The checkeredpattern of the dorsum goes down the sides nearlyto the light chocolate of the base. The plain darksides noticed in the first group are here practicallynonexistent.

The shape of the shells is very different also,being much more ovoid. The ratio of maximum


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by WES TI

Shell clubs, like families, experience crises intheir lives. Everyone secretly wonders whetherthis time we can survive, or whether the solution isworth the effort and nervous energy required toreach it.

In the case of HMS, the Crisis of 1978 arosefrom the necessity for moving office and meetingsfrom the comfortable shelter of the First UnitedMethodist Church in Honolulu, about to begin along-planned reconstruction. Where should wego? Where could we go? (Combination meeting-office space is hard to find!) How much rent couldwe afford? Organizationally, was it all worthwhile?

I am happy to report that the Society's officerswere able to overcome practically all the crisesand that everyone - well, almost everyone - is

settled in new premises. In pulling it off, wedemonstrated again that HMS is made up of prettyfine people. The move was a triumph of to-

getherness.The transfer can be said to have started in

mid-I977, when the church informed us our leasecould not be renewed. Then president Andy But-ler asked HMS members for suggestions on newsites. The Waikiki Aquarium was an obvious earlyfavorite - it had been the Society's home duringthe 1960s - but the uncertainties of weather andnoise (from a tank full of Hawaiian monk seals!)and the lack of office space, were against it.

The prestigeous Bishop Museum was another.George and Bunnie Cook, Butler, Phil Kwia!-kowski and Wes Thorsson found officials verycooperative. Alas, the only room available forregular meetings was too small.

Andy Butler and George Cook visited severalother possible sites in the final weeks of 1977. Allpresented difficulties - expense, lack of parking

or insufficient space, in particular. The require-ment of meeting space and office in the same areawas a hard one to meet. By the end of February,with the lease expiration date only two monthsaway, we had to agree to settle for a separateoffice.

The weary inspection group then revisited theheadquarters of the Hawaii National Guard, onthe slopes of Diamond Head. Earlier, we hadpassed it by because there was no office. Thistime, we quickly reached an agreement with theadjutant to use the "big classroom" -about fortyfeet by sixty - for the coming year.

The rent? Three dollars a month!

The Society successfully held a trial meeting inthe new location in May. Some deficiencies werenoted (acoustics are tricky, for one thing), but themove was judged to be a success.

Meanwhile, the Cooks had found two possibleoffices that met our criteria of an acceptableneighborhood and an affordable price. After onemore round of inspections, weary Board members

IORSSON

selected the site at 2712 Waialae Avenue, near theUniversity of Hawaii. A two-year lease was

signed.Parking isn't always immediately available at

the office door (actually, the Methodists hadspoiled us in this regard!), but the interior space ismore than adequate for office equipment, files,work table, storage of our shell show cabinets andother material. The air conditioning is under ourcontrol.

Before we could move in, the office neededcoats of paint and floor wax. George and Bunnie

Cook, Andy Adams, Herb Hirata and Stu Lillicogave up a Saturday shelling tide to do the job.Later, Andy and Herb devoted a second Saturdayto doing the hallway, and Rose Killam (visitingHonolulu from Vancouver) scrubbed and waxedfloors.

Bunnie, Marilyn Arnette, Rose Killam andInkie Shields had spent days on end sorting filesand "junk" in the old office, boxing it all andlabelling it. M-Day dawned. Both Cooks, Ray

McKinsey, Thorsson, Adams, Lillico, ElmerLeehman and Kwiatkowski spent the morningtrucking everything across town, piling it in thecenter of the new office and covering it with atarpaulin, awaiting a long-needed fumigation todiscourage Hawaii's voracious termites.

Some new lighting fiXtures were installed,thanks to George Cook who had secured "sur-plus" equipment from Honolulu businesses.

In the days since then, Marilyn has reorganizedthe library. Books are available whenever the of-fice is open or, on request, can be brought to HMSmeetings. Bunnie has resumed the never-endingjob of putting the HSN back-issue file into order,and filling mail orders.

Miraculously, despite all the confusion inevita-ble in such a move, the Society's office work wenton almost without pause. The May and June is-sues ofHSN were edited, put together and mailed,new memberships were processed, letters wereanswered, and the accounts balanced.

German Club MeetingDARMSTADT - Club Conchilia, the Ger-

man Shell Club, will hold its annual meeting onSept. 30 and Oct. 1, 1978. A gem specimen ofConus gloriamaris will be given to some luckymember present.

Details of the program and information on theclub are available from the club president, Dr.Dieter Rockel, Am Steinern Kreuz 40, Darmstadt6100, West Germany.

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and other anatomical parts. Until a live specimenis collected and the animal studied the species(and subgenus) will remain in a taxonomic limbo.

This is certainly not the first time such confu-sion has occurred between volutes and miters.Mitra (Dibaphimitra) florida Gould is a Florida-Caribbean species that even more closely resem-bles a volute than helenae does. It bears a largepapillary protoconch which is not typical of mostmiters. In 1856 Gould described the species froma dead shell and called it Mitra (Scaphella)florida.In January. 1942 Ted Bayer figured the mitridradula of M. florida in The Nautilus. A live speci-men had finally been taken and after nearly 100years the species could be placed in the Mitridaewith some confidence.

* * *

HSN Science Consultant Walter O. Cerno-horsky. who reviewed Hill's article, added thecomment: "In Part II of 'Mitridae of the World,'which is being written at the moment, the genusPleioptygma has been tentatively listed in the Fam-ily Mitridae, pending an examination of the radu-lar anatomy."

THE MITER(Cont'd from Page 1)

volutes in the size range ofhelenae. And the thick-ened outer lip of a mature specimen suggests avolute rather than a miter, which often have thinouter lips.

I t is important to note that the columella on bothvolutes and miters is plicate or bears "teeth." Butin miters the largest plication is the most posteriorone (nearest the apex). And this is the case inhelenae. However, the opposite rule doesn't applyto all volutes, many species of which bear thelargest plication at the posterior end.

In his 1970 monograph, "Systematics of theFamilies Mitridae and Volutimitridae"- (beforehelenae was discovered) HSN Science ConsultantWalter O. Cemohorsky stated the opinion that"there is no similar species of Tertiary or RecentMitridae which even superficially resemblesPleioptygma. Features of large size, inflated andlight shell, large columellar callus, absence of asiphonal notch and thin irregular, often intercalatecolumellar folds, are all consistent with the Vo-lutidae. An assignment to the subfamily Scaphel-linaemight be appropriate."

No matter how many characteristics of the shellmay be attributed to either family, they are alllargely dubious until a study is made of the radula

RECENT FINDS

* * *

Roger Schmeltz has found a second jumbospecimen of Terebra thaanumi Pilsbry on MidwayAtoll, he reports. The first showed up about a yearago. Identification of the second was difficult be-cause of its unusually light color, he adds. Thefirst shell measured 95.4mm (see HSN June 78)and the second was "almost 90mm." TheStandard Catalog lists the record size as 6O.6mm.

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Extremely beautiful and rare gems of at leastaverage size for sale. For example. Cypraea valen-tia, C. guttata, C. aurantium, Conus gloriamaris, C.ichinoseana, C. kintoki and that new and mostinteresting cone temporarily called "Crocatus-lamberti" (HSN April 1978). More common spe-cies, too long to list here, for exchange. OtmarSalzman, Graben 10, 4221 Steyregg, Austria.

For sale or exchange - Voluta arausiaca, cym-biola, hargreavesi, kurodai, loroisi, Conus sp.("pramparti"), Lima dalli, plus other species,common to rare. Please write for list or send yourwants, and detail any exchanges you have to offerto Noel Coleman, 17 Petter St.; Glen Waverley,Vic. 3150 Australia.

Use HSN Personal Ads. Three dollars per 25words, plus name and address. Dealers please usedisplay ads.

We need all kinds of shells, from craft mate-rial to specimens. State price and quantity. Incase of specimens, please clarify size and grade.Weare source of rare Japanese shells, crafts andshell materials of all kinds.

The Fujisawa Trading Co.P. O. Box 5, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan..J

by LYMAN mGA

A letter from HMS member Jim Cordy of Mer-ritt Island, FL reports that he recently collected aConus granulatus Linne, 1758 while diving on theisland of Martinique in the West Indies. It wascrabbed, but in fine condition and with excellentcolor, he says. It measured 51 by 21mm. Conusgranulatus, a distinctly rare shell, has a knownrange from Florida through the West Indies.

Cordy added that he was looking for the rareMurex phyllopterus, but failed to find even a tracein five days of diving.

* * *

Out on Kwajalein, inMicronesia, HMSmember Ron Hansenrecently asked D.J.MacDonald to identifya shell he had found fouryears ago. It turned outto be a Murex laqueatusSowerby, 1841. Hansencouldn't remember thecircumstances of thefind except that it was inthe Kwajalein lagoon. -MacDonald believes itrepresents a range extension. My books report itonly from Guam.


OBSERVATIONS. the Nudibranchs

One of the four major groups of nudibranchscontains the tridonid nudibranchs, of which onlyone or two species occur in Hawaii, one beingTritonia hawaiensis.

This animal is unmistakable, once you see it.Generally, it is about 5 centimeters in length, witha bright green anterior end on its basicallygreenish body. In addition, there are two rows ofprotuberances along the dorsum that are finelybranched and tinged purple.

Most of the time, these animals live in water lessthan two meters in depth. So far, I have foundthem in quantity only just off a small rocky beachseveral hundred yards to the left of Waimea Bayon Oahu's North Shore. They live under therounded boulders found in shallow water therewhere the surf is frequently large.

T. hawaiensis eats the blue octocoral Antheliaedmondsoni, which looks like clusters of small blueflowers growing out of the substrate. The nudi-branch comes out of hiding at night to graze.

Since Anthelia is fairly common around the is-land, it is surprising that the nudibranch is notfound more commonly in places such as Makua,where the habitat is similar to that near Waimea.

Scott Johnson

The Other Shell ClubsFORT LAUDERDALE - The Broward annual shell show, Feb. 2, 3 and 4,1979 (Friday,

Shell Club will be presenting many events for its Saturday, and Sunday). Ours is just about the1978-1979 year. As the club becomes more widely largest of the Florida shell shows. It always drawsknown these events take on the added importance a huge crowd.of conveying to everyone just how alive and active Exhibitors come from all parts of Florida, andwe really are. as far away "its North Carolina, Los Angeles and

Two single-day ba- even France. Although entries are not yet beingzaars will be held in- accepted, potential exhibitors should feel free tostead of the two-day drop us a line.event of the past. This is All of the Broward Shell Club events will takethe time when club place at one convenient address: Pompano Beachmembers get together to Recreation Center, 1801 N.E. 6th Street, Pom-buy, sell and trade pano Beach, Florida. If you are in the area duringshells and related items, one of these times we invite you to drop in.as well as plants, an- By the way. . . our club also has field trips justtiques, white elephants about every month, dinners, and community proj-- whatever. Everyone ects, as well as just plain shelling camaraderie.

is invited and there is no We're a friendly group. Stop by sometime and findadmission charge. The out for yourself.dates will be Saturday, The club address is:November 4, 1978 and Saturday, March 17, 1979. P.O. Box 10374Time: 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. both dates. Fort Lauderdale, FL. 33305

Our annual shell auction will take place at the For show rules and entry applications, write:regular club meeting on October 11. Gary Mag- Ruth Cheslernotte, author of Shelling & Beachcombing in 7401 S. W. 7th StreetFlorida and the Caribbean, will be our auctioneer. Plantation, FL. 33317

The biggest event of all will be our fourteenth Mike Davis

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August. 1978 HAWAIIAN SHELL NEWS

T. puncliculola T. offilli.

T. julli"u/QIa

1>orlc Light No. I No.

T. ptn".. T. am~na

by RICHARD SALISBURYThe family Terebridae in Hawaii has been

studied and discussed in recent years by severalcompetent authors, including Weaver, Tinker,Wolfe and Quirk. Interestingly, however, thereappears to be no complete current listing of theterebra species found in these islands.

This is partly due to recent changes in nomen-clature. In addition a number of finds - notablyfrom dredging - have provided much new

information.The list and remarks that follow are based on

the work of the foregoing authors, plus expertopinion on the recent finds. Taken together, theyshow that the number of species found in Hawaiinow totals approximately fifty.

C. S. Weaver, in his Hawaiian Marine Molluscsseries in the 1960s, covered only forty-four.Tinker's Pacific Sea Shells described thirty four,several of which were not named; time and subse-quent research have wrought changes among theremainder. The popular Seashells of Hawaiiillustrates thirty three. There is some dis-agreement among the three books.

Two publications on the horizon, however, canbe expected to go a long way to increase ourknowledge of the family. One is a monograph onworldwide terebra being written by HMS mem-bers Twila Bratcher, of Los Angeles, and WalterO. Cemohorsky, of Auckland. The second is thelong-awaited revision of the mollusc section ofEdmondson's classic Reef aDd Shore Fauna ofHawaii by HSN Science Advisor E. Alison Kay.

Publication dates of both are uncertain, butprobably are a couple of years away.

In view of the lack of any comprehensive cur-rent list of Hawaii's terebra, I have felt justified incompiling the material that follows. Ms. Bratcher,Mr. Cemohorsky and Dr. Kay have been con-sulted. They do not agree with my conclusions inall respects. I offer some of their commentsbelow.

It is important to keep in mind that changes innomenclature are likely to result from eventualpublication of the Kay and the Cemohorsky-

T. gourd; T./""a"umi

All photos: Salisbury

T. n,b"loStl T. colu.,lIari. T. IlllpiiC8"o olls/IVIi. T. kilbumi

August, 1978HAWAIIAN SHELL NEWS

Bratcher works. How extensive they will be is notclear. Fortunately, contradictions between thetwo studies are being minimized by frequentconsultations. I have tried to avoid anticipatingany of their revisions.

Research on the list that follows was completedearly in 1977.

T. rOSGua

T./oftgi"'aIao.rp ..atr,

T. "iIida T. 1011';"'0/0ShoUo",

T.slriri//aia R. ",!op"" ,Q

H. mdlh.ron;ana Dark la""

H. ","th"on;"n"

Terebra achates Weaver, 1960.Terebra affmis Gray, 1834. It may have been

reintroduced into Hawaiian waters, but I have noproof.

Hastula albula (Menke, 1843). Variable in color.H. casta Hinds, 1844 is a synonym.

Terebra amalldD Hinds, 1844. Often called T.straminea Gray, 1834 - an error.

Terebra amoena Deshayes, 1859. For years thishas been confused with T. pertusa (Born, 1780).Both species are found in Hawaii. T. amoena haswider, more pronounced axial ribs, is darker andis generally more robust. The living animal of T.amoena is a beautiful transparent red with a fewcloudy white markings. T. pertusa has a milkywhite animal with no visible markings. Some be-lieve T. a-oena to be a synonym ofT. conspersa(Hinds, 1844). If this is true, a new name will haveto be found for this Hawaiian species. TwilaBratcher informs me that the problem is beingstudied.

Terebra areolata (Link, 1807).Terebra argus brachygyra Pilsbry, 1921. A

controversial subspecies which differs onlyslightly from the typical T. argus. Small T. argusbrachygyra tend to have pronounced axial ribs. Inadults this feature is less apparent, making thesubspecies difficult to separate from T. argus fromother areas.

Duplicarill australis (E. A. Smith, 1873). TheHawaiian shell, from deep water, cannot bedistinguished from D. australis from Fiji which Ihave studied. Our islands are a northward exten-sion of the known range of this very rare -shell.

Terebra babylonia Lamarck, 1822.Terebra cerithina spalding; Pilsbry, 1921. This is

another controversial subspecies. Twila Bratcherinforms me she does not consider it to be a "good"subspecies. As in T. argus brachygyra, small T.cerithina spaldingi have pronounced axial ribs,which often disappear in adults. This makes itnearly impossible to separate Hawaiian T.cerithina spaldingi from T. cerithina from otherareas of the Pacific.

Terebra chlorata Lamarck, 1822.Terebra columellaris Hinds, 1843. T. propingua

Pease. 1869 is a synonym.Terebra contigua Pease, 1871. Small, shiny and

variable in color from black to light tan, this isclosest of all Hawaiian terebra to T. plumbeD. Itpossesses, however, a distinctive subsuturalgroove not found in T. plumbeD. A rare shell! Ms.Bratcher views with caution this species and T.longiscata (below). feeling there is confusion be-tween them and between T. plumbeD and T. swain-soni (below).

Terebra crenulata (Linne, 1758).Terebra dimidiato (Linne. 1758).Terebra felina (Dillwyn, 1817). The Hawaiian

shell usually lacks the spotting typical ofT.fetinain other areas. T. suffusa Pease, 1869 is asynonym.

Terebra flavofasciata Pil sbry , 1921.Terebra funiculata Hinds, 1844. Variable in

color and sculpture. T. archimedies Deshayes,1859 and T. langfordi Pilsbry, 1921 are now con-sidered to be synonyms.

Terebra gouldi Deshayes, 1859.Terebra guttata (Roding, 1798).

T.rrb,. !p. No. J H. r"/0/1"""- T.trb,. .p. No.2

HAW AllAN SHELL NEWSAugust, 1978

Haslu/4 SD. Na. J

T""bra amanda

T. ,erithi s/HI/dinri

rrnb,. 'p. No.5 T. waikiki.nsis

Hastu/a (Impages) hecticll (Linne. 1758).Hastulll inconstllns Hinds. 1844. H. confusll (E.

A. Smith. 1877) is a synoym.Tenbro kilburni R. D. Burch. 1965. A new

range extension.Hastullllllncelltll (Linne. 1767).Terebrll longisclltll Deshayes. 1859. Synonyms

are T. slllilinsoni Deshayes. 1859. T. infleXll Pease.1869. and T. sulclltll Pease. 1869. (But see TwilaBratcher's caution under T. collligIUI above.)Often confused with T. plumbell. Found in bothshallow and deep water. The deep-water speci-mens are slender with fine spiral striae betweenthe axial ribs. Those from shallow water are morerobust and often lack the fine spiral striae.

Terebrll macuilllll (Linne. 1758).HllstulII mlltheronillnll (Deshayes. 1859). H.

IIIIIlIl (Pease. 1869) now is considered to be asynonym.

Hllstldll mero (Hinds. 1844). Do not confuse itwith the West African H.lepidll Hinds. 1843. TheHawaiian form of H. mero closely resembles it.

Tenbro nebulosll Sowerby. 1825.Tenbro nitidll Hinds, 1844. T. clappi Pilsbry,

1920 is a synonym.Terebro nodulllris Deshayes, 1859.HllStulll penici/iIIIIl (Hinds, 1844). H. betsYIIe R.D. Burch. 1965 is a synonym. .

Tenbro pel1USIl (Born, 1780).Terebro puncticulatll Deshayes. 1859. In

Weaver's Hawaiian Marine M~, this speciesis shown as both T. pellSii Deshayes, 1859 and T.jlIIvescens Deshayes, 1859. It is closely related toT.Il/Jinis, of which it may be only a Hawaiian formor subspecies. (Comment by Twila Bratcher:"Tenbro puncticllllltll and T. Ilffrnis are not con-specific, as Salisbury suggests. even though helists them separately. Both occur in Hawaii whereI have collected both personally, although T. Ilf-finis is rare there.")

Tenbro (Teronellll) PJgmllell Hinds, 1844.Tenbro rosllcell Pease, 1869.HllStulll solidll (Deshayes, 1857).HllStu/a strigillllll (Linne. 1758). H. vernlluzi

Deshayes, 1857 is a synonym. "The species isquite variable in color and size of spots." com-ments Ms. Bratcher.

Tenbro subuilllll (Linne, 1758). Very rare inHawaii.

Terebro thllllnumi Pilsbry, 1921. Twila Bratcherno longer agrees with me that T. thllllnumj can beseparated from T. gouldi. "We keep on learning"she explained.

Terebro undullltll Gray. 1834.Tenbro IIIllikikiensis Pilsbry, 1921.

In addition to the foregoing, at least five differ-ent terebra have been found in Hawaiian watersfor which I am unable to supply valid names. Inthis discussion. I list them by number for con-venience.

Tenbro sp. No. I. a deep-water species,apparently has been identified erroneously as T.Ilni/is (Roding. 1798). or all the Hawaiian terebra I

T.nbro 'p. No.6 T. ".,;rhiMT."b.. ach"'..


have studied, this is closest to T. insaUi Bratcher& Burch, from the Red Sea and Madagascar. Theprotoconchs do not match, however, so thisHawaiian shell must remain unnamed for the pre-sent.

T~nbra sp. No.2 is similar to T. strigillltll, but issmoother and lighter in color, with smaller blackspots ~ear the suture. Very smooth examples ofthis species have been called Hastllla div~rsG (E.A. Smith, 1901). However, H. diversG is a SouthAfrican terebra, being found commonly in beachdrift in Natal. Of the Indo-Pacific species, theHawaiian shell is closest toR. rufopullctatG E. A.Smith, 1877.

T. crrnulala

Hastulo sp. No.3. A small Hastulo (possiblyjuvenile) was found in great numbers nearMakaha, Leeward Oahu (Honolulu), by HMSmember John Earle, who presently has themunder study to determine whether they are indeedadult shells and, if so, what species.

T. collliglUJ

Terebra sp. No.4 was figured in USN Oct.1965 (page two). This deep-water shell was firstdredged by the research vessel Pele. I have ex-amined a specimen dredged from 700 feet offKeehi Lagoon, Honolulu.

Terebra sp. No.5 is represented by a singleshell in the collection of E. R. Cross. It is white.similar to T. waikikie/lsis, but is narrower. moreconstricted at the sutures, and has fewer spots.The specimen was dredged by Cross fromapproximately 1.200 feet. Personally. I regard thisas a very deep-water fonn of waikikie/lsis.

Haslulll albulll

Terebra sp. No.6. A yellowish terebra withsculpture similar to the above unidentified terebraspecies No. I was brought up from moderatelydeep water (300 feet) off Keehi Lagoon, Ho-nolulu. Its identity is obscure.H. Inc"n,"n.

T. pn-o.

ONE THAT GOT AWAY

H 1II T. p/umb.o T. co.IiKUD

A couple of years ago, one-time HMS presidentCharles Wolfe found a dead shell in sand alongKaneohe Bay, Honolulu, which was tentativelyidentified as Terebm POlmnIIII. a rare deep-waterspecies listed by Weaver in his Hawaiian MarlDeMollusks, On further study, however, it turned outto be T. dislocata (Say, 1822), a common Floridaand Panamic shell.

Did this represent a range extension? No,

unfortunately.Not far from the spot where Wolfe found his

shell is a tourist souvenir shop that sells importedshells. Browsing through the store one day I cameupon - you guessed it! - a bushel basket ofT.

dislocata from Florida.I have not yet seen T. polygyraIB from Hawaii

and have not listed it above. R.S.

August, 1978 HAWAIIAN SHELL NEWS Page II

Close Look at Spiresof Controversial ConesPatronize HSN Advertisers 'If I Could Save

Only One Shell. . . (Continued)

PRETORIA - My apologies for this late

entry, but HSN takes nearly four months to reachme, even when posted by first class mail! It goesalmost exactly halfway around the world.

I started collecting by picking up all the beachshells I could find. Then, in June 1%8, I ap-proached Helene Boswell for assistance. Helene,being the lovely person she is, set me on the roadto becoming (I hope) a good conchologist.

The next time I was at the coast, it was a case oflooking around carefully. One day in October1970, as my husband and I stood watching thewaves crashing through a cleft at Centre Rocks,Marina Beach, Natal, I saw a large shell sitting ontop a rock under the water. I pointed it out toGeorge, who offered to bring it out, but warnedme to watch the sea. We were both aware of thefreak waves which occur on the Natal coast.

George is tall - well over six feet - so Ithought it was safe for him to go down. He got holdof the shell and lifted it out of the sea. As he did so,it spurted water on him, just missing his eyes. Atthat instant I saw a huge wave approaching.

I shouted and ran. George started for safety,clutching the big shell. Water surged around him,up to his waist, but he kept his footing - and his

prize. It was quite frightening.The shell, a Charonia pustylata Euthyme, is the

one that I will always treasure.

One of the "controversial cones" from thePhuket region of Thailand discussed by ElmerLeehman in the last issue of Hawaiian Shell Newsbore a striking resemblance to Conus striatusLinne, 1758. Close examination of the spires,however, revealed definite differences in struc-ture and color pattern.

Figured here are posterior views of the twoshells, the Chusak cone from Thailand above andC. striatus beneath. The former has a higher spireand a golden aperture.

As Leehman reported, the Chusak animal isblack, whereas C. striatus is red.

Anne G. WilsonSupplier of:

Seashells, Shark Jaws,Shell Jewelry,Other Curios

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BURGESS(Cont'd from Page 1)

other words, there is complete and uninterruptedintergradation between Cypraea semiplota Migheland its synonym, Cypraea annae Roberts.

Dr. Valentine made a similar misstep when hereferred to Cypraea isabella Linne and C. isabella-mexicana Steams. He seems not to have known-or recognized - that there are gross differences

between the animals of the two.He apparently also is unaware that Dr. Kay no

longer accepts C. schilderiana Cate as a race orsubspecies ofC. tigris Linne. It merely representsthe end of a cline, the geographic distribution of aspecies, she now feels.

I believe we have gone as far as we profitablycan (and, in many instances, much further thanwas wise) in using conchological characters forspecies differentiation. From now on we mustmake decisions on genera, species and subspeciesonly after careful observation of the living animal,anatomical dissection and critical study of conch-ological characters.

When such a study is finally accomplished,there will be many new genera in the Cypraeiidaeand some new species, and many present specieswill be eliminated. At the same time, really mean-ingful subspecies and races can be established.

SHELLING SAFARI

EXTRAORDINARYShellers all, would you care to come shell col-

lecting with me in the Coral Sea on the good shipCoralita?

This is a unique opportunity to participate in ashelling safari with a difference.

If the thought of such an adventure excites yourimagination, write to me now, for further in-formation. Please enclose $2 to cover postage,etc. K. D. Weston, P.O. Box 760, Gladstone,Queensland, Australia 4680.

Rare specimens now in stock: Cypraea lang-fordi, C. cruickshanki, C. hirasei, C. surinamensis,C. contraria, C. marginata, C. o. nymphae, Conusgloriamaris 5"+, C. kintoki, C. crocatus, C. archi-talassus, C. kimioi, Voluta taiwanica, V. perplicata,V. hargreavesi, V. thatcheri, Harpa punctata,Strombus hawaiiensis, Pleurotomaria africana, P.teramachii, Acteon eloisae, and many more!

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Shells graded according to HMS-ISGS

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SPEAKING OF BOOKS Rare W.A. Murex cological Society of Japan (HSN July 1978),friends, disciples and associates of Dr. TadashigeHabe recently marked the sixtieth birthday of thegreat Japanese taxonomist. Toru Inaba and Kat-ura Oyama have brought together information onall the hundreds of molluscan species, subspecies,genera and subgenera described by Dr. Habesince he began work in the field in 1936. The totalis staggering.

The basic text is in English, with adequateexplanatory notes, but the tributes to Dr. Habe,and quite a bit of supplementary information, arein Japanese. This is to be regretted, as details ofthe work of this truly distinguished malacologistdeserve to be better known abroad. The HawaiianMalacological Society is proud that Dr. Habe is amember of long standing.

S.L.

Periodicals

For several years, the French Society of ShellCollectors has been issuing an impressive quar-terly magazine titled Mappa under the direction ofYves Demanuele, Lina Geoffroy and StephanePras - all well known to serious malacologists.

Early issue~ were printed from stencils. Later,photos were added and other excellent featuresintroduced. Now Mappa has achieved full staturewith a cover in color (showing a beautiful speci-men ofCypraea mappa Linne, 1758, appropriately)and thirty-two pages of text with illustrationsprinted by offset.

Issue No.1 of the New Series features a studyof the genus Morum written by editors Demanueleand Pras, followed by notices of new books, areport on shell philately, world news of interest toshellers, and two pages of new species.

Information on the Society and on Mappa isavailable at Club Francais des Collectionneurs deCoquillages, 26, bid. Poissonniere, Paris 75009.

Another generalized book on seashells may notbe what we need most today, but Gert Lindner'sField Guide to Seashells of the World fills a special-ized need that may not have been recognizedpreviously, It was for a volume outlining thebasics of molluscan systematics and leading thereader into a better understanding of the manyclasses, subclasses, orders and suborders withinthe Phylum Mollusca,

Gert Lindner is identified as a member of theGerman, Netherlands and Italian MalacologicalSocieties, as well as of the California Mala-cozoological Society - but not, alas, of HMS,

The present book was written originally in Ger-man and published in 1975, The English editionwas translated and edited by Gwynne Vevers,curator of the Aquarium of the Zoological Societyof London.

The text proper comprises about 120 pages, wellillustrated with black-and-white photos and draw-ings. This is followed by sixty-five pages of color,displaying a very wide sampling of the best knownshells of the world.

"Shells have been selected (for illustration)which are attractive and relatively inexpensive,and which are, at the same time, representative ofthe major groups in different parts of the world,"explains Lindner in the Foreword. .

"Museum rarities and those that reach recordprices have not been included. Finally, the bookprovides a guide to the rich literature of the group(monographs, etc.) which it can in no way replace,but for which it can act as a guide."

Within this framework, the volume is excellent.The text is precise but readable. The color is clearand the photography (credited to the author him-self) is impeccable. The index is comprehen-sive. The format and size (5 by 8~ inches, in thecase of the paperback) are handy.

Field Guide to Seashells of the World would be auseful gift to a beginning collector who is ready foran introduction to the scientific aspects of his new

hobby.S.L.

CARD CATALOGUE OF WORLD.WIDESHELLS - Pack No. 17 - CymatiidaePart I.

Approx. 100 cards. St. Petersburg, FL. SallyDiana Kaicher. $5 plus postage. CATALOGUE OF MOLLUSCAN TAXA DE.

SCRIBED BY TADASmGE HABE DURING1939-1975. Compiled by Torn Inaba and KaturaOyama. 185 pp. Tokyo. "Okinaebisunokai..'

The parade of Sally Kaicher's fabulous identifi-cation cards continues unabated. The most recentpack - number seventeen of a series that bids fairto reach the thirties - deals with the Cymatiidae.

As we have grown to expect, the photography and

Shell Collector Magazine

Many members of HMS received complimen-tary copies of the premiere issue of Shell CollectorMagazine, an extremely attractive publicationfathered by Kirk Anders and Tom Rice. Theeditor's greetings to his fellow shellers promisesthat future issues will appear quarterly and betwice the size of the first "mini-edition."

The editorial mix of the first issue is attractive,dealing with two pecten species, amurex, membersof the Xenophoridae, some newish cones and achiton. Emphasis is on the Gulf, the Caribbeanand South America. Anders expects to covermore of the world in future editions.

With good authors, an attractive format and afine cross-section of advertisers, the Shell Collec-tor is otTto a great start. It deserves wide support.

STCoincidentally with the celebration of the fif-

tieth anniversary of the founding of the Mala-

nELD GtrnDE TO SEASHELLS OF THEWORLD by Gert Lindner. 271 pages. New York:Van Nostrand Reinhold. $12.95 (Paperback$8.95).

c "' """'~"" ~" Photos: Gabelish

by ELMER G. LEEHMAN

Several weeks back, while dredging in 600 feetnorthwest of Rottnest Island, Western Australia,HMS member A. J. (Tony) Gabelish brought tothe surface an unusually beautiful white murex.Subsequent investigation revealed this to be agemspecimen of the extremely rare Pterynotus(Pterochelus) westralis Ponder and Wilson, 1962.The holotype had been dredged by Dr. Barry Wil-son in the same general area and depth in 1%2.

This species has a single large nodule betweenthe varices and an unusual angle of the anteriorcanal. It has short posterior spines, thick varicesand weak shoulder ribs. The whorls are not asdistinctly shouldered as in Murex acanthropterusor M. tripterus. It is additionally a much heaviershell and smaller. The longest measurement is3Omm, and color is white with a few tan stains.

Gabelish sold this specimen to HMS memberTaizo Ninomiya of Tokyo in whose collection itnow reposes.

printing are good, and the coverage compre-hensive.

Without fanfare, the series is becoming a classicin the literature of malacology. Serious collectorswho failed to buy in at the beginning are to bepitied. The first set is already out of print, al-though Ms. Kaicher says she still has copies of

succeeding packs.The march of inflation again is forcing up the

price. Beginning with Pack No. 18 (Fas-ciolariidae, Part I) they will cost $6 plus 66 centspostage - still one of the best bargains in mala-

cology!(Sets are available directly from Sally Diana

Kaicher, 5633B 18th Way South, St. Petersburg,FL 33712.)


A Check List Of Midway's Molluscsby ROGER L. SCHMELTZ

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C. vitellus Linne.Distorsio burgessi Lewis.Drupa grossulario Roding.D. morum Roding.D. rubusidaeus Roding.Epitonium lamellosum Lamarck.Erato lachryma Sowerby."Fusinus mauiensis" (=Fusinus undatus Gmelin).F. sandwichensis Sowerby.Haminoea crocata Pease.Janthina fragilis Lamarck.J. globosa Linne.J. janthina Linne.Laemodanta clausa Adams.Lioconcha castrensis Linne.Littorina pintado Wood.L. scabra Linne.Maculotrlton semale Deshayes (=M. bracteatus).Malea pomum Linne.Mitra aurora Dohm.M. baldwini Melvill.M. cucumerina Lamarck.M. ferruginea Lamarck.M. mitra Linne.M. scutulata Gmelin.M. typha Reeve.Morula elata Blainville.M. porphyrostoma Reeve.Murex insularum Pilsbry.M. pele Pilsbry.Nassa serlo Bruguiere.Nassarius hirta Kiener.N. reaveanus Dunker.Natica marochiensis Gmelin.Neocancilla papilio langfordiana.Nerita picea Recluz.Nadipecten langfordi D. B. & R.*Oliva paxillus sandwichensis Pease.Periglypta reticulata Linne.Peristemia thaanumi Pilsbry.Phalium coronadoi wyvilli Watson.P. umbilicatum Pease.Pinaxia versicolor Gray.Pinctata galtsoffi Bartsch.Pinna semicostata Conrad: -

P,sania gracilis Reeve.Polinices melanostoma Gmelin.P. pyr~formis Recluz.Pyramidella sulcata Adams.Rhinoclavis vertagus Linne.Spondylus hawaiensis D. B. & R.Strigatella auricloides Reeve.Strombus maculatus Sowerby.S. vomer hawaiensis Pilsbry.Swainsonia newcombii Pease.Tellina crassiplicata Sowerby.T. dispar Conrad.Terebra achates Weaver.T. cerithina spaldingi Pilsbry.T. crenulata Linne.T.funiculata Hinds.T. guttata Roding.T. lanceata Gmelin.T. maculata Linne.Tonna melanostoma Jay.Trachycardium hawaiensis D. B. & R.Tritonaturris cumingi.Trivirostra exigua Gray.T. hordacea Kiener.Trochus intextus Kiener.Tutufa bufo Linne.Turbo intercostalis Menke.Turbonilla varicosa A. Adams.Turridrupa bijubata Reeve.Xenoturris kingae Powell.Venlts hawaiensis D. B. & R.Vermetus platypus.Vexilla vexillum Lamrack.

WEST COAST CURIO CO.1940 Maple Ave., Costa Mesa, Calif. 92627"13 miles south of Disneyland". Longestestab-

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DO A FRIEND A FAVOR!OMS Members: Nonmembers will receive

a complimentary copy of Hawaiian ShellNelf).~ ~with a membership application I i(you send the Corresponqing Secretary theirfull name and address.

MIDWAY - After nearly two years of per-

sonal collecting both with scuba and along the

beaches, and on the basis of an examination of

such records as are available here, I conclude that

approximately 150 molluscan species are known

on Midway Atoll. They are listed below.

Scuba diving at present is restricted to the

lagoon by the military. authorities. Previously it

was legal to dive outside the reef. If the status of

the atoll changes, collecting in deeper water may

resume, and it is possible that additional species

will be found.

Currently, Midway has only a half dozen seri-

ous collectors.

No species is really plentiful here. Shelling is a

matter of patient searching.

Night diving is not common. This may have

produced a slight bias in the check list.Species marked with * are represented by single

specimens only.Acar hawaiensis Dall, Bartsch & Rehder.A. navicular ventricosa Lamarck.Aplodon textus Gmelin.Aspella anceps Lamarck.Atys cornuta Pilsbry.A. semistriata Pease.Balcis cumingi A. Adams.Batillaria zonalis Bruguiere.Bulla adamsi Menke.B. peaseana Pilsbry.Bullina lineata Gray.Bursa cruentata Sowerby.B. granularis Roding.B. rosa Perry.Casmaria kalosmodix Melvill.Cerithium columna Sowerby.C. nesioticum P & Y.C. pharos Hinds (=C. procerum Kiener).C. sinense Gmelin.Chama iostoma Conrad.Charonia triton is Linne.Chlamys cookei D. B & R.Colubraria muricata Humphrey.Columbella varians Sowerby.Conus abbreviatus Reeve.C. ebraeus Linne.C. jlavidus Lamarck.C. leopardus Roding.C. lividus Hwass.C. nussatella Linne.C. pennaceus Born.C. perlusus Bruguiere.C. pulicarius Hwass.C. quercinus Lightfoot.C. rat/us Hwass.C. retifer Menke.C. spiceri Bartsch.C. sponsalis Hwass.C. striatus Linne.C. textile Linne.C. vexillum Gmelin.C. vitulinus Hwass.Coralliophela bulbiformis Sowerby.Cymatium muricinum Roding.C. parlhenopeum Yon Salis.C. intermedius Pease.C. lotarium Philippi.'Cypraea cemica Sowerby.C. cicercula Linne.C.fimbriata Gmelin.C. gaskoini Reeve.C. granulata Pease.C. helvola Linne.C. isabella Linne.C. /atior (=C. teres Gmelin).'C. moneta Linne (beach shell).'C. ostergaardi Dall.C. rashleighana Melvill.C. scurra Gmelin.C. semiplota Mighels.C. sulcidentata Gray.C. tesselata Swainson.


AND RARETHREE OF A KIND Patronize HSN Advertisers

Photo: Schoenberg

almost equally rare melanistic specimen. Thecenter shell is the regular form.

The latter bears a striking resemblance to HMS\1lember Bob da Ma Motta's "Ranong Cone"(now formally described and named) from the Bayof Bengal off Thailand, and toC. australis Holden,1802. E.G.L.

<mal de <mero:> e"terpri"~946 Ralph Avenue. Brooklyn New York 11236 USA

_c

~Mure'

Conus armadillo

Shortly before the advent of the winter stormsin the South Pacific (April through September),Brian Bailey in Honiara, Guadalcanal dredged thethree cones figured here. All are variations of therare Conus armadillo Shikama, 1971.

The shell on the left is a unique albino - the

only one found so far, I believe. On the right is an

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GUILHERME E. SOARESAV. COMB. GRANDE GUERRA, 88-1°

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More than 20 species available!- Free list on request -

Bill and Betty Mannell want to exchange theirmelanistic Cypraea zoila thersites ("real beauties,almost lOOper cent black' ') for Hawaiian cowries,particularly extra large tigers, C. rashleighana,semiplota, gaskoini or other uncommon species.Their address is 29 Hutchins Crescent, KingsLangley, N.S.W. 2147.

* * *

HMS member Lillian Schwarz, of Livingston,NJ, writes that she will be visiting Israel for threeweeks in September and would like to meet collec-

tors and dealers. Her address will be c/o Wein-stein, 4 M.caspi, N. Talpiot, Jerusalem.

* * *

"I'm just back in Switzerland from a trip toThailand," writes Barbara M. Keen, Haus amSee, Lenzerheide7078 G.R. "1 have the followingto exchange: Cypraea nivosa (giant - over 2Y4inches), C. coloba, C. pulchella pericales, C. gan-granosa reentsu, C. onyx melanesiae - all gems-

and a Cypraea guttata in fine condition. (It has lostits original high gloss and has some minor flaws-no chips! - but is still a, beautiful shell with ex-

ceptionally dark base)."1 am interested in worldwide cowries of com-

parable rarity."

BUY -SELL-EXCHANGEFINE AND RARE SPECIMEN SHELLS

Large selection available, all families, fromThailand, Philippines. Interested to sell or willexchange Conus & Cypraea.

PHAIROT LENA VAT1639/4 Vaitee Lane, Chan Road,

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-- -- ,--, -- Specialists in rare shells.

Specimens sold recently include Conus

adamsoni, dosa.eli; Cypraea broderipii, valen-

tia; Morex loebbeckei, phy/lopterus and many

others. Free price list on request.

Special attention given to your want lists.


THAT ALBINO STRANGER

Photo: Kur;:

In Greater Detail:HMS Dues Unchanged; Airmail Charge Is UpFor Members in South Pacific, Asia, Africa

Hawaiian Malacological Society dues for 1979 bean while favoring those in Europe slightly andwill remain essentially as they are for 1978, as those in the Pacific, Asia and Africa considerably.HSN reported briefly last month. The Board of The Board decided, therefore, to ask HMS mem-Directors decided at its June meeting, however, to bers in the Pacific, Asia and Africa to pay U S$2make minor adjustments in the case of overseas more for air mail, and those in the Caribbean $1members receiving Hawaiian Shell News by air less. The rate for Europe and South America wentmail. up fifty cents.

Society President George Cook told the Board Only airmail delivery is affected by this change.that, based on budget forecasts through 1979, the "Our dues schedule for 1979 will be somewhatpresent basic US$12 annual dues could be con- more complex, reflecting the three-tier systemtinued. This is available to U.S. members who used by the U.S. Postal Service in setting airmailelect to receive USN by bulk (low-postage low- rates," Thorsson admitted.priority) surface mail. "There is a substantial difference in the service

Other members pay various additional amounts given different classes of mail. We have been toldbased on the actual cost of postage. that copies of HSN mailed to South Africa as

"In spite of our recent scholarship awards total- 'printed matter,' for example, take up to sixling $2,100, the Society will probably have assets months for delivery. 'Bulk' mail to the Conti-at the end of 1978 exceeding the 1977 figure," nental U.S. may take five or six weeks."Treasurer Wes Thorsson reported. "During 1979, The Society recommends that members in thewhen we are scheduled to print a two-year supply United States, Canada and Mexico specify first-of color inserts, the increased costs will bring our class delivery ($15), and that others use air mail.assets below the 1977 level, however. Some overseas members already have paid

"The recent increase in U.S. postage rates their 1979 dues at the 1978 rate, and these will behad been anticipated and does not require dues honored. Payments received after August 15,adjustments. Itis likely, however, that prior to the however, must be at the new rates.end of 1979 overseas airmail rates will increase by Foreign members who wish to pay their 1980at least 10 per cent. This undoubtedly will be dues at the same time they pay for 1979 may do so,reflected in the dues structure." in recognition of the difficulty that many have

Thorsson's analysis did reveal that the 1978 in transferring funds. Payments should be indues schedule, which set a single rate for all U.S. dollars, by a draft on a U.S. bank, or byforeign air mail, penalized members in the Carib- international money order.

HMS DUES SCHEDULE FOR 1979'Recommended. Figures in parentheses indicate

normal delivery time in weeks for HSN.

Bulk! 1st class!Area "Printed matter" "Letter mail" Air Mail

HawaiiOther U.S.Canada &

MexicoCaribbeanEurope. S.

AmericaPacific.

Asia. Afr.

*$12 (1)$12 (5)

-*$15 (1)

-

$14 (6)$13.50(8)

*$15 (11h)$15.50 (4)

$15.50(1)*$19(1)

$13.50(20) $15.50 (4) *$20.50 (2)

"$22 (2)$13.50(30) $15.50(5)

The "albino stranger" displayed by Pete Myers(USN Jan. 1978) and variously identified by HMSmembers (USN June 1918) actually wasHaustellum kurodai Shikama, 1964, according toCharles Cardin in Tokyo.

But in virtually the same mail a letter arrivedfrom veteran shell dealer and collector RichardKurz, confirming the shell's identity asHaustellum longicaudis Baker, 1891. Obviously.the matter is not closed yet.

"If one does not accept the validity of H. kwo-dai, then the shell is Haustellum haustellum Linne.1158," Cardin wrote. "In my opinion. H. long;-caudis is merely a form of H. haustellum, while H.kurodai is a distinct species.

"Myers' shell is an albino or a very light color,which is rare but not unknown."

On the other hand, Kurz in his letter declared."I held it (Myers' albino shell) and examined itcarefully, and am positive it is an albinoHaustellum longicaudis. I do not believe this couldbe a new species. Joe Martinez is most fortunateto have six of these, as they are rare."

The June USN also figured a murex from PuntaEngano, Philippines, in the collection of Law-rence Thomas. Kurz identifies this as Murexhirasei Dautzenberg in Hirase, 1915.

"For a while I thought that M. kiiensis Kira,1962 was the same species," he added, "but havelearned that they are separate and distinct. Bothseem to come from the same area, but are col-lected at different times of the year."

Cardin came to the same conclusion."This shell is being called all sorts of names, in

particular ,Murex kiiensis, which it is not," Chuckwrote. "I believe it is Haustellum hirase;, but it isnot the same as the form found in Japan. The latteris more globose and lighter weight.

"If you order Murex hirase; from many dealers,

this is what you are most likely to receive."Further opinions will be welcomed.

E.G.'


by FATHER AL LOPEZ, S.J.

Photo: Lopez

Three species of Agaronia from Nicaragua'sPacific beaches: left, Agaronia murrha, fromCorinto; center group, A. propatata,fromAposen-tillo; and, right, A. testacea, Aposentillo.

It is interesting to watch an Agaronia prowl for ameal. It does not have far to go, since there is'always a colony of Olivella nearby. Its techniqueseems to be to cut through an Olivella track, hop-ing for a close encounter of the right kind. Theoperation involves no finesse, no accurate zeroingin on the target. It is a hit or miss affair. I have seenan Agaronia try to find an Olivella only half an inchfrom its proboscis, and succeeding only after sev-eral clumsy attempts.

Sensing something moving in the sand just infront of it, the Agaronia will extend its body andthrow out its foot in an effort to envelope its prey.If the cast is successful, the frantically wrigglingvictim is quickly engulfed by the foot and passed

MANAGUA - In the beaches of the Panamic

Province, the Olividae are found in abundance.Some eight species of Oliva, twenty-five ofOlivellaand three of Agaronia have been reported. Noother region in the world has such a variety ofOlivella and Agaronia, although the Indo-Pacificprovince has many more kinds of olives.

The beaches of Nicaragua, in the center of thePanamic Province, are alive with members of theOlividae. Something like 95 per cent of the speci-mens, however, represent a single species -Olivella semistriata Gray, 1839. (Its synonyms in-clude Oliva attentuata, Olivina semisulcata, andOliva affinis.)

This tiny shell- it is abottt l5mm long - makes

up in numbers what it lacks in size. Huge coloniesline the sand beaches in strips perhaps fifty meterslong and two or three meters wide. Often therewill be one colony at the high tide line, another atthe low-water mark, and sometimes a third in be-tween!

Olivella semistriata is a merry little shell. If youpick one up with some wet sand, it will wiggle andcrawl around in your palm in a very carefree man-ner. Its preferred life style seems to be to lie buriedin wet sand, waiting for a wave to bring food.

As the wavelets ripple over them, they extendtwo paddlelike appendages of the front lobe oftheir foot and wave them rhythmically. Pre-sumably this picks up plankton and particles offood from the water.

Sometimes they emerge from the sand andcrawl around for a while, leaving the entire beachcovered with a modernistic pattern of windingtracks.

Other members of the Olividae in evidence onthe western beaches of Nicaragua are theAgaronia, especially A. propatula Conrad, 1849andA. mu"ha Berry, 1953. The first is extremelyvariable in size and color, ranging in length from10 to 7Omm, from pure white (albino, perhaps)through orange and brown to almost black, with orwithout zigzag lines and spots of different shades.It is not unlikely that this great variety may in-clude different as-yet-unrecognized species.

A very similar shell, A. hiatula (Gmelin, 1791),found in the eastern Atlantic, is a differentspecies, according to Myra Keen in Seashells ofTropical West America.

Agaronia murrha is much more uniform. Itreaches a length of 65mm and is usually off-white,although pink and gray shells are sometimes seen.The mollusc is light gray, whereas A. propatula is

purple.Agaronia testacea is scarce in Nicaragua. I have

~een no live shells, only beach specimens. Allwere from Aposentilla in the northern part ofNicaragua, with a maximum length of 35mm.

Despite the family relationship, there is no goodfeeling between the Olivella and the Agaronia. Infact, the Agaronia eat the Olivella.

to its posterior lobe. The latter operation seems torequire strenuous exertion and convulsions on thepart of the Agaronia, which stands on its head tocarry it out.

When the victim is safely enveloped in the rearlobe of the foot (which by then looks like a smallballoon), the Agaronia dives smoothly into thesand, digging with the front of his foot, now freefor action. It quickly disappears to enjoy its mealin private.

One wonders how this last operation is carriedout. In spite of its wide aperture (propatula means"gaping") the victim is too big for the Agaronia toswallow. In fact, the prey occasionally is anotherAgaronia, the same size.

The Olivella themselves may not be so innocentas they appear. I have seen a large o. semistriatastanding on its head, in the throes of what seemedto be an attempt to swallow another shell, just likethe Agaronia. When I picked it up to observe, theOlivella released a tiny terebra.

The Hawaiian Malacological Society's bigOctober 7 Shell Auction will be held in the lanaimeeting area of the First United MethodistChurch in Honolulu, Auction Chairman AndyAdams has announced. The church is the formermeeting place of the Society.

Shells will be on display from noon, Adamsadded. The sale itself will start at 1 p.m., continu-ing until about 5 o'clock.

Two auctioneers are expected to alternate inconducting the sale. .

"The idea is to push the action as fast as wecan," said Adams. "One of the criticisms in thepast has been that too much time was spent be-tween sales.

"Receipts of shells from overseas members

have been encouraging, and we are beginning toget some good material from our Hawaii collec-tors. For some reason they are always tardy con-tributors. I expect that we will have a fine selec-tion of both types this year.

"With a little luck, we will have a preliminarysales list ready to circulate with the Septemberissue of Hawaiian Shell News. Donors will be iden-tified. Remember, American members can deductthe value of their contributions from their U.S.income taX."

Proceeds from the 1978 Shell Auction will go tosupport the HMS Scholarship Fund. The fundearlier this year distriputed $2,100 among threegraduate students of biology to help finance theirfurther studies.

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