An ecology for systemic change. How to foster and empower disruptive innovation and the ongoing...

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An Ecology for Transforma0ve Ac0on & Systemic Change Helene Finidori – May 2014

description

Looking at how to embed into the system the code for its renewal. Fostering factors of opportunity and renewal as commons. A draft presentation, work in progress. The full paper is available here: https://www.academia.edu/7304971/An_Ecology_of_Transformative_Action_Awaiting_to_be_Discovered

Transcript of An ecology for systemic change. How to foster and empower disruptive innovation and the ongoing...

Page 1: An ecology for systemic change. How to foster and empower disruptive innovation and the ongoing renewal of the system.

An  Ecology    for  Transforma0ve  Ac0on  

&  Systemic  Change  

Helene  Finidori  –  May  2014  

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By  Our  System  I  mean  the  interac2ons  between  the  mul2ple  human  and  natural  systems  that  make  up  our  world,  and  the  flows  and  accumula2ons  they  generate.      

We  are  currently  in  a  situa0on  where  self-­‐reinforcing  feedback  loops  are  pervasive,  reinforcing  the  mechanisms  in  play  and  making  them  more  powerful,  and  at  the  same  0me,  making  the  system  increasingly  fragile.    

The  widening  inequality  gap  documented  by  PikeMy  is  a  result  of  this  phenomenon,  power  and  opportunity  is  increasingly  concentrated  in  fewer  hands.  Cumula0ve  advantage  and  network  effects  resul0ng  from  preferen0al  aMachment,  herd  mentality  and  winner  takes  all  models,  as  well  as  the  short  term  oriented  financialisa0on  of  the  economy,  and  the  speed,  intensity  and  scope  of  informa0on  flows,  all  reinforce  each  other  and  the  final  outcomes  in  self-­‐mul0plying  ways.        

Our  reward  systems  and  the  over  applica0on  of  ‘winning’  macro  and  micro  economic  models  that  end  up  ‘overdosing’  keep  us  stuck  in  vicious  circles  as  the  remedy  is  believed  to  be  more  of  the  same.  

See  Appendix  for  details  on  Feedback      

Our  System  is  stuck  in  self-­‐reinforcing  feedback  loops    

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We  end  up  with  resources  aMracted,  captured  and  extracted  by  a  few  'winners’,  cumula0ng  advantage  (opportunity,  success,  power,  credit,  capital)  in  a  reinforcing  feedback  loop,  dedicated  to  reinforce  the  mechanisms  that  maintain  the  status  quo  or  enclose  opportunity  and  innova0on  (to  exploit  or  s0fle  it),  crea0ng  monopolies  and  dependencies.    

Centralized  groups  set  the  rules,  which  are  not  free  market  rules,  giving  way  for  manipula0on.      

Investment  concentrates  on  efficiency  innova0on  and  financial  instruments  that  yield  larger  returns.  Disrup0ve  empowering  innova0on  as  called  for  by  Clayton  Christensen  can't  really  occur,  or  only  empowers  a  few.      

The  crea0ve  destruc0on  described  by  Schumpeter  can't  operate  effec0vely,  and  the  system  is  destroying  itself  as  he  predicted.        

Diversity  shrinks  and  the  seeds  of  opportunity  for  the  renewal  of  the  system,  that  ensure  the  thrivability  of  its  interconnected  economic,  social  and  natural  components,  have  difficulty  to  sprout  out.        

What  happens  to  innova;on  and  opportunity?  

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Overshoot  We  are  stuck  here  in  accumula0ve  self-­‐reinforcing  self-­‐mul0plying  feedback  loops  (r  to  K)  with  liMle  renewal  of  the  system  

The  invisible  hand  (Adam  Smith)  does  not  operate    

Crea0ve  destruc0on  (Schumpeter)    does  not  operate    

The  system  accumulates  risk  and  fragility    

Release  is  increasingly  violent  and  long  to  get  over      

Adap;ve  Cycles  of  Complex  Adap;ve  Systems  

 Panarchy  -­‐  Gunderson  &  Holling  2002  

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•  We  need  to  embed  the  reproduc0on  of  distributed  factors  of  opportunity  &  renewal  in  the  code  of  the  system  at  all  levels  and  scales  for  the  system  to  become  genera0ve  rather  than  extrac0ve.  

•  Secure  ongoing  “Crea0ve  Destruc0on”  at  all  levels  and  scales.  

•  Empower  and  enable  the  variety  in  the  “Long  Tail”  and  not  only  the  few  that  operate  in  monoculture  at  the  “Head”  

 

•  Avoid  centralized  or  decentralized  monopoly  and  accumula0on  of  fragility  

•  Leverage  and  ac0vate  the  forces  of  opportunity  and  innova0on  already  exis0ng  in  the  system  in  the  persons  of  change  agents  to  this  effect.  

Variety  

Popu

larity  

Power  Distribu0on  Graph  

What  can  we  do  as  innovators,  change  agents  or  ac;vists?  

Head  

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The  process  of  social  change  is  a  fluid  ongoing  mul0-­‐direc0onal  and  many-­‐sided  human  transforma0on  process  that  operates  at  many  levels  (R.C.  Smith).  

Symbio0c  

Peer-­‐to-­‐peer  Ins0tu0onal  

Technological  

Rela0onal  

Systemic  

Integra0ve  

More  here:  hMp://www.slideshare.net/helenefinidori/imagine-­‐thecommongoodconf2013  

Agency    is  distributed  

Change  agents  have  different  views  of  what  to  change  and  how,  and  they  engage  through  different  logics  of  

change  

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Symbio0c  

Peer-­‐to-­‐Peer  

Ins0tu0onal  

Technological  

Rela0onal  

Systemic  

Integra0ve  

The  engagement  and  ac;on  logics  :  how  people  see  change  

Return  to  the  source  and  essen;als,  and  Mother  Earth.  Change  as  replenishment,  harmony,  aMunement  of  people  with  each  other  and  nature,  honoring  all  beings  and  life.      

Distributed  livelihoods  figh;ng  the  system  as  survivors  or  heroes.  Change  through  empowerment,  autonomy  and  resilience.  The  distributed  nature  of  change  and  innova0on  opera0ng  outside  of  ins0tu0ons.  

Crea;ng  legi;macy  &  stewardship  through  governance  &  ins;tu;ons.  Change  through  law  &  policy,  ethics  &  governance,  limits  and  boundaries,  applied  within  exis0ng  ins0tu0ons.    

Seeking  efficiencies  via  new  strategies  &  mechanisms.  Change  through  sciences,  technologies  and  ‘tools’,  new  organiza0onal,  management  and  conserva0on/preserva0on  models,  new  indicators  and  metrics.    

Fostering  emo;onal  rela;onships:  Change  through  social  prac0ce,  community,  social  responsibility,  learning,  collabora0ve  and  sharing  prac0ces,  prac0ces  of  wellbeing.    

Understanding  systems  &  complexity  linking  theory  &  prac;ce:  Change  through  systemic,  dynamic  and  polycentric  approaches,  interweaving  contexts  and  development,  and  the  cultural,  natural  and  technological  aspects.    

Transforming  self  &  others  integra;ng  the  material,  spiritual,  societal.  Change  through  experience  of  wholeness  of  existence  through  mind  and  spirit,  deep  sense  making  and  awareness  of  systems  interac0ons  and  dynamic  processes.    

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ar•che•type  [ahr-­‐ki-­‐tahyp]    

n.    

1.  the  original  paMern  or  model  from  which  all  things  of  the  same  kind  are  copied  or  on  which  they  are  based;  a  model  or  first  form;  prototype.    

2.  (in  Jungian  psychology)  a  collec0vely  inherited  unconscious  idea,  paMern  of  thought,  image,  etc.,  universally  present  in  individual  psyches.  

How  can  the  dots  connect?  What  is  the  underlying  logic,  the  archetype,  that  can  act  as  scaffold  to  aggregate  the  diversity  of  disparate  efforts  for  change,  and  work  effec0vely  toward  the  renewal  of  distributed  opportuni0es  in  the  system?    

How  can  distributed  agency  be  leveraged?    

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The  Commons  

How  about  the  Commons  as  archetype?    Defined  as  the  distributed  factors  of  opportunity  &  renewal,  health  &  thrivability  of  the  system  that  need  to  be  protected,  nurtured,  and  (re)produced?    Encompassing:      

§  Objects  of  care  and  aQen;on:  the  resources  and  other  material  and  immaterial  factors  of  opportunity  and  enablement  that  people  care  for  and  take  care  of  for  the  renewal  and  thrivability  of  the  system.  

§  Processes:  how  people  take  care  of  the  objects  in  distributed  par0cipatory  ways,  the  prac0ces,  cultures,  rela0onships,  which  are  objects  of  care  and  aMen0on  themselves.  

§  Outcomes:  what  results  from  the  prac0ces,  which  become  in  turn  objects  of  care  

 

     

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The  commons      

The  distributed  factors  of  opportunity  &  renewal,  health  &  thrivability  of  the  system  which  ensure  the  on-­‐going  thrivability  and  renewal  of  the  system  as  a  whole  and  its  individual  agents  at  various  levels  and  scales.  

Factors  of    Opportunity  The  seeds    in  the  long  tail  

Factors  of    Renewal  The  capacity    to  challenge    &  (re)invent    

Thrivability  The  capacity  for  frui0on  &  matura0on  

Health  Distributed  diversity  &  variety  

 

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A  commons  based  Mul;-­‐dimensional  Mul;-­‐faceted  Systemic  Change  Working  Model  

We  need  a  mul0dimensional  mul0faceted  prac0cal  approach  to  leverage  agency  in  its  different  contexts  and  converge  the  effects  of  disparate  efforts.    

We  need  a  model  genera0ve  of  commons,  that  operates  on  a  wide  array  of  leverage  points  at  all  levels  of  the  system.      

This  is  not  exclusively  about  crea0ng  commons  ‘forms’,  but  rather  to  embed  the  “commons  renewal  code”  in  the  system,  i.e.  the  elements  that  can  ensure  the  protec0on  and  reproduc0on  of  the  commons  as  an  emergent  outcome  of  human  ac0vity.    

This  presenta0on  is  conceptual,  but  the  elements  that  cons0tute  the  model  will  be  found  in  experience  of  genera0ve  models  and  ac0vi0es  and  grounded  in  praxis.  

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Infrastructure  &  Parameters    

 Behavior  &  Feedback    

Mechanisms    

Form    

Culture  &    Psychology    

1.  2.  3.  4.  

The  Model  from  the  Perspec;ve  of  Donella  Meadow’s  Leverage  points    for  systemic  change  

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We  proceed  as  a  whole  at  the  highest  leverage  point:  the  power  to  transcend  paradigm  by  espousing  all  of  them.    Paradigms  or  engagement/ac0on  logics  are  seen  complementary,  in  mutual  recogni0on,  and  not  as  part  of  a  developmental  con0nuum.    We  place  ourselves  in  the  logic  of  each  paradigm/culture  from  which  the  form  of  the  system  arises:  its  goals,  structures  and  rules.    Leveraging  agency  and  the  capabili0es  of  the  change  agents  within  each  paradigm  enables  a  mul0dimensional  mul0-­‐faceted  approach.    The  change  agent  or  innovator,  as  a  ‘radical’  within  or  at  the  edge  of  his  own  cluster  of  engagement,  is  ‘efficacious’  as  he  works  in  tune  with  the  logic  and  language  of  his  cluster.      A  paMern  language  is  developed  to  embed  the  underlying  logic  or  “code”  of  commons  reproduc0on,  the  means  to  perpetually  regenerate  the  factors  of  opportunity  &  renewal  and  associated  mechanisms,  into  the  system’s  form.          

Culture  &    Psychology  1.  

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The  PaMern  language  expresses  commons  renewal  as  goal  of  the  system,  and  provides  the  grammar  and  vocabulary  to  express  what  it  means  and  involves  in  terms  of  structures  and  rules  and  all  other  characteris0cs  of  the  system,  in  the  narra0ve  of  the  various  contexts  in  which  it  is  meant  to  apply.    This  does  not  seek  to  exclusively  create  commons  forms,  but  to  create  condi0ons  for  any  ac0vity  to  par0cipate  in  whole  or  part  in  the  crea0on  and  regenera0on  of  commons  as  an  emergent  process.      

 

This  PaMern  Language  is  a  set  of  design  principles  and  building  blocks,  which  enable  to  build  solu0ons  in  line  with  each  ac0on  logic.  They  include  the  mechanisms,  par0cipatory  and  genera0ve  processes  and  feedback  loops  that  will  enable  the  commons  to  be  protected,  nurtured,  grown  'by  design'  and  preserved  against  over-­‐exploita0on,  abuse,  or  enclosure,  as  well  as  the  an0-­‐paMerns  and  mechanisms  to  iden0fy  as  corrupt,  and  to  stay  away  from.        

It  is  also  designed  to  help  'conversa0on'  within  and  between  'languages',  for  mutual  understanding  in  mul0-­‐stakeholder  groups,  discovery  of  each  other's  logics  and  opera0ng  modes,  and  dealing  with  conflic0ng  interests,  trade-­‐offs,  etc…  in  par0cipatory  processes.        

Form  2.  

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Behavior  &  Feedback    Mechanisms    

The  “code”  or  mechanisms  to  embed  in  the  system  includes  the  reinforcing  loops  needed  to  grow  the  commons,  and  the  balancing  loops  needed  to  self-­‐regulate  the  system.  See  appendix  for  further  informa0on  on  feedback.    

An  inquiry  process  helps  determine  the  type  of  objects,  genera0ve  processes/prac0ces  and  outcomes  that  need  to  be  enhanced  and  amplified  as  genera0ve  of  commons,  and  those  which  need  to  be  corrected  because  they  are  destruc0ve  of  commons.      

Because  any  remedy  ini0ally  beneficial  when  self-­‐mul0plying,  can  become  toxic  if  overdosed,  the  approach  seeks  to  detect  the  limit  points  when  balancing  loops  must  kick  in  (S0egler’s  pharmacology).      Visualiza0on  systems  are  introduced  to  provide  feedback  and  show  the  flows  and  accumula0ons  and  the  impact  of  the  micro  on  the  macro,  and  to  give  change  agents  the  signals  to  act  upon  the  reinforcing  and  balancing  feedback  loops.  The  seman0c  web  can  help  build  the  visualiza0on  and  feedback  mechanisms  that  can  help  operate  the  system  in  a  s0gmerge0c  way.    Naviga0on  systems  create  bridges  between  the  various  ac0on  logics  for  coordinated  monitoring  and  ac0on.  

3.  

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Infrastructure  &  Parameters  

The  stocks  and  flows  structures  and  systems  parameters  are  used  to  ‘regulate’  the  flows  and  the  accumula0ons  generated  by  the  system:  rates  of  taxes,  minimum  wage,  interest  rates,  limits  to  pollu0on  emission  or  use  of  water  during  droughts  etc.  They  also  consist  in  the  prac0ces  and  norms  that  enable  ‘self-­‐regula0on’.    Combined,  they  have  an  effect  on  the  feedback  loops  that  drive  the  system.    The  heuris0cs,  inquiry  processes  associated  with  the  paMerns  will  help  change  agents  combine  complementary  paMerns  to  build  new  solu0ons  and  pathways  in  line  with  reali0es  they  can  relate  to,  and  that  will  appropriately  help  operate  change  'locally',  in  a  way  that  is  favorable  to  the  commons  with  all  the  diversity  and  meshing  generated  across  clusters.      It  will  help  connect  to  and  interconnect  exis0ng  prac0cal  applica0ons,  making  databases  of  solu0ons  'ac0onable'  and  provide  an  'orienta0on  system',  which  would  also  enable  naviga0on  between  domains.      

4.  

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As  part  of  the  s0gmerge0c  feedback,  the  model  includes  visualisa0ons  systems  where  parts  of  a  whole  can  see  the  whole  evolve  and  the  rela0onships  between  parts  in  ac0on,  enabling  gaps  to  be  iden0fied,  needs  fulfilled,  possibili0es  explored  and  impacts  visualized.    •  J.F.  Noubel  speaks  of  holop0cism,  a  form  of  reverse  panop0con:  "Each  player,  thanks  to  his/

her  experience  and  exper0se,  relates  to  the  whole  in  order  to  adjust  his/her  ac0ons  and  coordinate  them  with  others'  moves.  Therefore  there  is  an  unceasing  round  trip,  a  feedback  loop  that  works  like  a  mirror  between  the  individual  level  and  the  collec0ve  one.”  

•  Bracha  Epnger  describes  borderspaces  at  the  junc0on  of  things,  borderlinks  created  via  fluctua0on  of  distance  in  proximity  to  create  rela0ons  without  rela0onships,  where  traces  produced  are  shearable  between  subjects  in  trans-­‐subjec0ve  rela0onships.  Revealing  overlaps  and  rela0ons  between  object  and  iden0fying  synergies  across  mul0ple  dimensions  (it  can  be  across  disciplines,  domains,  projects,  cultures,  communi0es,  interests...)  

•  Stephen  Johnson  describes  Stuart  Kaufman’s  idea  of  the  adjacent  possibles:  "The  strange  and  beau0ful  truth  about  the  adjacent  possible  is  that  its  boundaries  grow  as  you  explore  them.  Each  new  combina0on  opens  up  the  possibility  of  other  new  combina0ons.  Think  of  it  as  a  house  that  magically  expands  with  each  door  you  open.  You  begin  in  a  room  with  four  doors,  each  leading  to  a  new  room  that  you  haven't  visited  yet.  Once  you  open  one  of  those  doors  and  stroll  into  that  room,  three  new  doors  appear,  each  leading  to  a  brand-­‐new  room  that  you  couldn't  have  reached  from  your  original  star0ng  point.  Keep  opening  new  doors  and  eventually  you'll  have  built  a  palace."    

Visualiza;ons  for  systemic  change  

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Appendix:  Feedback  

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•  A  system  uses  ‘feedback’  as  informa0on  on  the  effect  of  passed  or  present  phenomenon  to  influence  the  same  phenomenon  in  the  present  or  future.  

•  Feedback  is  a  process,  part  of  a  chain  of  cause-­‐and-­‐effect  that  forms  a  circuit  or  loop.  It  is  characterized  by  the  crea0on  or  not  of  a  gap  with  the  ini0al  state  of  the  system  and  by  the  ‘direc0on’  in  which  it  sends  the  system  (virtuous  or  vicious).    

•  A  posi0ve/reinforcing  feedback  enhances  or  amplifies  an  effect  (virtuous  or  vicious)  and  widens  the  gap  with  an  ini0al  state:  A  produces  more  of  B  which  in  turn  produces  more  of  A.    

•  A  nega0ve/balancing  feedback  reduces  or  corrects  an  effect  and  narrows  the  gap  with  an  ini0al  or  desired  state:  A  produces  less  of  B  which  in  turn  produces  less  of  A.    

•  Depending  on  the  system,  feedback  triggers  conscious  or  automa0c  reac0ons  (ex.  ‘human  ordered’  trading  vs  automa0c  trading)  

   

All  systems  operate  on  feedback  

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•  When  a  change  occurs  in  a  system,  posi0ve/reinforcing  feedback  causes  further  change  in  the  same  direc0on,  gaining  momentum  through  self-­‐reinforcing  self  mul0plying  loops.  

     

•  Reinforcing  feed-­‐back  increases  the  gain  (or  loss)  from  repe00on.  With  accumula0on  of  reinforcing  feedback  gaps  get  bigger.  When  the  loop  gain  is  posi0ve  and  above  1,  there  will  typically  be  exponen0al  growth,  increasing  oscilla0ons  or  divergences  from  equilibrium.      

•  Reinforcing  feedback  tends  to  cause  system  instability.  System  parameters  will  typically  accelerate  towards  extreme  values,  which  may  damage  or  destroy  the  system  by  sending  it  into  chaos,  which  may  end  with  the  system  latched  into  a  new  stable  state  (ex:  a  totalitarian  or  more  authoritarian  regime  such  as  described  in  Naomi  Klein’s  Shock  Doctrine  or  Dave  Snowden’s  Cynefin  model).  

Posi;ve  or  reinforcing  feedback  &  change  in  a  system    

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•  Nega0ve  or  balancing  feedback  tends  to  make  a  system  self-­‐regula0ng  or  self-­‐correc0ng;  it  can  produce  stability  ‘at  the  edge  of  chaos’  and  reduce  the  effect  of  damaging  fluctua0ons.    

•  Balancing  feedback  loops  help  to  be  responsive  to  new  events  and  behaviors,  and  help  maintain  the  health  and  thrivability  of  a  system,  and  trajectories  towards  desired  outcomes.    

•  An  airplane  auto-­‐pilot  is  an  example  of  a  constructed  automa0c  self-­‐correc0ng  system.  Nature  (climate)  and  biology  (homeostasis  maintaining  life)  are  self-­‐organized  ones.  In  management  balanced  scorecards  provides  feedback  informa0on  for  conscious  decision  making  (choice  between  reinforcing  or  correc0on).  

•  Both  Adam  Smith’s  Invisible  Hand  and  Schumpeter’s  Crea0ve  Destruc0on  are  manifesta0ons  of  the  emergent  self  regula0on  of  the  system.  

Nega;ve  or  balancing  feedback  &  change  in  a  system    

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•  The  MaQhew  effect:  success  helps  gain  access  to  resources  which  in  turn  results  in  further  success  and  resources.  Credit  is  given  to  those  who  are  already  famous  (or  rich),  also  called  preferen0al  aMachment  (aMrac0on  of  largest  hubs).  Example  in  peer  review,  ranking  by  ‘likes’  or  popularity,  star  system,  meritocracy,  winner  take  all  markets.  Same  phenomenon  happens  in  reverse  with  scapegoa0ng,  bullying,  swirboa0ng  campaigns.  This  is  norma0ve  and  may  s0fle  difference  or  disrup0ve  innova0on.  >  Feedback  driven  by  reputa;on,  ‘winner’  aQrac;on  

Reinforcing  feedback  loops  in  prac;ce    

•  The  Network  effect:  When  network  effect  is  present,  the  value  of  a  product  or  service  is  dependent  on  the  number  of  others  using  it.  Each  new  entrant  adds  value  to  the  whole  network.  Over  0me,  posi0ve  network  effects  can  create  a  bandwagon  effect  as  the  network  becomes  more  valuable  and  more  people  join,  in  a  posi0ve  feedback  loop.  That’s  why  most  of  us  are  s0ll  on  facebook…  Newer  networks  have  more  difficulty  to  aMract.  >  Feedback  driven  by  cri;cal  mass  aQrac;on  

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•  The  bandwagon  effect  or  herd  behavior:  "the  probability  of  any  individual  adop0ng  a  behavior  increases  with  the  propor0on  who  have  already  done  so".  People  chose  the  most  visible,  obvious,  ‘aMrac0ve’  op0ons.  Examples  in  rankings,  recommended  purchases,  likes,  SEO,  best  prac0ces.  In  management,  and  investment  op0miza0on,  ‘winning  models’  are  over-­‐applied,  reducing  the  diversity  of  behaviors,  and  in  the  end  of  compe00ve  advantage.    >  Feedback  driven  by  Imita;on    

•  Self-­‐fulfilling  prophecy:  a  predic0on  that  directly  or  indirectly  causes  itself  to  become  true,  by  the  very  terms  of  the  prophecy  itself,  due  to  posi0ve  feedback  between  belief  and  behavior  that  brings  the  behavior  to  reality.  Examples:  Bear  or  bull  markets.  Assuming  people  cannot  be  trusted  makes  them  more  dishonest,  assuming  people  are  driven  by  self-­‐interest  makes  them  worry  more  of  their  self  interest.  Behavioral  engineering  plays  on  this.  >  Assump;on  feedback  

   

These  effects  all  overlap  and  feed  into  each  other,  amplified  by  form,  scope  (distribu0on),  intensity  (pressure)  and  frequency  of  communica0on  that  influence  propaga0on.  

Reinforcing  feedback  loops  in  prac;ce    

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•  PareQo  principle:  (also  known  as  the  80–20  rule,  the  law  of  the  vital  few,  and  the  principle  of  factor  sparsity)  for  many  events,  roughly  80%  of  the  effects  come  from  20%  of  the  causes/occurrences.    Efforts  tend  to  concentrate  on  the  20%.  

Consequences  of  reinforcing  feedback  loops  

•  Power  law:  a  func0onal  rela0onship  between  two  quan00es,  where  one  quan0ty  varies  as  a  power  or  exponen0a0on  of  another.  "In  systems  where  many  people  are  free  to  choose  between  many  op0ons,  a  small  subset  of  the  whole  will  get  a  dispropor0onate  amount  of  traffic  (or  aMen0on,  or  income),  even  if  no  members  of  the  system  ac0vely  work  towards  such  an  outcome.  The  very  act  of  choosing,  spread  widely  enough  and  freely  enough,  creates  a  power  law  distribu0on.”  (Clay  Shirky)  

•  Cumula;ve  advantage:  once  a  social  agent  gains  a  small  advantage  over  other  agents,  that  advantage  will  compound  over  0me  into  an  increasingly  larger  advantage,  aMrac0ng  an  increasing  amount  of  resources.