An Ecological Classification of Open-Water Habitats in...
Transcript of An Ecological Classification of Open-Water Habitats in...
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An Ecological Classification of Open-Water Habitats in
Lake ErieChristine Geddes1, Jeff Tyson2, Edward Rutherford1,
Damon Krueger1, Stuart Ludsin3, and Timothy Johnson4
1 Institute for Fisheries Research, MDNR, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan2 Lake Erie Headquarters, ODNR, Lake Erie Headquarters, Sandusky, Ohio3 Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, NOAA, Ann Arbor, Michigan4 Glenora Fisheries Station, OMNR, Picton, Ontario
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Why?
•Framework for understanding ecosystem structure and function
•Establishment of reference conditions
•Management applications, e.g., yellow perch & walleye management
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Offshore Definition
Open Water
>15 meters
Offshore Shallow
3-15 meters
Littoral
½ mile inland – 3-meter contour
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Current Schema
Current schema based on depth, temperature, productivity, and thermal stratification.
West Basin
Central Basin
East Basin
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Potential Variables
•Thermal characteristics•Hydraulic characteristics•Outwelling zones•Substrate type•Light/turbidity•Biological characteristics•Proximity to lakebed features
Adapted from: Saylor and Miller, 1987
Reproduced from: Mullen, 1976
Productivity zones
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Jeff Tyson, ODNR, Classification
West Basin
Central Basin
East Basin
Outwelling zones (thermal characteristics,
light, biology) (Sub-basin was feature-based)
Hydraulic characteristics (gyres, light, biology)
Hydraulic/thermal characteristics (gyres, light, temp., biology)
Strategy: hierarchical, largely conceptual
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Jeff Tyson, ODNR, Classification
Twenty habitat zones were delineated based on physical characteristics (e.g., circulation, basin) or unique features (e.g., Presque Isle Bay).
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Our Strategy
1) Summarize input variables by 10-minute grid cell
2) Perform a two-step cluster analysis
3) Compare classification with previous classification
4) Test classification with biological data
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Input Variables—Bathymetry & Slope
Source: NOAA
Extent: lake-wide
Resolution: 60-meter
0
63
Depth (m)
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Input Variables—Temp. & Temp. Difference
Source: NOAA CoastWatch/AVHRR
Extent: lake-wide
Resolution: 10-minute grid cells*
*available at 1.7-km resolution
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Input Variables—Substrate Type
Source: OSU, SeaGrant
Extent: lake-wide
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Input Variables—Circulation Patterns
Courtesy of Beletsky et al., 1999
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Input Variables—Circulation Patterns
1 234
56
7
West Central East
Bill Schertzer proposed the “7-Box Model”
0
63
Depth (m)
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Summarizing Variables
2170.6523.321.4709CircSubstr_1Temp_diffTempBathGrid
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Two-Step Cluster Analysis
…is an exploratory tool designed to reveal natural groupings (or clusters) within a data set that would otherwise not be apparent.
Advantages
--Handling of categorical and continuous variables
--Automatic selection of number of clusters
--Output includes several analysis plots and statistics
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Preliminary Results
ODNR
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Preliminary Results
ODNR
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--within cluster percentage chart
--cluster pie chart
--rank of cluster importance
--importance measure (chi square or t-test of significance
Cluster Size
5
4
3
2
1
2814114917N =
Simultaneous 95% Confidence Intervals for M
Cluster
54321
TEM
P_C
24.0
23.5
23.0
22.5
22.0
21.5
TwoStep Cluster Number = 2
Bonferroni Adjustment Applied
(N) Non-signif icant
Varia
ble
SUBS_SMSUBS_B
SLOPESUBS_SG
SUBS_MBATH_M
SUBS_GTTEMPDIFF_C (N)
TEMP_C (N)
- Log10(Probability): larger value is more significant
403020100
Tolerance
Significance
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Testing the Classification
•Sport and commercial fish catch rates
•Survey data (trawl, gillnet, acoustic) on forage fish density
•Tag return data on walleye movement
•Lower trophic level (i.e., zooplankton and benthos) densities
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Questions/Discussion Points
•Scale
•Variables
•Boundary Definition
•Cross-walking classifications
•Capturing dynamic processes
•3D nature of the environment
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--Resolution
--Variables
--Boundary definition
--Cross-walking classifications
--Dynamic processes
--3-D nature of the environment
10-minute grid cells?
What do we want to use the classification for?
Questions/Discussion Points
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--Resolution
--Variables
--Boundary definition
--Cross-walking classifications
--Dynamic processes
--3-D nature of the environment
Physical habitat classification?
OR
Ecological classification (i.e., physical AND biological)?
--Resolution may determine variable importance
--Circulation? Etc.
Questions/Discussion Points
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--Resolution
--Variables
--Boundary definition
--Cross-walking classifications
--Dynamic processes
--3-D nature of the environment
15 meters?
Fuzzy boundary?
Questions/Discussion Points
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--Resolution
--Variables
--Boundary definition
--Cross-walking classifications
--Dynamic processes
--3-D nature of the environment
How do we do this?
Questions/Discussion Points
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--Resolution
--Variables
--Boundary definition
--Cross-walking classifications
--Dynamic processes
--3-D nature of the environment
Processes are dynamic…
do we create a classification for a particular time period (e.g., fall)?
mean summer circulation
Questions/Discussion Points
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--Resolution
--Variables
--Boundary definition
--Cross-walking classifications
--Dynamic processes
--3-D nature of the environment
GIS
Questions/Discussion Points
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• Zooplankton• Chlorophyll a• Temperature• Dissolved oxygen• Light levels
• Fish biomass& density
• Trawling & gillnetting (sp. composition, fish for diet analyses)• Collection of macroinvertebrates & ZP (prey production)
IFYLE Field Program (Fish Focus)IFYLE Field Program (Fish Focus)
Courtesy of Stu Ludsin
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RelativeFish
biomass(dB)
ZP biomass(mg/l)
DO(mg/l)
Temperature(° C)
Transect H
15
Night
82 2 82 23 82 26 82 29 82 32 82 35 82 3820
15
10
5
0
-110
-90
-70
-50 High
Low
15
15
0
15
Depth(m)
82 22 82 25 82 28 82 31 82 34 82 3720
15
10
5
0
Day
0
0
0
IFYLE Example (courtesy of Stu Ludsin, GLERL, NOAA)