An Assessment of Socio-Economic Impact of Waste Scavenging as

An Assessment of Socio-Economic Impact of Waste Scavenging as a means of Poverty Alleviation in Gwagwalada, Abuja.Kogi State University From the SelectedWorks of Confluence Journal of Environmental Studies (CJES), Kogi State University, Nigeria
January 1, 2011
An Assessment of Socio-Economic Impact of Waste Scavenging as a means of Poverty Alleviation in Gwagwalada, Abuja. John Yakubu Magaji, University of Abuja Samuel Panse Dakyes, University of Abuja
Available at: https://works.bepress.com/cjes_kogistateuniversity/1/
An Assessment of Socio-Economic Impact of Waste Scavenging
as a means of Poverty Alleviation in Gwagwalada, Abuja.
J. Magaji. and S.P. Dakyes*
Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Abuja.
Email: [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract
Waste scavengers are usually perceived as being among the poor, and scavenging is considered a marginal activity. They tend to have low incomes, but can obtained decent earning when they are not exploited by middlemen. This study was conducted in Gwagwalada town with the aim of assessing the socio-economic impact of scavenging on the people. A structured questionnaire was constructed to capture the demographic characteristics of the scavengers, their experiences, types of items scavenged, the economic gains and the challenges being faced. The target pollution is waste scavengers and a random sampling technique was adopted in selecting the respondents for the questionnaire administration. The findings revealed that the all the scavengers in the study area are males and majority of them are below 25years. 93.4% of them are Muslims and only 6.5% are Christians. About 81.3% of these scavengers attended either Islamia or conventional primary school and only 11.5% attended secondary school. About 90% of them are Hausas, 2.7% are Igbos, and 1.64% is Yoruba. Most of them joint the profession in order to take care of themselves and their immediate family. Only 4.1% wish to continue with the job. Most of them (87.7%) are about 5years and below in this noble profession. This is an indication that this profession if not encouraged, will collapse with time as over 98% are not satisfied with the job and indicated interest of changing to another profession if given the opportunity. Items scavenged include bottles, plastics, iron electronics, aluminum and others. Their monthly income ranges from N4000-N1300 (81.9%) and just about 18.1% earned N14, 000-N24, 000 per month. Their major challenges include molestation, fatigue, diseases, injuries, waist pain among others.
KEY WORDS: Waste, Scavenging, socio-economic impact, Poverty, Alleviation.
Introduction
materials, which are disposed of or are required to
be disposed of according to the provision of
National Law. On the other hand, Ajadike, (2001)
defined waste as man’s unwanted materials that
need to be discarded.
______________________________________________________ *Correspondence: S.P. Dakyes, [email protected].
Department of Geography and Planning, University of Abuja.
And Magaji, (2005) sees solid waste as material
that no longer has any value to the person who is
responsible for it, and is not intended to be
discarded through a pipe. It does not normally
include human excreta. It is generated by
domestic, commercial, industrial, healthcare,
accumulates in streets and public places. It may
Magaji and Dakyes, Con J. Envtal Stud, 2011, 42-56 CONFLUENCE JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES http://www.journalhome.com/cjes ISSN: 1597 - 5827
©2011 Magaji and Dakyes: Published by the Department of Geography and Planning, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria
not be generally accepted that solid waste, and
indeed wastes are “useless, unwanted or
discarded (undesirable) materials” given the
degree of scavenging on waste heaps in Less
Developed Countries (LDCs) by both human and
animals.
man may not be considered as a strange event in
the history of man anthropologically. People
recover the materials to sell for reuse or recycling
as well as diverse items for their own
consumption. These individuals are generally
known as 'scavengers' or waste pickers “Baban
Bola” and the activity they undertake is called
'scavenging. Scavenging is a labour process
involved in the initial collection, purchase, and
processing of recoverable materials. Scavengers
are not refuse workers and they are not concerned
with waste management, they enter into trade for
socioeconomic reasons and their relationship with
waste is as a resource, they only collect those
materials for which there is market.
The picture of scavenging that emerges from
reviewing literature is that of an occupation that
provides a livelihood for the poor. Scavenging is an
important survival strategy in which impoverished
individuals coped with scarcity. Scavengers
typically specialized in recovering only one or a
few types of materials for waste. To Medina
(1997), Scavenging takes place in all stages along
the waste management system that is; source
separation at household or place generating waste
material; here material are reused, sold or given
away for example, old newspapers are used for
packing, Batone and Okiverira (1992) observed
that during collection, scavengers sort out
recyclables for sale. Scavengers also retrieve
recyclables at dumps, on the streets or public
places, in canals and rivers, at landfills prior to
burial and purchase source of separated
recyclables from residents. Scavenging is
ubiquitous occurrence throughout the developing
world. WSCSD (2005) estimated that up to 2% of
the population in third world countries survive by
recovering materials from waste. Scavengers salvage
materials to sell for recycling, as well as repairable
and re-usable items that and sell or use
themselves. The recovery of material for waste by
scavengers in developing countries takes place in
the wide variety of settings; although the
circumstances in which materials are recovered in
a particular place may unique, it is obvious as
opined by Blincow (1986) and Muttamara et al
(1993) that scavengers source their materials from
two major ways that is either sorting or collecting
freely from dumps and landfills, or by buying the
already sorted materials from households.
Poverty is prevalent in most developing
countries and this force the poor incomes in
most of the resources available to them. Vogler
(1984) stated that given the very low incomes in
most developing in countries, scavenging provide
them with reusable and sellable material. In doing
so, the poor have developed creative ways in
order to satisfy their needs, including the
recovery of items not necessarily pail of the
waste stream: In Mali, many farmers search
and dig artifacts produced by ancient Mali
Empire in order to sell them to art collectors
(Holmes, 1984: Cointreau-Levine, 1998; Medina,
2005). In Calcutta, scavengers work along the
rail road tracks in order to recover the pieces of
coal that fall from the train (Furedy, 1984;
Sangay, 2004; Medina, 2005). In Cairo,
scavengers search ox dung for undigested
kernels of corn to eat (Meyer, 1987). In Vietnam
scavenger dig on agricultural f jungles, fields
and jungles, searching for scrap metal left over
from the war (Muttamara et al, 1993).
Scavenging contributes to reduction of the
amount of solid waste to be disposed and also helps
to save the natural resources that lead to
sustainable development. It creates jobs and extra
income for people especially the poor.
Scavenging encourages family members to sort
out materials from wastes in exchange in money,
it supplies raw materials for a lot of recycling
enterprises and this creates more jobs for people
especially the youths who dominate the
profession. Scavenging renders economic and
environmental benefits such as providing
income to unemployed individuals, supplying
inexpensive raw materials to industries,
reducing the demand for collection,
transportation and disposal of waste. Further,
material recycling has a lower the impact that is
accelerated by scavengers.
Scavenging is a process that is well practiced in
developing countries, in fact scavenging is a
source of employment, that attempts made to
abolish the practice in some cities have been met
with strong resistance. Scavengers roam the streets
looking for items that can be reused; other
scavengers conduct their activities at disposal sites.
There are reports on the health
implications of the actions of human beings in
relation to scavenging. Health risks associated
with scavenging include premature wound
infection from sharp objects, inhalation of
dangerous gases, accidental swallowing of
dangerous and contaminated materials, diseases
like cholera, typhoid, infection with HIV, to
mention a few(Habitat debate, 2003; Phuka, 2003)
going by the health reports stated above ,one
begins to ask whether these scavengers
understand the health implications of their
actions. For instance, these scavengers eat their
meals while scavenging, as a matter of fact they
spend a larger proportion of their days on
dumpsites.
doubt have effects on the scavengers, their
families and on the society at large reports and
findings have argued in support of scavenging as
an income generating business for unskilled
workers (Waste, 2005). A critical assessment of
the scavengers in this part of the globe might
make it difficult to accept the claim. This is
because the scavengers still appear to be
economically unbalanced compared to their
counterparts in other unskilled trade. One hardly
sees these scavengers display some measure of
affluence as they are always scavenging on
everyday of the week.
picker communities and areas that lacked refuse
collection and sanitation; include diarrhea,
typhoid fever, cholera, dysentery, tuberculosis,
anthrax, poliomyelitis, skin disorders, pneumonia
and malaria. (German Agency for Technical
Coorperation, 1986)
Scavenging among the unemployed begins with
the collection of plastic bags, bottles, papers,
cardboards, aluminum, iron rubber materials and
cans, and it mostly takes place in the informal
sector. Scavengers provide informal collection and
recovering additional materials at the dumps and
landfills.
of very large waste tends to attract local
scavengers. These scavengers play an important
role in the process of waste recycling. As the
government and its agencies are battling with the
management of waste, certain individuals also
scout for items that could be recycled for local
industries that may need it. In developing
countries like Nigeria, the need to survive due to
the economic problem has forced some of the
citizens to devise scavenging as a means of
livelihood. They go from one place to the other;
picking waste especially that can be recycled. They
are often found on the streets, in open dumps or
land fill areas, some of them even go as far as
visiting homes to request for used items.
Clearly, scavenging can be a profitable
activity and of significant environmental benefits.
Thus, the effects of practicing this activity on
waste pickers deserve careful study. Serious
investigations on this topic are scarce. This
research therefore, appraises the economic and
health implications of waste scavenging in
Gwagwalada, the Federal Capital City.
The Study Area.
Kilometers away from the Federal Capital City and
it is centrally located within the FCT. It is located
on a trunk A2 road along Kaduna-Lokoja road and
it is about sixty (60) kilometers west of the FCT.
The Gwagwalada Urban, area is located between
latitudes 8055 N and 9000 N of the equator and
longitudes 7000 E and 7005 E of the Greenwich
Meridian (Figure 1). It is bounded by Kuje Area
Council to the East, Abaji Area Council to the West,
Kwali area Council to the South and Abuja
Municipal to the North East and Suleja Local
Government in Niger State to the North
(Gwagwalada Master Plan, 1979). The study area
has a total landmass of about 6,500 hectares
(65km2) and with the rapid rate of urbanization,
developmental processes are now taking place
even outside the boundary of the designated
urban area.
To the West of the study area lies the Gurara
River, while the Abuja hills lie to the North. The
old village of Gwagwalada still lies in the centre of
the Gwagwalada town. The Gwagwalada town is
composed of Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3 and FCDA
quarters which constitute the well planned area
within the town. Other parts include New
Kutunku, Dagiri, Ungwan Dodo, Ungwan Shanu,
Ungwan Gwari, Ungwan Bassa, Ungwan Aguma
and the so call stadium layout. These constitutes
the less or unplanned area of the town (Dawam,
2000).
month of March with temperature as high as 340C,
while the minimum temperature occurs in the
month of January and December during the
harmattan period when temperature usually fall
to as low as 270C. (Adakayi, 2000).
The population of Gwagwalada Area
Council is 157,770 (NPC 2006). The composition
of the population in the study area is
heterogeneous in nature, comprising of the
original inhabitants of the town such as the Bassa
people, Gade and the Gwari. Other settlers
comprising Tiv, Yoruba, Hausa, Igbo and many
minorities from all over the Federation can be
found. The indigenous people of the study area are
mostly farmers, who are engaged in crop
production as a means of livelihood. They
cultivate different types of crops within the rainy
season, others engaged on different kinds of
businesses while few are civil servants. Despite
the engagement in diverse economic activities,
N
8°30'00.00"N
9°00'00.00"N
8°30'00.00"N
9°00'00.00"N
Fig.1Location of Gwagwalada in Abuja (FCT) Source: Gwagwalada Master plan (1980)
scavenging still occupy a good percentage of the
economic activity of some people in the town,
while other settlers are more into social services
and other business oriented activities. The waste
composition vary with socio-economic
generators, commercial versus residential; the
neighborhood (affluent or poor) and the time of
the year. Study revealed that the composition of
waste in Abuja city center in 2001 is as shown in
table 1. The waste composition in the rural area is
expected to be slightly different because of the life
style and socio-economic status of the rural
dwellers. The rural waste is expected to have a
higher percentage of organic materials.
Table 1: Solid Waste Composition in Abuja City 2001
*Excluding stone and sand Source: Culled from LAGA 2002.
Methodology
include primary and secondary sources. The
primary data were those data obtained through
field survey; these include observation, use of
questionnaire and oral interview. While
Secondary sources include the documentaries,
from text books, journals articles, newspapers and
internets.
elicit information concerning the economic
benefits and health implications of scavenging
activities. This questionnaire was administered to
individual scavengers so as to determine the types
of materials scavenged, quantity of each material
scavenged, their market value, what scavengers
are paid by middlemen, the difference between
what scavengers are paid and what the market
values are, the mean monthly income of
scavengers, the health risks faced by scavengers,
among others.
difficult to determine the number of waste
scavenger in the study area. Though they have
depot where the sell the materials scavenged, but
is not everybody that lives there, except few and
some the middle men who use to buy these items
from the scavengers.
Percentage
materials 53,350 20.12
4 Glass 9,600 3.62 5 Polythene 29,500 11.12 6 Plastic & Rubber 17,200 6.48 7 Textile 6,800 2.48 8 Hazardous waste 147,30 2.56 9 Other inert waste (unspecified) * 5,900 0.05 Total 265,097.00 100
The sampling technique employed in this
study is the purposive sampling techniques, where
only those identified as waste scavengers were
interviewed. A total of one hundred and twenty
two scavenger were been administered with the
questionnaire. Data derived from field survey was
analyzed and presented along with the
discussions using simple percentage bar graphs.
Results and Discussion
The sex of all the scavengers are males,
this is not surprising due to the nature of the
profession. The exercise is very dirty and stressful,
which a common woman cannot afford joining it.
Age is another indicator that determines the
capacity of this type of profession, the work needs
able – bodied individuals to withstand the stress
of scavenging, which involves walking about from
one waste dump to another looking for waste
products that are of interest to them. Figure 1
shows that 81.2% fall under the age of 25 years
and below, while 17.2 % fall under the age bracket
25- 36 years and also 1.64% of the persons fall
between 36-45 years old. The reason for this age
structure is because this group of people is agile
and economically active, that is, they can be easily
motivated by the economic gains of the trade.
Cleanliness, they said, is next to Godliness.
Religion teaches cleanliness, but the case here is a
different thing. Figure 2 present the distribution of
the scavengers according to their religion. It
shows that about 6.56% representing 8 out of 122
respondents are Christians, while 114 persons out
of 122 respondents, representing 93.4% are
Muslims, no traditional worshipers. Most of the
people involved in this exercise are Muslims, this
is because most of them are the Almajiris who
have left their parents for long, and have moved
for a long distance and ended in such business.
Almost all the 114 respondents came from the
northern part of the country.
Figure 3 shows that 49 out of 122
people which represents 40.16% of the
respondents are married, while 71 out of 122
scavengers representing 58.19% respondents is
single and only 1.64% is divorce. This distribution
confirms the fact that most of the scavengers are
the “Almajiris” who finds it very difficult to settle.
Others are seasonal migrants commonly known as
the “Chiranis” in Hausa. For that, they hardly get
married since they cannot settle and properly take
care of their wives and children.
The size of the family differs, the larger
the family size, the more the responsibilities.
Figure 4 shows that about 77.15% of the
respondents have a family size of between 1-2
persons, and 19.57% has a family size of between
3-5persons. While very few of them have large
families size a negligible number of about 1.64%
of the respondents has 6-9 persons with. This
shows that most of them are single with only one
dependent. An interview with one of them
revealed that, what they even called dependent
are always friends of the same profession. This
also confirms the fact that most of them are
seasonal migrants (Chiranis) that only appeared
during the dry season after accumulating their
wealth, they then moved to their place of origin
during the rainy season.
respondents only attended primary education.
About 81.3 % of the waste pickers said, they
attended either Islamia primary school or the
conventional primary schools. While 11.5%
attended up to secondary level, 7.38% do not have
any formal education at all with the number of 9
respondents. Most of the people involved in this
business are not educated only 11.5 attended
secondary schools.
The Federal Capital Territory has
attracted people from all the country, even
beyond. The waste scavengers were distributed
according to their ethnic group as shown in figure
6. Result shows that 89.3% of the respondents
which represents 109 people is Hausas, 1.64 %
representing 2 respondents is Yoruba while 2.4%
representing 3 persons is Igbo, and 6.56% from
other ethnic groups. This implies that most of the
scavengers are Hausas from the northern part of
the north.
Waste scavenging
elicited and the result is presented in this section.
When the scavengers were asked the question as
to the reasons for joining this profession, different
reasons were given as shown in figure 7.
Figure 7 show that, the major reason for
joining this profession is to be able to carter for
the families’ needs. About 41% of the respondents
join the profession for this reason. 28. 7% join the
profession as the only source of income. While
22.1 joint the job as being their last option. 4.1%
each joint it to either sponsor their education and
or for self employment.
were interviewed as to the years they have put in
the profession, and the result is presented in
Figure 8. Result shows that 87.7% presenting 107
respondents is between 1-5 years experience,
9.83% have between 6-10years of experience and
2.46% has put in for about 10 years and above.
This implies that most of them consider this
profession as a stepping stone, where after
acquiring some money will resolved in changing
their profession. There is every indication that the
business may collapse in the nearest future as
there are very few people that are ready to
continue with the profession.
A good number of the respondents
perceived scavenging as being patiently pleasant,
none of them sees it as being completely
unpleasant. Result in figure 9 shows that 86.1% of
the respondents perceived scavenging as being
mild, while 9.8% and 4.1% perceived it as being
pleasant and very pleasant respectively. A follow-
up reveals that they have no option than to
patiently work while looking for alternative.
Some of the scavengers are not happy
with this profession. Figure 10 shows that 98% of
the entire respondents would like to change from
this profession if given chance while an 2% said
they will
scavenge for, it was discover that the major items
scavenged items such as bottles, plastics, iron
electronics/alluminium and others. Figure 11
shows that all the scavengers go for all the
valuable waste products. 100% picks alluminium
and metals 97% picks electronics while 70% picks
plastics and other, which comprise of different
types of waste that make up 98% as shown in
plates 1- 6
scavenging of waste materials. It shows that about
81.9% of the respondents earned between N4000-
N13000 per month and 18.1% earned between
N14000-N24000 monthly. This is an indication
that the business does not bring much income for
them to take care of their family needs. This might
be one of the reasons for people not willing to
continue with the profession. An oral interview
with some of them revealed that the middlemen
are not justifying their efforts. That after
wondering about looking for valuable items, the
middlemen will not pay them accordingly, rather
the gains and profits go to them.
Challenges of waste scavenging
challenges, when respondents were asked to
state their problems, they enumerated the
following:
but the weight of the scavenged items.
They are faced with people’s
molestation. That people don’t see
them as being reasonable human
being, since their appearance is always
odd. Sometimes they are been accused
for stealing some home items, since
they picked any carelessly kept items.
Though they admitted the accusation
to some extent, that some scavengers
who just joined the profession and
wants to make it by force, might do so.
The stress they pass through is more than
their gains; this blame was attributed to the
middle men who use to buy these items at
lower prices and in turn sell them at higher
rates.
These people are very aware of some of the
health implication of this job, but since they
have no alternative, they still continue with
it. Among the health problems being faced
with includes, skin and blood infections,
direct contact with waste from infected
wounds, eye and respiratory infections
resulting from exposure to infected dust,
bites by wild or stray animals feeding on
waste, skeletal disorders resulting from the
handling of heavy containers, infected
wounds contact with sharp items; poisoning
and chemical bums resulting from contact
with small amounts of hazardous chemical
waste mixed with general waste; bursts
and other injuries from occupational
accidents at waste disposal sites or from
methane juts explosions at landfill sites.
Further investigation revealed that they
also indulge in taking drugs, such as,
alcohol, smoking of different kinds and
drug that will stimulates and increase
their strength to help them overcome the
odour, stress and human molestation.
Conclusion and Recommendations
scavenging is a means of livelihood to some group
of people, it has proved that scavenging provides
benefits to society and that it should be supported
and not persecuted, since both scavenging and
recycling of solid waste reduce the amount of
waste that needs to be collected for disposal;
Scavenging and recycling provide both income
and reusable product for the poor, and in many
cases reduces stress and importation of raw
materials. Though the profession has remarkable
profits, there are also attendant problems to be
address, such as the way people regards waste
scavengers and their health. Based on these, the
following recommendations are made in order to
improve the profession.
collecting, sorting, or otherwise handling waste,
measures to improve their work environments are
needed. Below are some few modest measures to
be taken in order to protect their health.
Provide solid waste workers and waste
picker with clean drinking water
and sanitation facilities.
with food waste which has been mixed
with other municipal solid waste.
Register adult waste pickers, provide
vaccination for hepatitis, A and B, tetanus,
polio and typhoid, and annual medical
examinations.
domestic livestock and pets to solid waste
workers and waste pickers.
pickers with protective clothing,
glasses etc.
scavengers find themselves and also
reduce the rate of unemployment in the
country at large
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ISSN: 1597 – 5827 Cite this article as: Magaji, J.Y. and Daykes, S.P. (2011). An Assessment of Socio-Economic Impact of
WasteScavenging as a means of Poverty Alleviation in Gwagwalada, Abuja. Con. J. Envtal. Std, 6:42-56
Kogi State University
From the SelectedWorks of Confluence Journal of Environmental Studies (CJES), Kogi State University, Nigeria
January 1, 2011
An Assessment of Socio-Economic Impact of Waste Scavenging as a means of Poverty Alleviation in Gwagwalada, Abuja.
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