An Approach to Customer Experience
Transcript of An Approach to Customer Experience
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Helping Business Thrive On Technology Change
July 19, 2004
Scenario Design: A DisciplinedApproach To Customer Experienceby Bruce D. Temkin
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2004, Forrester Research, Inc. All rights reserved. Forrester, Forrester Oval Program, Forrester Wave, WholeView 2, Technographics, andTechRankings are trademarks of Forrester Research, Inc. All other trademarks are the property of their respective companies. Forresterclients may make one attributed copy or slide of each figure contained herein. Additional reproduction is strictly prohibited. For additionalreproduction rights and usage information, go to www.forrester.com. Information is based on best available resources. Opinions reflectjudgment at the time and are subject to change. To purchase reprints of this document, please email [email protected].
FORRESTER BIG IDEA
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Firms know that customer experience is important but they deal with it haphazardly. As a result,
customers suffer through needlessly painful interactions. ats why firms need a more disciplined
approach to customer experience. Forrester recommends that companies adopt Scenario Design,
a concept built on a simple assumption: No experience is inherently good or bad, it can only be judged
by looking at how well it helps customers achieve their goals. is approach requires companies to
continually ask and answer three questions: Who are your users?; what are their goals?; and how
can you help them achieve those goals?
TA BLE OF CONTENTSYour Customers Deserve A Better Experience
Companies Lack Customer ExperienceDiscipline
(Re)Introducing Scenario Design
1. Who Are Your Target Users?
2. What Are Their Key Goals?
3. How Can You Help Them Achieve ThoseGoals?
RECOMMENDATIONS
Turn Scenario Design Into A Core Competence
WHAT IT MEANS
The Implications Of Scenario Design
NOTES & RESOURCESForrester drew upon hundreds of customer
experience evaluations that it has completed,
as well as discussions with large corporations,
software vendors, and service providers about
customer experience practices.
Related Research Documents
Executive Q&A: Customer Experience Reviews
March 26, 2004, Best Practices
The Power Of Design Personas
December 18, 2003, Report
Scenario Design
December 27, 2000, Report
July 19, 2004
Scenario Design: A Disciplined Approach
To Customer Experienceby Bruce D. Temkinwith Harley Manning, Paul Sonderegger, and Michelle Amato
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YOUR CUSTOMERS DESERVE A BETTER EXPERIENCE
Weve all heard it: Customers are the No. 1 asset. But despite this mantra, companies
disenfranchise customers by delivering disappointing experiences. Our evaluations of the
customer experiences delivered by large firms reveal: 1
Poorly designed Web sites. Our Web Site Review grades sites on a scale ranging from-50 to +50.2 Looking across our last 483 reviews, we found that only 15 sites (3% of
the total) surpassed our target passing score of +25.3 An astounding 245 (51% of the
total) received a score of zero or less. In our most recent 130 reviews, only 29% of sites
delivered on one of the most important user requirements: essential content needed to
complete users goals.
Environmentally challenged kiosks. Using a kiosk while others watch and wait can
heighten customers anxiety levels. ats why we evaluate the environment around akiosk, in addition to its soware and hardware.4 Airlines, for instance, can use signage,
physical layout, and the availability of live agents to soothe customers nerves but
they oen dont. Delta Airlines failed half of our kiosk environment criteria in Bostons
Logan Airport, and American Airlines failed just as badly in Chicagos OHare Airport.5
Unusable IVRs. When we asked companies to rate their own interaction channels,only 18% of firms gave their IVR a passing grade.6 ats a fair assessment, considering
that only two of our last 29 IVR reviews resulted in a passing score.7 is heavily used
interaction channel continues to suffer from being buried in companies IT or telecom
departments. And help may not be on the way only 35% of firms report doing any
usability testing on their IVR apps.8
Awkward cross-channel transitions. Interactions within a single channel are hardenough on customers, but the world gets even more difficult when a customer tries to
cross channels. In a recent training session on our cross-channel review methodology,
one participant sat pointing to an item available online even as the call center agent
refused to sell it to her.9 Why? Because the product wasnt visible on the agents order-
entry system.10
Companies Lack Customer Experience Discipline
Firms dont tryto make things difficult for their customers. So why do so many goodintentions go awry? Our research reveals that the problem stems from a lack of rigor
around customer experience management. While companies have explicit processes for
functions like finance, engineering, and human resources, they oen dont follow any
methodology for customer experience. In the void, we find:
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Poorly defined business objectives. Whenever we review a companys interactionchannels like Web sites, IVRs, call centers, and kiosks we ask about business
objectives. Many responses include fuzzy targets like create a world-class experience
or build the brand. ese vague goals cant be measured, so they provide little
guidance in setting priorities and keeping scope creep at bay.
Conflicting agendas. In a typical Global 2,500 company, no one has responsibility forthe customer experience delivered across interaction channels except the CEO.11
Lacking a holistic view of what makes a great customer experience, every organization
(and its execs) advocate for its own interests. is plays out in problems ranging from
Web menus turned into a confusing mess of promotions to inconsistent cross-channel
pricing that frustrates customers and drives down margins.
Self-referential design. Companies typically understand the demographics andpurchase history of their customers but have little insight into customers motivations,goals, and channel-specific behavior. Lacking this insight, project team members
assume that the users needs and preferences are just like their own. Unfortunately, the
firms IVR programmers, Web designers, IT staff, and marketing groups arent typically
representative of the companys target customers. So interactions oen get designed to
please the wrong audience.
REINTRODUCING SCENARIO DESIGN
Its time for companies to inject some discipline into their customer experience efforts.
How? With Scenario Design.12 Rather than continuing to frustrate customers or worse
yet, throwing money at ill-defined customer-facing initiatives firms can use Scenario
Design to target their energy on initiatives that provide ROI.13 While Forrester originally
introduced this concept in 2000, it remains a core component of the advice that we deliver
to companies today. e premise of Scenario Design is simple: No experience is inherently
good or bad it can only be judged based on how well it helps customers accomplish their
goals. To master this framework, companies must continually ask and answer three
basic questions (see Figure 1):
1. Who are your target users? Firms need to start with a clear picture of their target
audience. When buying a computer, a 30 year-old design engineer whos anenthusiastic digital movie editor has different knowledge, desires, and aspirations than
a 65-year-old teacher who just got her first PC and spends most of her spare time with
her three grandchildren. To formalize this understanding, project teams should cra
personas composite descriptions of real people that represent primary customer
segments.
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2. What are their key goals? When people go to retail outlets, visit a Web site , or contact
a call center, theyre trying to do something like select a gi, compare prices, or find
help with a problem. Customer experiences should be designed to satisfy these specific
accomplishments. Word of advice: Customers dont oen have goals like be exposedto brand messagesorget cross-sold.
3. How can you help them achieve those goals? e final test of any customer
interaction comes down to how well it works. Firms must make it easy for target
users to take each step on their way to their goals. How? By designing clear paths that
anticipate what users need to know and would like to do at each decision point.
Figure 1 The Elements Of Scenario Design
Source: Forrester Research, Inc.
ScenarioDesign
2) What are their
key goals?
3) How canyou help them
accomplish thosegoals?
1) Who are your
target users.
Before Scenario Design
What functionality should we offer?
I dont like how this is written.
How can we sell more of this product?
We have to serve the needs of all of our users.
We need to convey more of our brand messages.
With Scenario Design
What user goals should we serve?
Joan (a target persona) wont understand thisproduct description.
How can we help Joan to find and buy moreof what she wants?
We have to serve Joans goals first.
We need to build our brand by satisfyingJoans needs.
Three questions drive Scenario Design1-1
Scenario Design changes how companies talk about customer experience1-2
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1. Who Are Your Target Users?
Companies attempting to satisfy everyones needs wont satisfy anyone. An experience must
therefore be designed to meet the specific needs of a specific type of user. To answer this first
question, firms should:14
Talk to real customers. Firms must interview customers to detect subtle cues thatreveal motivations. A series of one- or two-hour interviews might do for a Web site
or call center study, but other projects can take much longer and require different
approaches. In a monthlong study for a product design, MAYA Design gave users
diaries and then paged the users as a reminder to make entries. For a plumbing
manufacturer, Daishinsha a Japanese design agency gave prospects cameras
to photograph fixtures they liked.
Identify behavioral segments. Aer the interviews, firms should classify interviewsubjects along ranges of behaviors like seeks highest quality versus seeks lowestcost. is approach allowed Sapient to recommend a simplified redesign of the Federal
Emergency Management Agencys site for first responder emergency personnel.15
Instead of designing for an unmanageably long list of job types like police officer,
firefighter, Red Cross worker, and EMT, Sapient identified three segments based on site
usage behavior: 1) occasional and loyal; 2) frequent and loyal; and 3) evangelical and loyal.
Create and prioritize personas. Firms should transform the rich data from customerinterviews into design personas a composite description of a real person who
represents a primary customer segment (see Figure 2).16 Although companies will
typically serve multiple customer segments, the initial design should focus on
satisfying the needs of only one represented by the primary persona. is persona
embodies the mainstream segment thats the hardest to serve. In the case of Ford.com
the portal site for all Ford Motor Company brands the primary persona is Marie,
who is just beginning the car shopping process, hasnt settled on a brand, doesnt know
a lot about cars, and needs help.
2. What Are Their Key Goals?
Customers dont typically interact with your firm on a whim or with a plan to build a
relationship.17 Satisfying target users means satisfying their goals. When identifying which
user goals to support:
Dont confuse company objectives with customer goals. Firms oen have a hard timeshiing their attention away from their own needs. To turn the focus on customers,
companies should translate their business objectives into the related user goals that
help achieve those results (see Figure 3).
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Figure 2 Example Of A Design Persona
Figure 3 Business Objectives Tie To User Goals
Source: Forrester Research, Inc.
AGE: 28HOME: San Francisco
Her efficient, no-nonsense attitude as a project manager extends to
her shopping habits. Sticks to stores she knows and trusts, including favorites like
Banana Republic, Anthropologie, Pottery Barn, and Nordstrom
Shops at stores near work on her lunch hour or on her way home
Has been an online buyer for a few years
Shops online from home, where she has a cable modem, and fromwork, where she uses the companys high-speed connection
High-level goals:
Find and buy the perfect item. Reba hates it when her purchase is notwhat she expected.
Use time effectively. Reba doesnt want to be annoyed by pushysalespeople.
Create a lifestyle in her home. Reba wants to craft a stylish interior for
her house.
Some specific goals:
Get new throw pillows that match her couch
Use the Web to buy Kenneth Cole shoes that were out of stock at thebrick-and-mortar store near work
Check out without being asked to confirm 20 times
REBA COHEN
Source: Forrester Research, Inc.
Increase conversion rate
Reduce call center contacts by 20%
Generate 2% more leads for resellers
Build brand loyalty
Successfully open an account online
Understand product sizing and fit
Configure a product and locate a dealer
Find product info quickly and easily
Site business objectives Related user goals
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Focus on goals, not the tasks involved to get there. A customer examining specs onbig-screen televisions may not be looking for a TV at all. Instead, she may be looking
for trends in TV input, such as component video, in order to figure out which DVD
player to buy. ats why companies must focus on tactical goals, which describe the
actual results that users want to achieve without declaring the specific approach
(see Figure 4).18
Prioritize which goals to serve. Some user goals, when completed, make money forthe company. Others just make users happy. To tell which is which, project teams must
evaluate how the accomplishment of each user goal contributes to business objectives.19
e highest priority goes to user goals that align with these objectives.
Figure 4 Classification Of User Goals
Source: Forrester Research, Inc.
TacticalCollection of user goals AspirationalImplementation-
specific
Research vehicle specifications
View exterior/interior photos
Customize vehicle configurator
Research specs with comparison engine
Be well-informed
Request a quote from a dealer
Stay in control of the process
AspirationalOverarching desire that influencescustomer behavior
TacticalExplicit objective for interactionwith company
Implementation-specificExplicit objective for interaction andspecific about how to achieve it
Types of user goals:Be well-
informed
Research vehiclespecifications
Request quotefrom dealer
Research specswith a comparison
engine
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3. How Can You Help Them Achieve Those Goals?
As people work toward a goal, each step they take contributes to a sense that their efforts
are taking them in the right direction or not. Repeated incremental successes, such as
finding answers to a series of questions, give users confidence in their progress. To support
customers goal-oriented behavior:
Use the personas continuously. Every design decision needs to be focused onserving the target customers goals. How can companies maintain this focus? By using
design personas across the entire organization and throughout the entire project life
cycle. Discover Financial Services puts a cover sheet with the picture and goal of the
persona being served on every design document, from business requirements all the
way through screen comps and usability test results.20 Amazon explicitly defines steps
in its design and development process where it incorporates personas into its decision-
making efforts.21
Provide direct paths to user goals. Once youve identified key goals to serve, makeit easy for customers to accomplish them. When CVS realized that its top customers
were heavy cosmetics users, it changed its store design by plucking the cosmetics
section out of the rear corner and moving it front and center in more than 1,000
stores.22 And if a primary customer goal for your IVR system is to get store hours and
locations, make sure that users can start the process with the first set of menu choices.
Make content useful and usable. Overly technical jargon or cutesy terminology caneasily disrupt a users path to success.23 To keep customers on track, content must: 1)
provide the required information; 2) exist where customers need it; 3) be presented in
a format that is easy to digest; and 4) use language that will be easily understood by the
target audience. Orbitzs user research revealed that key customers oen liked to search
for lower-priced flights either one day before or aer their scheduled dates. So they
made this functionality more accessible to customers by renaming it to Search one day
before and aer from its previous vague label: Flex Search.24
Test the experience. To evaluate how well an experience meets customers needs, firmsshould assemble a full spectrum of analytics.25 One of the most time- and cost-effective
approaches is an expert review. ese evaluations, which are oen called scenario
reviews, can help when youre planning a redesign, validating prototypes, preparing forusability tests, or monitoring customer interaction health over time.26
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R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S
TURN SCENARIO DESIGN INTO A CORE COMPETENCE
Here are tactics that will help firms internalize the Scenario Design concept:
Disseminate the Scenario Design vocabulary. Customer experience efforts getmired in a swamp of part-time experts, as everyone from engineers to execs
believes that he knows best how to interact with customers. To help funnel all of this
well-intentioned feedback, firms should provide Scenario Design training for a wide
audience. Youve succeeded when people across the company are saying, Who are
the users, what are their goals, and how can you help them achieve those goals?
Prioritize customer goals over designer chic. Firms often sacrifice usability forquestionable aesthetics. The typical symptoms: decorative graphics gobbling up
critical screen real estate on sites or long marketing messages eating up time on
the front-end of an IVR. Begin each design session by reviewing the customer goals
that the design is intended to serve. Ask the team to justify each element of its work
based on how it furthers the agreed-upon customer goals.
Make Scenario Design aptitude a selection criterion. If youre looking to bringin a consulting firm or advertising agency to help with your customer experience
efforts, make sure that it understands and follows the fundamentals of Scenario
Design. While the firms methodology may not use the same nomenclature, you
should eliminate it from the shortlist if it isnt proficient with design personas.27
Use geographic-specific personas. Dont assume that personas developed for theUS will also serve other markets. Personas should be crafted for and bought intoby each local and regional operating unit. Since these assets will be used to shape
the experience for behavioral nuances of target customers, it is critical that they
capture local differences like the fact that a Japanese consumer may be more
likely to purchase something on account rather than with a credit card.28
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W H A T I T M E A N S
THE IMPLICATIONS OF SCENARIO DESIGN
As companies add more discipline to customer experience, we expect that:
Personalization will be replaced by persona-lization. In theory, satisfying theprimary persona will satisfy all users. In practice, sites that need to serve many types
of customers, prospects, employees, and partners optimize for some at the expense
of others. This tension will lead to a revival of interest in persona-lization as a way to
automatically route visitors to a version of the site that matches their user archetype.
Personas will come out-of-the-box. Companies with deep expertise on bothpersonas and a particular vertical industry will create models of common customer
types. These prepackaged personas will be used in two ways: 1) to jump-start full-
blown persona initiatives, and 2) to provide 80% of the required customer insight
for companies on a budget.
Customer experience managers will displace product managers. Manycompanies organize around their offerings creating operating groups for printers
and computers or for wireless and DSL. While these organizational structures may
be consistent with internal operations, they often create impediments to delivering
good customer experiences across these internal boundaries. As companies embrace
Scenario Design, theyll recognize these limitations and empower groups that
deal with customer segments. Over time, these customer-facing organizations will
become more powerful than product management groups.
Customer experience will determine the search wars. As the search wars rage with Google, MSN, and Yahoo! on the Web, Microsoft, and Apple on the desktop, and
players like Autonomy, Endeca, and Verity inside the enterprise customer
experience will determine the winner.29 Why wont technology be the ultimate
differentiator? Because users dont often have a goal of searching they use search
as an approach for reaching some other goal.30 The most powerful solutions will be
those that let people search in conjunction with other methods like sorting, filtering,
and navigating by links all integrated together so that users can quickly
accomplish their goals.
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ENDNOTES
1 Forrester uses expert reviews of Web sites, IVRs, kiosks, and email in our research to uncover best
and worst experience design practices. We also use evaluations to help clients uncover their own
customer experience flaws. See the March 26, 2004, Best Practices Executive Q&A: Customer
Experience Reviews.
2 Over the past five years, Forrester has documented the quality of user experience on hundreds
of Web sites. Our Web Site Review methodology looks for 25 design essentials in four categories:
value, navigation, presentation, and trust. In 2003, we introduced the fourth version of our
methodology. See the September 9, 2003, Report e Best And Worst Of Site Design, 2003.
3 Forrester took a look at our most recent set of Web site evaluations. While just about every site
passed our criteria for page-load speed, only one-quarter of the sites provided access for the
visually and hearing-impaired. And poor search remains high on the list of site failures. See the
March 26, 2004, Trends Web Sites Are Fast, But Inaccessible.4 Kiosks are everywhere banks, airports, retail stores, hotels, and even fast-food restaurants.
But many of these machines deliver a poor user experience because of bad design. Each failed
interaction means lost potential savings to the company, or worse, additional costs to fix problems
the machine created. But a handful of tests can spot these flaws before they launch. See the June 9,
2004, Best Practices Finding Kiosk Flaws.
5 Forrester applied its kiosk experience review to airline check-in kiosks. We examined kiosks
at either end of a popular route, Boston to Chicago, flown by three of the largest carriers in the
country American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, and United Air Lines. United delivered the best
overall experience; its Boston location received a score of 30, and its OHare terminal scored a 38
out of a possible 72. See the March 26, 2004, Best Practices Designing Airport Kiosks at Work.
6 We surveyed 110 US firms with annual revenues of more than $500 million. While 56% of
respondents use IVRs, only 18% of these firms feel that these systems almost always meet
customer needs the lowest rating across all channels. See the November 12, 2003, Brief
Phones Rule e Ownerless Customer Experience.
7 To gauge phone self-service, Forresters IVR review methodology evaluates an applications
performance for 10 design essentials across four categories: value, navigation, presentation, and
trust.
8 We surveyed 47 US firms with annual revenues of more than $500 million. Only 35% reported
that they do usability testing with their IVRs a much lower adoption than many otherevaluation efforts. See the December 8, 2003, Brief How Do Call Centers Measure Customer
Experience?
9 Forrester maintains a suite of customer experience evaluation methodologies. We hold periodic
training sessions called Boot Camps that teach attendees how to apply those methodologies.
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10 Cross-channel customer relationships can stress organizations in new ways and jack up the
complexity of every interaction. But early successes show that it doesnt need to be that difficult.
Forrester evaluates cross-channel experiences against six design essentials that span three
categories: Choice, consistency, and continuity. See the October 17, 2003, Report SimplifyingCross-Channel Design.
11 We surveyed 110 US firms with annual revenues of more than $500 million. Only 22% of
respondents assign ownership of their diverse customer touchpoints to a single exec. See the
November 12, 2003, Brief Phones Rule e Ownerless Customer Experience.
12 Forrester defines Scenario Design as an approach to creating end-to-end, cross-channel
experiences based on an understanding of users, their goals, and their behavior. See the
December 27, 2000, Report Scenario Design.
13 Following many of the tenets of Scenario Design, Macromedias Web site redesign effort increased
its online store conversion by 297% and increased the number of units sold per visit by 67%. Seethe December 17, 2003, Brief Macromedia.com: A Redesign Done Right.
14 Many of the practices here come from our recent research on Design Personas. See the December
18, 2003, Report e Power Of Design Personas.
15 With the results from field studies in hand, cross-functional teams must transform hard data into
profiles of sympathetic characters. See the December 18, 2003, Report e Power Of Design
Personas.
16 See the August 6, 2003, Brief Executive Q&A: Design Personas for answers to some common
questions about personas, a key element of Scenario Design.
17
Firms believe that forging relationships with customers will make them more profitable. Butpeople recognize a companys true goal: to take their money. To succeed with CRM efforts, firms
must make each interaction a satisfying experience in its own right. See the March 1, 2002, Brief
Build Customer Experiences, Not Relationships.
18 Effective research can uncover hundreds of user goals. To organize this typically variable list,
firms must distinguish among three kinds of goals: aspirational, tactical, and implementation-
specific. See the October 30, 2003, Report e Site Redesign Playbook.
19 Firms misunderstanding of the Web leads to poor experiences. To maximize online investments,
firms should adopt Iterative Scenario Design a methodical approach for fixing the highest-
impact design flaws. See the October 30, 2003, Report e Site Redesign Playbook.
20 Discover Financial Services successful use of personas provides valuable insights for other
companies. is persona pioneer gets broad involvement from stakeholders and maintains
momentum by keeping personas front and center at all times. See the January 8, 2004, Quick
Take Persona Best Practices From Discover Card.
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21 Two of the Webs best-designed retail sites rely on personas to improve quality and break down
political barriers. Others can benefit from their best practices for getting persona projects funded
and maximizing return on the investment. See the January 29, 2004, Brief Amazon, Staples Share
Persona Secrets At Shop.org.
22 CVS has enrolled more than 34 million members in its ExtraCare card program a group that
drives more than half of the chains nonpharmacy revenues. e insights gained and actions taken
from the program highlight a wealth of database marketing best practices. See the June 5, 2003,
Brief CRM Best Practices: CVS Loyalty Card Marketing.
23 Forrester evaluated the content at 20 Web sites. Product features were oen described with
undefined jargon such as 5 mega pixels and 180-count percale. And sometimes copy just
didnt make sense, as with this sentence describing a feature of the Chrysler Concorde: Even the
heated, power drivers outside mirror dims automatically and tilts down in reverse to make things
easier for you. See the March 4, 2004, Best Practices Web Content at Sells.
24 Orbitz launched new designs of its home page, global navigation, and search interfaces on May 24,
2004. e improvements the company made are the result of a sound design process, measurable
objectives, and user involvement. See the June 3, 2004, Quick Take Clarity And Simplicity Mark
Orbitz Redesign.
25 How can firms assess the quality of their customers experiences? A typical consumer-facing firm
must assemble a portfolio of technologies, data sources, and services to know what customers do,
what they experience, who they are, and what they think. See the June 9, 2003, Brief Building A
Customer Experience Metrics Portfolio.
26 Forrester uses expert reviews of Web sites, IVRs, kiosks, and email in our research to uncover
best and worst experience design practices. We also use evaluations to help clients uncover theirown customer experience flaws. As a result, we regularly get questions about this type of testing.
is best practices document provides answers to many of the common questions that we have
heard along with references to a number of other research documents that provide even deeper
answers. See the March 26, 2004, Best Practices Executive Q&A: Customer Experience Reviews.
27 Design agencies arent all created equal. To help prospective clients compare and choose, we
applied the Forrester Wave methodology to 17 of the largest firms that design and build
consumer-facing Web sites for the North American market. Our analysis focused on the
companys Web site design offerings, not other areas like offline advertising, email marketing,
search engine optimization, or back-end systems integration. See the June 25, 2004, Tech Choices
Web Design Agency Shootout.28 Multinational companies have long had difficulty in creating compelling online experiences for
Japanese consumers. ey oen face cultural, technological and procedural barriers that limit
their ability to organize effectively, clearly define an appropriate strategy, and design experiences
that are globally consistent while locally effective. See the June 11, 2004, Best Practices Making
e Most Of Your Japanese Site.
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29 Over the next few years, search will be fought on three battlegrounds structured search, portal
integration, and advertiser sign-ups. Google will cede the first two to Microso and Yahoo!. See
the February 23, 2004, Trends Where Google Is Headed.
30 To gain dramatic improvements in search effectiveness, companies need to turn their focus
away from search technology and reexamine basic, human searching behavior. eyre likely to
find that target users dont know what theyre looking for, dont follow a linear path, and dont
even want to search. See the February 18, 2004, Quick Take Weave Search Into e Browsing
Experience.
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Consumer Forum
September 1921, 2004
Grand Hyatt New York
New York, N.Y.
Financial Services Forum Europe
October 45, 2004
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November 35, 2004
The Westin Copley Place
Boston, Mass.
Consumer Forum Europe
November 2223, 2004
QEII Conference Centre
London, UK
Emerging Technology Showcase
December 68, 2004
The PhoenicianScottsdale, Ariz.
GigaWorld 2005
May 2-5, 2005
Gaylord Texan
Grapevine, Texas
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7/31/2019 An Approach to Customer Experience
17/18
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7/31/2019 An Approach to Customer Experience
18/18
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