AN ANALYSIS OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE IN STORIES FOR ...
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AN ANALYSIS OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE IN STORIES FOR
THINGKING CHILDREN 1 BY HARUN YAHYA
A THESIS
Submitted to English Education Departement of Syekh Nurjati State Institute
for Islamic Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Islamic
Scholar Degree in English Education (S. Pd. I)
Arranged By:
MIFTAHUS SA’ADAH
Reg. No. 59430548
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTEMENT OF TARBIYAH FACULTY OF
SYEKH NURJATI STATE INSTITUTE FOR ISLAMIC STUDIES
CIREBON
2013
ABSTRACT
MIFTAHUS SA’ADAH: “An Analysis of Figurative Language in Stories for
Thinking Children I by Harun Yahya”.
This thesis is conducted to analyze figurative language in Stories for
Thinking Children I by Harun Yahya. Learning about language cannot be separate
from learning figurative language especially, when read English stories, novel,
and poem because, in stories usually found some types of figurative language that
used by author. Learning figurative language is not an easy. Every language has
literature and figurative language, stories book no exception. In the book of
Stories for Thinking Children I many education values that good for the reader
especially, children. Therefore, the researcher chooses this book to analyze about
figurative language and to understand about stories, the reader must learn about
figurative language in order, to easier understanding the stories. This way,
hopefully, would be useful for teachers, and parents, especially, the reader of
these stories.
The purposes of the research are: the first, to find out types of figurative
languages. The second is, to find out the message of figurative language in the
stories. And the last is to find out types of figurative language are most frequently
used by the author in Stories for Thinking Children I by Harun Yahya.
The method of the research of this thesis is content analysis or document
analysis. The object of the research in this thesis is the book of Stories for
Thinking Children I by Harun Yahya. The researcher only analyzes 10 stories in
the book of Stories for Thinking Children I by Harun Yahya that selected by
random. The instrument of the research in this thesis is researcher herself. The
techniques collecting data in this research are observation and study
documentation. The aim of observation and study documentation are in order to
find out the secondary data. Such as: books, official document, article, journal,
and daily notes to support this research.
After the researcher analyze the book of Stories for Thinking Children I
with the primary and secondary data as the source of data the resercher found
some 4 types of figurative language. They are: Allegory, Synecdoche,
Personification, Allusion, Imagery, and Assonance. There are also some messages in figurative language as described in chapter 4. In the story book the researcher
found 1 of Allegory with percentage 10%, 1 of Synecdoche with percentage 10%,
1 of Personification with percentage 10%, 1 of Allusion with percentage 10%, 5
of Imagery with percentage 50%, and the last 1 of Assonance with percentage
10%, in Stories for Thinking Children I. From the explanation above can be
concluded that Imagery is type of figurative language that most frequently used in
the stories with the total 5 or 50%
PREFACE
First of all, the writer would like to praise Allah the Almighty for the
blessing and mercy given to me during my study and in completing this thesis.
May invocation and safety always given to the prophet Muhammad SAW, ( peace
be upon him) who his brought human beings from the darkness to the lightness,
his family, his colleagues, and his followers up to the end of the world.
The writer would like to thank to the people who contributed their ideas and
time given to me in completing my thesis. The writer is very grateful thanks to
excellencies, among other:
1. Prof. Dr. H. Maksum Muktar, M.A. the Rector of IAIN Syekh Nurjati Cirebon.
2. Dr. Saefudin Zuhri, M.Pd. the Dean of Tarbiyah faculty of IAIN Syekh Nurjati
Cirebon.
3. Dr. Hj. Huriyah Saleh, M.Pd, as Chairwoman of English Education
Department of IAIN Syekh Nurjati Cirebon.
4. Dr. Ilman Nafi‟a, M.Ag, the first supervisor who has given his valuable
guidance, motivation, suggestion, and help to the writer during the process of
writing this thesis.
5. Sumadi SS, M.Hum, the second supervisor who has given his valuable
guidance, motivation, sugesstion, and help to the writer during the process of
writing this thesis.
6. My father and my mother who have supported finance, spirit and prayers for
my success.
7. All people especially, my friends who has helped in finishing this thesis.
The writer realized that this thesis is still from being perfect and there are
many mistakes either in the arrangement or in content. Therefore, the writer
would welcomem to the comment and suggestion from the reader.
Finally, the writer hopes this thesis will be some valuables to readers
specially for the writer herself and for the English Department of IAIN Syekh
Nurjati Cirebon as a reference in general.
Cirebon, July 2013
The Writer
TABLE OF CONTENT
PREFACE ....................................................................................................... i
TABLE OF CONTENT ................................................................................. iii
LIST OF FIGURE.......................................................................................... v
LIST OF TABLE............................................................................................ vi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of the Problem .......................................................... 1
B. The Identification of the Problem ........................................................ 8
1. The Field of the Research ................................................................ 8
2. The Kinds of the Problem ................................................................ 8
3. The Main Problem ........................................................................... 8
C. The Limitation of the Problem ............................................................. 9
D. The Questions of the Research ............................................................. 9
E. The Aims of the Research .................................................................... 10
F. The Use of the Research ...................................................................... 10
CHAPTER II THEORITICAL FOUNDATION
A. The Nature of Literature ..................................................................... 11
1. The Definition of Literature .......................................................... 11
2. The Function of Literature ............................................................ 13
B. The Nature of Figurative Language .................................................... 13
1. The Definition of Figurative Language ......................................... 13
2. Types of Figurative Language....................................................... 16
C. The Nature of Stories .......................................................................... 20
1. The Definition of Stories ............................................................... 20
2. Types of Stories ............................................................................. 23
3. Biography of the Author ............................................................... 32
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY OF THE RESEARCH
A. The Objective of the Research ............................................................. 37
B. The Object and Time of the Research .................................................. 38
C. The Method of the Research ................................................................ 38
D. The Sources of Data ............................................................................. 40
E. The Instrument of the Research ........................................................... 41
F. The Techniques of Collecting Data...................................................... 41
G. The Techniques of Analyzing Data...................................................... 41
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDING
A. Types of Figurative Language ............................................................. 45
B. The Message of Figurative Language .................................................. 55
C. Types of Figurative Language are most frequently used ..................... 59
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion............................................................................................ 61
B. Suggestion ............................................................................................ 62
BIBLIOGHRAPHY
APPENDIX
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 1: Types of Traditional Tales............................................................... 25
LIST OF TABLE
Table 1: Analysis of Figurative Language in the story of Amar and the
Tortoise (A & T) .............................................................................. 49
Table 2: Analysis of Figurative Language in the story of What Rasheed’s
Brother Taught Him (W R B T H) ................................................. 50
Table 3: Analysis of Figurative Language in the story of Cute Long Tailed
Squirrels(C L T S) ........................................................................... 50
Table 4: Analysis of Figurative Language in the story of it’s Important to
Follow the Good Word (I F G W) .................................................. 51
Table 5: Analysis of Figurative Language in the story of the Cleanliness of
Believers (C O B) ............................................................................ 51
Table 6: Analysis of Figurative Language in the story of Naeem and the
Pretty Peacock (N & P P) ............................................................... 52
Table 7: Analysis of Figurative Language in the story of Ali’s Little Bird (A
& L B) .............................................................................................. 52
Table 8: Analysis of Figurative Language in the story of Ali’s Little Friend
(A L F) ............................................................................................. 53
Table 9: Analysis of Figurative Language in the story of Sayid and the
Squid (S & S) .................................................................................. 53
Table 10: Analysis of Figurative Language in the story of Kareem and
Grandpa Hassan (K & G H) ........................................................... 53
Table 11: Types of Figurative Language are most frequently used in the
stories ............................................................................................... 59
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of The Problem
Language is very important for human life, without language all people in
the world cannot communicated with other people because language is tool of
communication for human being. Language is a medium of communication for
human beings. Language allows people to express their feelings, opinions, ideas.
Every people have different language styles. For the example, in book of Stories
for Thinking Children I the author used language style for children to easier
understanding the stories. Not only does figurative language add richness to
spoken and written language, it‟s also frequently used in academic world
communication. It is supported by Alkhuli, (1976: 7)
English is an International language and it is often used as the
International communication language. As we know, language is a
medium of communication for human beings. Language allows
people to express their feelings, opinions, ideas, etc.
According to Rosenheim (2004: 17) Language is the great gift that
distinguishes human beings from other creatures. Like most gifts, it
can be used thoughtfully and to good advantage or it can be used
carelessly, indifferently, and quite unsuccessfully. The way in
which you use language can tell people a good deal about your
personal qualities your way of thinking, your alertness, your
concern for useful communication with other people and your
concern, your respect, for the English language itself.
From the statement above can be conclude that English language is international
communication for human beings that allow people to express their feelings,
opinions, and ideas. Language can tell people a good deal about personal qualities,
1
way of thinking, alertness, and concern for useful communication with other
people concern and respect.
Every people have diffirent language to communicate with other people
which called code. Wardhaugh (2006: 2) states that “when two or more people
communicate with each other in speech, it can call the system of communication
that they employ codes that call a language”. According to the statement above
can be concluding that language is tool of communication for human that usually
called a code or a language.
Learning about language cannot be separate from learning figurative
language especially, when read English stories, novel and poem because, in
stories usually found some types of figurative language that used by author.
According to Tarigan (2009: 104) Figure of speech is figurative language,
beautiful language which used to raise and enhance the effect by introducing and
comparing certain objects or things with objects or other things that are more
common. Every language has literature and figurative language, stories book no
exception. Therefore, to understand about stories the reader must learn about
figurative language to easier understanding the stories. According to Richards and
Schmidt (2002: 526) state that:
Story is a theory of the cognitive representation of narrative texts,
including simple stories, folk tales, fables, and narratives. Some or
all of the characteristics of the structure of stories is said to be
incorporated into people‟s knowledge systems as a SCHEMA for
stories. This describes the elements common to most stories, the
kinds of situations, events, actors, actions and goals that occur in
stories and the interrelationships among the elements of a story.
From the statement above can be conclude that learning language cannot be
separate from learning figurative language especially, when read stories because,
in stories usually found some types of figurative language that used by author.
Therefore learning figurative language is very important to easier the reader
understanding the difficult sentence in the stories. From here the researcher
interest to analyze about figurative language and chooses to analyze figurative
language in Stories for Thinking Children I by Harun Yahya. The researcher
choose this book because, want to know are there some types of figurative
language that used by author in this book. Many education values for the reader
especially, for children will achieve. Such as: peace, justice, and happiness
promised in the Al-Qur‟an and the researcher want to know are there some types
of figurative language in book of Stories for Thinking Children I and this book
also very interesting for children. Therefore, the researcher want to analyze stories
that written by Harun Yahya in Stories for Thinking Children I to easier for reader
especially, the parents or the teacher using the stories in daily life in teaching story
telling for children.
Students are expected to comprehend different types of figurative
expressions as they advance trough middle school to high school. Each story has
literature and figurative language that make story more beautiful. Figurative
language is language that means something more than or other than what the
words actually mean.
Seldom literature and figurative language that used by the author in story
is difficult to be understand by the reader therefore, all people need to study about
literature and figurative language to know what style of language that used by
author. This is supported by Haynes (1995: 58) “features of style which are found
more often, and more densely, in artistic texts than in others, and particularly in
poetry-like texts such as: songs, raps and some advertisements, and some comic or
stories”. Therefore, all people need to study about literature and figurative
language to know what style of language that used by author in the stories.
To understand about words that used in literary works such as: in novel, poem,
song, stories, etc need long time because, there are literary or figurative language
that difficult to be understand. To know about it all people need knowledge
related about it and also imagination to figure out the author‟s or speaker
meaning. For the example: Zubair, saw that Rasheed was deep in thought. Type of
that sentence is personification because, the word deep usually used for people or
person. The meaning of figurative language of the sentence above is Rasheed
thought about something.
People who want study about literary and figurative language especially
English can use stories because in the stories there are literary and figurative
language that used by author. It has many advantages for develop skill of English,
because in stories there are character, plot, action, setting, value, literary and
figurative language that make interest to study. Figurative language is part of
language style. According to Carol Jago, et al (2010: 21-23) state that there are
four elements of styles: diction, imagery, figurative language, and syntax. From
the explanation above can be concluding that figurative language is element of
style.
To support of research can review of last topics from Ade Safa‟at Taufiq
(2012) about “The Figurative Language of The Mill on The Floss by George
Eliot”, Nur Hikmah Dianatin (2012) about “The Analysis of Figurative language
in the Novel The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini”, Lilis Suryani (2012) about
“The Analysis of Figurative Language and Education Values on Mary Lynn
Baxier‟s Novel Entitled Priceless”, Elaheh Fadaee (2011) about Symbols,
metaphors and similes in literature: A case study of "Animal Farm", And Irfan
Febriana (2012) about “The Figurative Language in the Novel Entitled To Kill a
Mocking Bird by Harper Lee”. Ade Safa‟at Taufiq (2012) studied about The
Figurative Language of The Mill on the Floss by George Eliot; the theories that
are used for analyzing this research are theory of literature art, its intrinsic
element, novel, social class, and also social conflict.
In this study the writer used descriptive qualitative method and analyzed
the background of each character before analyzing the social class for supporting
the arguments. For the type that used in this research is document or content
qualitative analysis which focused on analyzing and interpreting recorded material
within its own context, which is novel. The aims of this research are learning
reading novel on their competence in reading comprehension and about figurative
language.
There is some figurative language that discussed in this thesis such as:
simile, personification, metaphor, hyperbole, metonymy, oxymoron, and
synecdoche. Figurative language that often used in this novel are personification,
hyperbole, and symbolic. The results of this thesis there are figurative language in
this novel and also consist of intrinsic element they are: title, theme,
characterization, setting-plot, point of view, style, and synopsis. There are many
social conflicts as the result or investigating a literary work especially, in
figurative language.
Nur Hikmah Dianatin (2012) researched about The Analysis of Figurative
language in the Novel the Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini. In this research the
write try to explore the intrinsic, moral values, and figurative language by using
some theoretical foundation to make it strong research. The field of the research
that used in this thesis is about literature.
Lilis Suryani (2012) investigated about The Analysis of Figurative
Language and Education Values on Mary Lynn Baxier‟s Novel Entitled Priceless.
The analysis mainly used descriptive qualitative analysis method or content
analysis. In this thesis discussed the types of figurative language that found in the
novel such as: simile, metaphor, personification, synecdoche, metonymy, symbol,
allegory, paradox, overstatement and understatement, and irony. The writer also
wants to know the most frequently of figurative language that used in this novel.
Elaheh Fadaee (2011) studied about Symbols, metaphors and similes in
literature: A case study of "Animal Farm". One of the aims of literary text is to
say as much as possible as briefly as possible, means to say more in few words to
achieve a maximum effectiveness. In this case, figures of speech, specifically
symbol, metaphor and simile have an important role, as they include figurative
meaning of words besides their literary meaning. In this article, symbols,
metaphors and similes in George Orwell's „Animal Farm‟ were studied to find out
the effect of using figures of speech on the writer's style and the addressee's
understanding. For this aim, these three figures of speech were founded in the
novel and their types were determined according to Newmark`s (1988b),
Fromilhague`s (1995) and Rokni `s (2009) classifications, respectively.
Irfan Febriana (2012) analyzed about “The Figurative Language in the
Novel Entitled To Kill a Mocking Bird by Harper Lee”. The aims of this research
are to find out learning reading novel on their competence in reading
comprehension and about figurative language. In this research used theory of
literature and intrinsic novel for analyzed novel. In this study the researcher used
descriptive qualitative because the researcher has to analyze the background each
character before analyzing figurative language for supporting the arguments.
The researcher used document or content qualitative analysis which
focused in analyzing and interpreting recorded material within its own context,
which is novel. To find out data of novel the researcher used genetic structuralism
method. There are some of figurative languages in novel such as: a simile,
personification, metaphor, hyperbole, and idiom in the novel. The result of the
research shows this novel have figurative language and consist of intrinsic
element: theme, literary fact (plot, setting, and character) and literary devices
(point of view, style, tone, and symbolism). And the researcher found many social
conflicts as the result of social class as extrinsic elements.
Based on review of related studies the writer concluded that there is some
thesis that studied about figurative language. In each thesis there are the
differences about the research, such as: about the technique of analyzing data and
the aim of the research. Each thesis has the strength and weakness that make the
thesis different from the other. In this study, the researcher will analyze the same
case of figurative language especially about figurative language that found in
book of Stories for Thinking Children .I. by Harun Yahya, these research different
from the other researcher because the researcher analyze about children stories not
about novel or song. In stories there are phrase and sentences that usually did not
know about it because, it has literal meaning or figurative meaning.
The focus of the research is to find out deeply about literary works, kinds
and meaning of figurative language that used by Harun Yahya especially, in some
stories of Stories for Thinking Children I. The researcher chooses to analyze this
book because in this book many education values for the reader especially for
children will achieve such as: peace, justice, and happiness promised in the Al-
Qur‟an and the researcher want to know are there some types of figurative
language in book of Stories for Thinking Children I. Therefore, the researcher
want to analysis stories that written by Harun Yahya in Stories for Thinking
Children I.
B. The Identification of The Problem
Identification of the problem is required to give the clarification about the
study which is will be investigated. Then the researcher arranges the identification
of the problem referred background of the problem above, those are:
1. The Field of Research
The field of study of the research is literature.
2. The Kinds of The Problem
This research focuses on figurative language in Harun Yahya‟s stories.
3. The Main Problem
In the book of Stories for Thinking Children I there are many education
values that can be taken by the reader especially for children. Such as: peace,
justice, and happiness promised in Al-Qur'an and asks the reader or students to
learn Al-Qur‟an. Therefore the writer interests to analyze about figurative
language in this story books, in order to know are there some types of figurative
language that used by the author in this story books.
C. The Limitation of The Problem
The research focuses on the analysis of figurative language in Harun
Yahya stories text of Stories for Thinking Children 1 book. In this research the
researcher only analyzes some of only analyze 10 of stories that selected by
random. In order to easier and more focus in analysis about figurative language in
book of Stories for Thinking Children 1 therefore, the researcher only analyze
some of figurative language in book of Stories for Thinking Children 1.
D. The Questions of The Research
Based on the background of the problem that have described. Therefore
the questions of the problem are as follow:
1. What types of figurative language are used in Stories for Thinking Children 1
by Harun Yahya?
2. How are the messages of figurative language in the stories?
3. What types of figurative language are most frequently used in Stories for
Thinking Children 1 by Harun Yahya?
E. The Aims of The Research
The aims of the research are the writer will obtain regarding the questions
of the research. The purposes of the research are:
1. To find out types of figurative language in Stories for Thinking Children 1 by
Harun Yahya.
2. To find out the messages of figurative language in the stories.
3. To find out the types of figurative language are most frequently used in
Stories for Thinking Children 1 by Harun Yahya.
F. The Use of The Research
The uses of the research in this thesis are:
1. To add of knowledge about figurative language that used in each stories.
2. The result of the research hoped to be able to help the students feel easier to
learn English lesson especially in learning literature, to give reference to
development of teaching learning process.
3. Giving a profitable description to any further researcher which wants to study
the same case, so this study becomes a helpful information and useful
reference for the next study.
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