AMSCO Unit 2 Notes - Iredell- · PDF fileAMSCO Unit 2 Notes . ... Created conflicts for power...
Transcript of AMSCO Unit 2 Notes - Iredell- · PDF fileAMSCO Unit 2 Notes . ... Created conflicts for power...
2015
Priscilla Zenn
Allen Park High School
AMSCO Unit 2 Notes
Key Concept 2.2 – Keep in Mind! Early states and empires grew in number and size Competed for resources/came into conflict with each
other
Quest for land, wealth, security
Built powerful military machines and administrative institutions New groups of military and political elite Needed to develop policies and procedures to govern
diverse populations
Expansion created political, cultural, and administrative difficulties
Also, they experienced environment, social and economic problems when overexploitations occurred (of lands and people)
Overview
Rise of Rome, Byzantine, Persian, Maurya, Gupta, Qin,
Han, Maya, Moche
*Imperial societies relied on a range of method to
maintain the production of food and provide rewards for
the loyalty of the elites!
**New technologies were developed for farming:
The qanat system, water wheels (noria, sakia)
and improved wheels and pumps (shaduf)
Overview Built roads – trade flourished,
linked people and ideas Silk Road, Trans-Saharan,
Mediterranean, Indian Ocean
Trade fostered growth of great cities
Governing distant lands difficult
Wealth gap
Belief systems developed and spread Judaism, Christianity, Hinduism,
Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism, Greek philosophy
Codifications Developed a bond among people
and an ethical code to live by
Classical Greece
Early Mediterranean Civilizations -
Crete
Minoans
Crete
Many harbors, little
fertile soil: trade
Knossos
Maze
Wealthy: King Minos
Paintings
No writing deciphered
Mycenae Mainland Greece;
influenced by Minoans
Trade: evidence is amber from the north and ivory from Syria
Decline – dark age 1100 BCE
Frescoes, statuettes, jewelry, indoor plumbing – culture spread
**Ongoing example of continuity
Decline: Dorians from the North People of the Seas
Rise of Greek City State Geography made trade and
seafaring important Grain, timber, gold, ideas
(Phoenicians)
Geography shaped politics – how? City states would be allies or
enemies
Competition with other empires - Persian Wars (Herodotus)
Social and Political Systems Male suffrage Patriarchal
Slaves and foreigners not citizens
Governments varied; monarchy, aristocracy, oligarchy, democracy, etc.
Sparta Military Society
Focus for boys – train to be soldiers Harsh life, physical abuse, served
in military (or reserves) until age 60
Women ran households, greater freedoms Prizes for fitness, glory for sons in
army, etc
Helots did agricultural work - trick was keeping them under control
Outside ideas considered destabilizing; social life tightly controlled for stable and prosperous society
Athenian Democracy Monarchies, followed by aristocracies
Solon – wise ruler
Prosperous merchant class resented monopoly on political power wanted voice – tyrants were popular because they lowered taxes, eventually overthrown (abuse of power)
Athens - direct democracy
Pericles – Golden Age
Parthenon
Govt reforms (Council of 500)
Women excluded, life difficult – limited rights
Women, slaves, and foreigners could not be citizens of city-states
Athenian Philosophy
Formed basis of academic disciplines worldwide Iliad and Odyssey
Socrates; Socratic Method
Plato; school – the Academy, the Republic, philosopher kings
Aristotle; avoid extremes, Golden Mean, empiricism
Ideas provided foundation for European thought and marked the start of a new way of thinking about ideas
Athens continued
Athenian Religion Architecture, Art, and
Olympic Games Myths expressed ideas
about right and wrong; became more syncretic with increased contact
Religion and literature connected
Comedies – Aristophanes
Tragedies – Aeschylus, Euripides
Parthenon
Games emphasized rituals, offerings for gods
Wars between city-states suspended for competition
Created a common Greekness
Greek Colonies Population Outstripped food supply Colonies mostly
autonomous
Temperate climate allowed for outdoor education and theatres
Access to sea encouraged colonization and trade; exposure to new ideas brought changes while maintaining Pan-Hellenic continuity
Persian Empire
Classical Persia; Achaemenid empire of Cyrus the
Great expanded borders
Darius
Divine Right; must be able to build and hold an empire
Transportation and communication slow – created issues
Darius satraps - rulers of provinces; eyes and
ears of king
Tax payments
Persepolis – celebrated city w/palace
Royal Road encouraged trade
Caravanserai – inns and markets for travelers
Common currency
Religious toleration
Xerxes (successor) built Gate of all Nations
Religious Beliefs and Society
Religious Beliefs Society
Zoroastrianism
Monotheism
Prophet
Zarathustra
God – Ahura
Mazda
Concept of
heaven and
hell
Avestas
Social stratification Large number of educated bureaucrats
to run empire
Slaves (higher than other societies)
Patriarchal but women could own and manage property Aristocratic women veiled (advertised
social status)
Qanats – underground irrigation
Trade – by land and sea. Ivory and gold from Turkey
Cedar and wool from Phoenicia Wine and oil from Greece Grain, textiles, papyrus from Egypt
Persia vs. Greece Clashes over territory
Persian Wars (conflicts with Greek colonies in Asia Minor)
Battle of Marathon on Greek mainland (Darius forced to withdraw)
Xerxes defeated Sparta at Battle of Thermopylae; burned Athens
Greeks formed Delian League
Battle of Salamis – Athens defeated Persians at sea
Persia began decline and brought in a new era of fortune for Greece
Athens – Sparta Rivalry
Sparta began Peloponnesian League and became dominant
Rise of Macedonia Philip II set out to conquer; assassinated and
succeeded by Alexander who expanded the empire Native people to rule
Married local women (as did generals) Founded Alexandria in Egypt
Hellenistic Period – blending of cultures – Ptolemy dynasty built large library in
Alexandria
Greek language, architecture, mythology, philosophy become widespread
Small colonies established – as Greek unity declined the culture endured
Upon Alexander’s death, time of chaos
Lands divided
Romans also adopted Greek culture (Greek teachers and doctors prized as Roman slaves)
Other Empires in Persia Seleucids
Parthians
Encouraged Greeks and Macedonians to settle in Persia
Satraps revolted
Lost eastern lands to Partians, then Romans
Nomadic ppl from
Central Asia
Satrap system
Held off Roman army
Defeated by
Sassanids
Sassanids
•Promoted Zoroastrianism and
persecuted Christians
Persian and Greek Cultures
Comparison Contrasts
Large territories
Wide cultural
influence
Most women had few
rights
Both demonstrate
power of syncretism
i.e. Alex adopted
postal system, coins
Darius: Monotheism – Zoroastrianism
Greeks – polytheistic
Persians – toleration for diverse cultures
Greeks more culturally unified through religion, language, traditions (games) but not politically
The Roman World
Virgil’s Aenied
You, Roman, remember to rule the people with power
(these will be your arts!) to graft custom onto peace, to spare the conquered
and to subdue the proud
*portrays cultural, political, and military legacies of the Roman Empire
Geography united Roman Civilization
Rome as a Monarchy
Etruscans Early peoples settled,
mixed with Latins
Mined
Built roads and temples
Rome – village on 7 hills became ROME
Romulus and Remus
Tiber River/Thrrhenian Sea (trade)
Rome: From Monarchy to Republic
*Government evolved in response to improvements and domestic pressure for protection
Overthrew tyrant king and created a republic
Representative govt, wealthy were represented
Plebeians called for reforms Assembly of Tribes
Assembly of Centuries
Passed laws and selected magistrates
Tribunes were added to represent the plebeians Could veto, senators curried their favor
Consuls Two; elected to preside over govt; veto power (example of checks and balances)
Rule of Law Publically displayed Laws of the Twelve Tables (check on judiciary system)
Created career options for lawyers (legal cases) Cicero famous orator.
**Existence of courts, legal proceedings, evidence of the significance of the rule of law in Roman society
Roman Expansion As Rome expanded
Citizenship granted for supplying troops
Conflicts with Greece over control of colonies, Romans took control after defeating Greeks
Conflicts with Carthage Punic Wars
Carthaginian Peace
Eventually nomadic peoples moved in and conquered Rome
Soldiers Ages 17 – 46 had to serve; poor
farmers sold small farms to wealthy who created huge estates latifundia.
After service, many returned to Rome and the population swelled.
Roman Society Patricians and Plebeians were most influential
Slaves POW
Latifundia required large numbers Many educated Roman children (especially
Greeks) As numbers grew, conditions harsher
Spartacus Rebellion
**Slaves were so numerous that it slowed down growth and innovation – little incentive to develop technology with cheap labor available
Small Land-holders Couldn’t compete with latifundia, numbers down
Women No citizenship status, married women had some
rights (property, some money)
Civil Wars
Leaders raised own armies, loyal to the leader, not Rome Gaius Marius, Lucius Pompey Magnus, Julius
Caesar, Marc Antony, Octavian (Augustus Caesar)
Created conflicts for power
Julius Caesar Popularis, not aristocrat
Support from common people
Vanquished major foe, Pompey, became sole consul and dictator for life, end of the Republic
Revised calendar, extended citizen ship, land to veterans
Ides of March
Competition between remaining generals, Octavian and Marc Antony, led to establishment of the Empire Battle of Actium
Octavian defeated Anthony, proclaimed sole ruler of Rome
The Roman Empire
27 BCE – 476 CE Augustus Caesar extended the empire
Pax Romana
Roads – for defense and trade. Fortresses and walls to protect
Social Classes – equestrian class offered some social mobility Senatorial class was instrument of Augustus;
his will was complete. Encouraged aristocrats to have more children
Lower classes given free grain and games to pacify them
Slavery continued (Greek slaves in demand). Sometimes buy freedom
Women’s rights expanded; could divorce, more property rights. Seen in art and literature of the period. Roman women had more influence than their
counterparts
The Roman Empire
27 BCE – 476 CE continued Law Spread to all parts of the empire;
apostle Paul could insist on being taken to Rome for trial (led to est. of Christian Church)
Literature and Philosophy Augustus saw himself as a patron of
literature. Virgil, Horace, Ovid Historians Livy and Tacitus Philosopher Seneca Writers influenced by Greek traditions Epicureanism (promoted simple
living) and Stoicism (learn to accept the will of the gods)
*Romans attempted to find answers to questions about all aspects of life
Roman Religion Syncretism (Latin and Greek gods)
Altar in home for local divinities; temples for state celebrations
Chief priest – pontifex maximus
Everyone must follow state religions but unlike Persians, tolerated others also Polytheistic; Jupiter, Minerva, Vesta
Priestesses of Vesta grew wealthy – guarded sacred flame of Rome
Later added worship of the empire (after death of Augustus)
Personal religions – gods Lares and Penates protect the home
Some joined mystery cults Eleusinian and cult of Isis
Secret rituals and promise of afterlife
Jews Under Roman Rule Jews had codified Hebrew
scriptures
Rome captured Jerusalem 37 BCE
Romans would have added Jewish god to their pantheon, but the Jews were not willing to follow Roman practices
Three rebellions, people fled (continued earlier diaspora)
**Educated Jews treated with more deference than other ‘barbarians’
Positioned Jews to become the scapegoats and objects of prejudice in the years to come
Christianity Jesus regarded as a
trouble maker by Roman officials By 100 CE, belief system
emerged as distinct from Judaism
Popular among urban poor, slaves, women
Peter and Paul Important in spreading
ideas of Jesus and shaping the religion
Paul; a Jew, sudden conversion and inspired others
Features of Emergent Christianity 1. Simple life isolated
Monasteries to devote life to religion
2. Martyrdom Faith grew, Edict of Milan (Constantine
converted) Seat of govt moved to Constantinople. Eventually became official religion
3. Written accounts
Gospels by Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John and letters written by Paul
Core of the New Testament
St. Augustine - St. Augustine of Hippo
Monk in North Africa
Wrote City of God
Points out existence of duality – a city of God on earth (Rome) and a city of God in heaven
Tensions that will culminate in the separation of church and state present in this work
Transregional Trade Networks
Christianity spread along trade networks also Overland – Silk Road
Transregional Different routes depending upon
weather, bandits
Paid tribute for safe passage
Sea Routes
Indian Ocean to Red Sea to Rome
Pirates
Mediterranean easily navigated
Small islands for stopping
Lacked sophisticated navigational equipment
New Technology and new goods Stirrup - stability and control
Silks and spices and gold prized by upper class
China grew wealthy from trade, along with Silk Road cities
Samarkand – new fruits and vegetables rice and citrus products form SW Asia to Europe
East Africa also grew wealthy
Decline of the Empire Slow uneven decline
1. Population Decline Trade brought wealth and disease
Smallpox, measles
Led to decline in trade and economic activity
Heavy use of lead in building and dishes?
Money slowed, roads and aqueducts not kept up
Army not getting paid; mutinies – less safe to trade
2. Environmental problems Population growth led to deforestation, demand for
food to overgrazing and soil erosion
3. Division of the Empire
4. Challenges from non-Romans Huns forced Vandals, Visigoths, Ostrogoths,
Franks into the empire
Too much turmoil and widespread movement for Roman soldiers to handle
Visigoths sacked in 410, German ruler Odovacer replaced Roman emperor in 476
Eastern Empire still vibrant (Diocletian)
Legacies of the Romans Law and Government
Representative govt, checks and balances, rule of law
Architecture Dome, paved roads, columns,
temples, amphitheatres, aqueducts, large urban sewers, under floor heating
Military Military tactics, legionnaires
disciplines, catapults, siege devices
Literature Epic of Virgil, comedies of Plautus,
historical works of Seneca
Language Latin provided basis of Romance
languages
**Han and Gupta also left powerful legacies
Classical Civilizations in India
and China
India: Maurya and Gupta: Most
important continuity - spiritual and social
organization (not political unification)
•Bhagavad Gita** part
of the Mahabharata
(one of the most
important writings) • Carry out duty from birth
and separate from any
‘attachments’
•Important to Hinduism
and Buddhism
Social Organization: The Caste System
Aryan settlers social hierarchy
Varna – means color
Between darker Dravidians and Aryan wheat colored complexions
Four castes
Brahmins
Kshatriyas
Vaishyas
Shudras
Dalits – untouchables
Caste system evolved as new occupations, groups were added.
Jatis
Outlawed today but last names can reveal ancestry
Rural villages – practices continue in some cases
New Religions Emerge in India Jainism/Buddhism
Focus on reflection and meditation
Jainism
Mahavir Jain Ideas from Upanishads
All living things are part of larger soul: Brahma
Do no harm
Vegetarian
Masks
Few followers but doctrine of ahimsa influenced later generations (Gandhi – nonviolence)
Buddhism Siddhartha – warrior class
(Kshatriya) Ascetic lifestyle
Enlightenment (Buddha, the enlightened one)
Four Noble Truths 1. Life involves great suffering
2. Suffering from desires
3. Suffering can end when eliminate desires
4. Follow 8-fold path
Meditate, reflect, refrain from pleasures
Goal – to detach oneself to reach enlightenment leading to nirvana (ends cycle of rebirth)
Comparing Indian Spiritual Traditions
Buddhism Jainism Hinduism
Reincarnation Yes Yes Yes (karma/caste)
Caste System No No Yes
Spread Rapid through India
and SE and E Asia;
lower castes
attracted (reaching
Nirvana and
teachings not in
Sanskrit)
Spread but not
many followers,
lifestyle demanding
Spread throughout
India
Tenets Four Noble Truths,
Eight Fold Path
Do no harm, etc. Rig Veda,
Upanishads,
Mahabharata,
Ramayana
Gender roles Inferior Inferior Women to be
unselfish and
devote lives to
husband
Mauryan Empire Chandragupta Maurya
Height – 3rd C BCE
Centralized govt most of subcontinent (see map)
Govt – provinces with capital city and prince, council of ministers.
Provinces into districts
Army kept peace, large spy system
Heavy taxes on landowners and value of crops
Ashoka Kalinga
Conversion, monasteries, missionaries, stupas; Buddhism surged
Achievements
Efficient tax system
Capital Pataliputra near Ganges river
Roads connected commercial centers and encouraged trace/travel, Ashoka traveled constantly to govern
Ended slavery
Rock and Pillar Edicts
Promoted peace through diplomacy
Foreign trade increased, bringing in more $$
Decline of the Mauryan Dynasty Subsequent leaders not effective Power vacuum – invaders from
Bactria and Kushan empire
Trade in Goods and Ideas Crossroads for Silk Road Gems and spices form SE Asia, Silk
from China, Indian textiles traded with Rome and across Mediterranean
Ships carried goods across Indian Ocean, Red Sea, Persian Gulf connection East Africa, Indonesia, and Rome
New cultures and ideas art influenced by Greek and Roman art Gandhara Buddhas
Gupta Dynasty Golden Age of India under Gupta
Trade increased with foreign merchants
Governing the Empire Divided into provinces, kings or princes
Capital Pataliputra (intellectual and cultural center)
Scientific and Mathematics achievements Free health care (broken bones, skin grafts, inoculations)
Number 0 – 9 (Arabic numerals)
Religion
Dominant, upper-class studied Vedas, etc
Universities subjects govt, astronomy, math , art, painting, and architecture Nalanda one of most ancient universities NE India
Both empires allowed religions freedom
Buddhism spread Silk Road trade
Chinese interested
Chinese missionaries visited Buddhist sites early
More followers in East Asia and SE Asia
Nalanda
Decline of the Gupta Dynasty Continuity – regionalism
Subcontinent Ethnic diversity
## of languages Difficult to unify
While the dynasty had vibrant economy, difficult to organize a highly centralized bureaucracy Unlike Ashoka, rulers took hands
off policy, led to growing disunity
Invasions form NW – White Huns By 500, Huns took over W. India,
destroying the empires’ trade with Rome leading to final collapse
Three Great Philosophical Traditions Period of instability in China as Zhou dynasty declined
Animism, Shamanism – three schools of thought
emerged
Confucianism, Daoism, Legalism
Confucianism K’ung Fu-tzu (Confucius)
Poor, traveled and gained followers
Disciples compiled teachings after death:
Analects Respect social hierarchies Focus on behavior Importance of family, respect for elders, reverence for ancestors Following proper rituals leads to social harmony
Golden Rule!
Humility
As a result, family became most important unit in Chinese society
Filial piety
Women subservient
Laozi, Old Master Disciples collected teachings, Dao De Jing
(The Classic Way and the Virtue)
Seek happiness and wisdom following the path, the dao
Renounce worldy ambitions and seek harmony with nature Will indirectly alter political system
Two sides in harmony Yin – submissive and feminine side
Yan, aggressive, masculine side
Keep in balance
Appealed to peasants; connected to natural forces
Doctors focus on restoring natural balance
Poets wrote about nature, etc.
Architects tried to create structure that integrated into natural surroundings
Daoism/Taoism
Legalism Contrast to Confucianism
and Daoism Less concerned with meaning
of life and more with behavior Strict laws and punishments
to control people Be a farmer or soldier
No teachers, merchants or artists
Collective responsibility – turn in family or neighbors if lawbreakers
Han Fei Zu and Li Si Violent Qin Dynasty – once
stable Legalism faded unlike long-term impact of Confucianism and Daoism
China: Qin and Han
Qin Dynasty Qin Shihuangdi defeated Zhou and nearby
regional authorities Qin dynasty brief but cruel
First emperor
Centralized state
Abolished law codes
Books burned
Scholars buried alive
People sent to construct northern walls or other infrastructure projects
Achievements: Expanded size of empire
Peasants could own land
Standardized script – communication easier
Standardized coinage; improved commerce
Canals, roads; improved trade
Tomb – terracotta warriors
Four years after death, rebels killed his son, the emperor and family
Han Dynasty – 400 years Han Wudi
Vast expansion of the empire
Invaded Korea, N. Vietnam, forces into central Asia to Bactria to defeat Xiongnu
Moved landless Chinese farmers to settle in new lands
Central Government
Efficient centralized govt
Civil service exam**
National universities to prepare officials
PAX SINICA Country enjoyed peace, economy
grew, population increased, as did rich who created thriving market for luxury goods.
Han Dynasty continued Silk Road Trade
Contact with Roman Empire
Buddhism into China from Central Asia
Silk production increased under Wudi, sold from Rome to Mesopotamia to Persia to India
Science and technology prospered Paper, calendar, improvements to iron
plow and yoke – agriculture up
Spread of disease along Silk Road
Economic problems arose; small farmers give up lands to large owners to satisfy debts Wang Mang (non-Han) tried to
redistribute but not well received
Yellow Turban Rebellion peasant uprising (yellow scarves) one of bloodiest before 1900.
220 emperor overthrown and China divided into three
India and China Trade Himalayas separated but
South China Sea connected
Vast trading network linking Afro-Eurasia Sailors made technological
advances to improve trade Astrolabe
Improvements to the compass Sternpost rudder Understanding monsoon
patterns
Helped the spread of religion, technology, and goods to shape next period
Early American Civilizations
The Andes Mountains: Chavin and Moche
Mesoamerica: Olmec, Maya, Aztec
The Moche – Andes Region Northern Peru today
Expanded through population increase and conquest
Monumental structures
Temple of the Sun and Temple of the Moon
Extensive irrigation networks – water from rivers to fields
Crops – corn and beans
Llamas to transport, fibers for textiles, dun to fertilize
Job specialization
Ceramic water jars (painted and decorated)
Jewelry
Trade local
Alyllus
Small communities with communal work
All with same mythical ancestor
Women would join husbands, but also maintain membership in her own alyllus
Veneration of ancestors
Ceremonial centers included some human sacrifice
Polytheistic – gods has emotions and passions (Greek comparison)
Civilization vanished; heavy rainfall (30 years) then drought (30 years)
Probably ended in violence and war
Mesoamerica Teotihuacan
Strong legacy from Olmecs
Near Mexico City ‘birthplace of the gods’
Grew to be one of the largest cities in the world at the time (founded 150 BCE) Grid pattern, apartment buildings
Ceremonial portion of city Pyramid of Sun
Pyramid of the Moon
Temple of Quetzalcoatl
Most were farmers
Exported obsidian Artisan workshops – leather,
pottery, obsidian tools', weapons
Decline in question, fire?
The Mayans Civilization at height 250 – 900 CE
(Classical period) Mexico, Belize, Honduras,
Guatemala
Number of cities
Slash and burn agriculture to feed Terraced farming Irrigation systems Raised deer
Corn, beans, squash= three sisters
Stone tools to cut limestone blocks for religious centers Temples, palaces, plazas
Most important: temples on top of pyramids to be closer to heavens and also as observatories
Mayan Government City-states
King No male heir – women ruled
Wars between city-states common Fought for tribute
POW for sacrifices
Kings claimed descent from gods; after death become one with ancestor god Hereditary
Taxes paid in crops and labor
No standing army; citizens provided service
No central government, but strongest city-state would dominate neighbors
Mayan Religion, Science, and
Culture Polytheistic: sun, rain, corn
Priest had great power Offerings included human sacrifice
Ball game – losers may have been sacrificed
Cultural achievements: Greeks of the New World
Priest studied heaven and calendars to make predictions Observatory: Caracol in Chichen Itza
Predicted eclipses and calculated phases
More accurate calendar than Europe
Concept of zero
Advanced writing system: pictures and symbols like hieroglyphics Paper made from tree bark bound into books
Decorated buildings, pots, monuments
Carved wood and jade No metal tools; carved using flint
Vivid paintings on walls and pottery
Decline of Mayans Cities Population growth:
cities crowded
Destruction of forests: environmental damage
Stresses due to wars
Urban population declined and people left cities to resume rural way of life
Today’s descendents combine Mayan beliefs and Roman Catholicism
Discussion Questions and Topics 1. Create a chart comparing women in Greece, Egypt,
and China
2. Analyze continuities and change in Greece between 800 BCE and 300 BCE in all of the following aspects:
State-building, expansion, conflict, and culture
3. Analyze similarities and differences in the fall of the empire of Alexander the Great, The Achaemenid Empire, the Minoan Kingdom
4. Analyze changes and continuities between Greece and Rome between 500 BCE – 500 CE in religion, gender roles, and military conquest
Discussion Questions and Topics 5. Analyze continuities and changes in government
structures in the Mediterranean world between the rise of city-states in ancient Mesopotamia and in the later city-states of Greece.
6. Analyze similarities and differences in the role of women in the Roman Republic and in Han China and Mauryan/Gupta India
7. Analyze similarities and differences between slavery in Rome and slavery in Egypt and Greece (in the age of Pericles)
8. Why did both early Roman and Greek civilizations develop on peninsulas?
9. Why are paved roads considered a great achievement by the Romans?
Discussion Questions and Topics 10. Analyze the changes and continuities that
occurred in political structures in India during the Classical period.
11. Analyze the similarities and differences in the decline of the Roman, Han, and Maurya/Gupta empires.
12. Analyze similarities and differences in Confucianism and Greek philosophy (Socrates to Aristotle), Greek and Roman religion pre-Christianity, and Christianity.
13. Analyze the changes and continuities of the Chinese interaction with other cultures beginning with the Zhou era and ending with the Han era.
14. Why did so many belief systems develop in one period?
Discussion Questions and Topics
15. Analyze continuties and changes in the
societies and cultures of Mesoamerica from the
Olmec through the Mayans.
16. Analyze continuties and changes in the
influence of geography on the Chavin and the
Moche in the centuries prior to 700 CE.
17. Compare how people interacted with the
environment in the early civilizations of the
Americas and among the Austronesian peoples of
the Pacific Islands.
Discussion Questions and Topics 18. Compare how geographic factors affected
unification in Greece and in Rome.
19. How did religion influence other aspects of culture in Greece, the Gupta Empire in India, and the Mayan civilization?
20. Compare the ways that Alexander the Great, Augustus Caesar, and Ashoka Maurya administered their empires.
21. Explain how the Silk Roads were connected to sea-based trade routes in the Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea.