A comprehensive method for amplicon-based and metagenomic ...
Amplicon Vaccine LLC Pullman, Washington USA amplicon-vaccine Robert Bogden - President
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Transcript of Amplicon Vaccine LLC Pullman, Washington USA amplicon-vaccine Robert Bogden - President
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Repro-BlocTM A Cloned LHRH (GnRH) Vaccine
for Mammalian Reproductive ControlPresentation Focuses on TWO Cattle Studies
Amplicon Vaccine LLCPullman, Washington USA
www.amplicon-vaccine.com
Robert Bogden - President
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Presentation Contents
• Inventors of Repro-Bloc technology
• Basic Description of LHRH Function and Fusion Protein Construct
• Data from Pilot Study performed on Heifers in the U.S.
• Data from Two Larger Scale Nelore Bull Studies Performed in Brazil
• Nelore Bull Meat Quality Analysis Data
• Overall Conclusions
• Acknowledgments
Repro-BlocTM
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Dr. Andrew Schally, Dr. Roger Guillemin and Dr. Jerry Reeves
• After a 21 year race, Dr. Schally and Dr. Guillemin were awarded The Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1977 for identifying a variety of ‘Releasing Factors’ including LHRH (Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone) also known as GnRH (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone).
• As a member of Dr. Schally’s team, Dr. Reeves worked on LHRH during this time and has mentored 31 Master students and 18 PhD students, many working on LHRH and associated hormones.
• Dr. Reeves publication record includes more than 100 peer reviewed manuscripts on LHRH and related subjects.
Repro-BlocTM
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Pituitary
LHRH
FSH/LH
Sperm ProductionTestosterone
Follicular Growth, OvulationEstrogen
Hypothalamus
Natural Function of LHRH in Mammals
(Effects Female Mammals) (Effects Male Mammals)
(LHRH releases FSH & LH)
Repro-BlocTM
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Pituitary
LHRH
Hypothalamus
Action of Repro-BlocTM
Vaccine in Mammals
(FSH & LH remain in the Pituitary)
Antibodies to LHRH vaccine neutralize naturally occurring LHRH in the animal
PREVENTING ESTROGEN & TESTOSTERONE PRODUCTION(causing sterility in male and female mammals)
LHRH Antibody
(stopped)
Repro-BlocTM
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Pilot Study: Heifers in the USA
• Problem: Prior to slaughter, US cattle ranchers move Heifers into expensive ‘feed lots’ to increase meat quality and quantity. Pregnant Heifers spend valuable resources on the fetus and not on meat production.
• Hypothesis: Heifers immunized with the LHRH vaccine will earn more money for the producers by not becoming pregnant.
• Objective: Prove the effectiveness of LHRH vaccine in preventing Heifers from cycling (cycling is a requirement to become pregnant).
• US Market Size: 12 Million Heifers per year are slaughtered.
Repro-BlocTM
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LHRH Injection Timing and Percent Cycling Data
0
2 0
4 0
6 0
8 0
1 0 0
Days
% H
eife
rs C
ycli
ng
% L
HR
H 12
5I
Bin
din
g
0
28 63 99
113
127
141
155
85
1st
Injection
2nd
Injection
3rd
Injection
Repro-BlocTM
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LHRH Immunized Heifers vs. Intact Heifers
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
Intact n=10
LHRH n=39
%C
ycli
ng
WeekRepro-BlocTM
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Scientific Study: Heifers in the USA
• Results: All Heifers (female cattle) in the study stopped cycling after being immunized with the LHRH vaccine. Suppression of estrus is correlated to LHRH antibody titers.
• Current Studies: To quantify the increased meat quantity and quality from immunized Heifers.
• Issues: Obtaining FDA approval for the use of the LHRH vaccine (in US Heifers) will require years of clinical trials.
Repro-BlocTM
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Scientific Study: Nelore Bulls in Brazil
• Problem: Intact Brazilian bulls have low quality meat and are very aggressive (fighting and damaging property). Traditional castration creates a variety of problems including infection, screw worm infestation and possible death (1% to 3%).
• Hypothesis: LHRH immunized bulls will have a quality of meat and carcass weights similar to traditionally castrated bulls.
• Objective: To determine if the LHRH vaccine is a cost effective, humane alternative to castration.
• Brazilian Cattle Market Size: ~176 Million bulls are slaughtered per year.
Repro-BlocTM
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Locations for Experiment: Brazilian Bull Study
• Two Ranches in Mato Grosso Region of Brazil– John Carter (Esperanca Ranch) n=77 animals
– Dr. Hugo (Colorado Ranch) n=216 animals
• Esperanca Ranch bulls were two years old when the study was started and were slaughtered 387 days after the initial immunization.
• Colorado Ranch bulls were two years old when the study was started and were slaughtered 741 days after the initial immunization.
Repro-BlocTM
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Methods: Brazilian Bull Study
• Three treatment groups– LHRH immunized (n=98)– Castrated (n=98)– Intact Bulls Control (n=97)
• Measure Body Weights
• Measure Scrotal Circumferences- Decreased circumference indicates vaccine is functioning properly
• Measure Testes and Epididymis Weights after slaughter- Decreased weight indicates vaccine is functioning properly
• Collect and Analyze Meat Quality Data- Marbling, Fat Content, Tenderness, Flavor and Juiciness
Repro-BlocTM
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Study Overview: Injection and Castration Dates
Treatment
Orange
Green
Yellow
LHRH-ImLHRH-Im LHRH-Im
SlaughterSlaughter
SlaughterSlaughter
SlaughterSlaughter
Castration
Intact IntactIntact
Esperanca
Animals
n=77
Colorado
Animals
n=216
Day 7413872871410
Repro-BlocTM
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Body Weight of Castrated, Immunized and Intact bulls
Esperanca Animals (n=77)
326
357
452
486
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
0 141 287 387
CastratedImmunizedIntact
Day
Bod
y W
eigh
t (K
g )
Repro-BlocTM
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Body Weight of Castrated, Immunized and Intact bulls
Colorado Animals (n=216)
255 247
343396
457
517
-50
50
150
250
350
450
550
0 141 287 385 639 741
CastratedImmunizedIntact
Day
Bod
y W
eigh
t (K
g )
Repro-BlocTM
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Scrotal Circumferences of Castrated, Immunized and Intact bulls
Esperanca Animals (n=77)
20
24
28
32
36
0 141 287 387
Day of Study
CastratedImmunizedIntact
LHRH Immunizations
Scr
o tal
Ci r
cum
fere
nce
(cm
)
Repro-BlocTM
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Scrotal Circumferences of Castrated, Immunized and Intact bulls
Colorado Animals (n=216)
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 141 287 385 639 741
Day of Study
CastratedImmunizedIntact
LHRH Immunizations
Scr
o tal
Ci r
cum
fere
nce
(cm
)
Repro-BlocTM
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Testes Weight* on Day 387Esperanca Animals (n=77)
172
497
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
ImmunizedIntact
Wei
ght,
g
*Lower Testes Weight indicates the vaccine is workingRepro-BlocTM
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Testes Weight* on Day 741Colorado Animals (n=216)
174
500
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
ImmunizedIntact
Wei
ght,
g
*Lower Testes Weight indicates the vaccine is workingRepro-BlocTM
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Epididymis Weight* on Day 387Esperanca Animals (n=77)
25.0
47.1
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
ImmunizedIntact
Wei
ght,
g
*Lower Epididymis Weight indicates the vaccine is workingRepro-BlocTM
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Epididymis Weight* on Day 741Colorado Animals (n=216)
26.4
60.1
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
ImmunizedIntact
Wei
ght,
g
*Lower Epididymis Weight indicates the vaccine is workingRepro-BlocTM
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Nelore Bull Meat Quality Study Methods
• Various cuts of meat were analyzed from 30 animals of the three treatment groups– LHRH immunized (n=10)– Castrated (n=10)– Intact Bulls Control (n=10)
• All meat grading and subjective evaluations were performed by an independent panel of meat experts.
• The complete Meat Quality data are published in the peer reviewed journal Meat Science Volume 68, Issue 2, October 2004, Pages 285-290.
Repro-BlocTM
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Meat Quality Data of Intact, Castrated, and LHRH immunocastratedEsperanca Animals Only (n=30)
*Marbling
*A larger number equates to increased marbling and higher meat quality.
2.1
3.5
5.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
Intact Castrated Immunized
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Meat Quality Data of Intact, Castrated, and LHRH immunocastratedEsperanca Animals Only (n=30)
*Percentage of Carcass Fat
17.9
23.9 25.2
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
Intact Castrated Immunized*A larger number equates to increased fat and higher meat quality.
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Meat Quality Data of Intact, Castrated, and LHRH immunocastratedEsperanca Animals Only (n=30)
*Fat Thickness, mm
5.24.5
2.9
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
Intact Castrated Immunized
*Thicker fat in the region measured indicates higher quality meat.Repro-BlocTM
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Meat Quality Data of Intact, Castrated, and LHRH immunocastratedEsperanca Animals Only (n=30)
*Tenderness (Taste Panel)
5.85.5
5.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
Intact Castrated Immunized
* A blind, subjective evaluation by a panel of meat tasting experts, larger number is higher meat quality.
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Meat Quality Data of Intact, Castrated, and LHRH immunocastratedEsperanca Animals Only (n=30)
*Tenderness (Texturometer in Newtons)
125119145
-10.0
10.0
30.0
50.0
70.0
90.0
110.0
130.0
150.0
Intact Castrated Immunized
*A smaller number equates to increased tenderness and higher meat quality.
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Meat Quality Data of Intact, Castrated, and LHRH immunocastratedEsperanca Animals Only (n=30)
*Meat Juiciness7.0
6.9
6.7
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
7.0
7.1
Intact Castrated Immunized
*Variation from 1 to 9, where 1 = meat extremely dry, undesirable flavor,
tough; 5 = average; 9 = meat extremely juicy, flavorful and tender.
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Meat Quality Data of Intact, Castrated, and LHRH immunocastratedEsperanca Animals Only (n=30)
*Meat Flavor
7.7
7.67.6
7.50
7.55
7.60
7.65
7.70
7.75
7.80
Intact Castrated Immunized
*Variation from 1 to 9, where 1 = meat extremely dry, undesirable flavor,
tough; 5 = average; 9 = meat extremely juicy, flavorful and tender.
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Meat Quality Data Conclusions
• Beef from immunized animals has preferable better fat content and marbling structure (when compared with intact animals).
• Beef from immunized animals is comparable in tenderness, juiciness and flavor to that of castrated animals (and far superior to intact animals).
• Weaknesses: only 30 animals were evaluated in this study.
Repro-BlocTM
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Overall Nelore Bull Study Conclusions
• The price (in 2007) of BULL meat in Brazil was 37 *REAL/15kg.
• The price of STEER (immunized) meat in Brazil was 41 REAL/15kg.
• Based on the results of these studies, a rancher injecting his animals with the LHRH vaccine would make 20.30 REAL more per animal opposed to leaving the animals as intact bulls**.
• For ranchers using traditional castration procedures: if ONLY one animal dies from castration complications, then the rancher makes an additional 704.05 REAL by using the vaccine (assuming a 257.6 Kg carcass).
• We think Brazilian Cattle Ranchers would prefer the LHRH vaccine to traditional castration practices or raising intact bulls.
• Note- obtaining Brazilian government approval for the use of this vaccine in Bulls, will probably require less time and money than obtaining approval in the US Heifer market.
*One Brazilian REAL is equal to 0.35 US DOLLARS (Sept. 2007)
**In Brazil the usable carcass is 53% of the animal weight- assuming intact bulls 523 Kg & LHRH immunized 486 Kg.
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Acknowledgments
• Jerry Reeves: Washington State University• Jennifer Hernandez: Washington State University• David DeAvila: Washington State University• Kevin Bertrand: Washington State University• Eraldo Zanella: Universidade de Passo Fundo• Edson L. de A. Ribeiro: Universidade Estadual de Londrina• Heather Marney: Amplicon Express
For additional information contact:Robert BogdenPresident Amplicon Vaccine LLC2345 NE Hopkins CourtPullman, Washington 99163 USATel 1-509-332-8080 ext. 24Fax 1-509-332-6338<[email protected]>
Repro-BlocTM