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    Amoxicillin 1

    Amoxicillin

    Amoxicillin

    Systematic (IUPAC) name

    (2S,5R,6R)- 6-{[(2R)-2-amino- 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)- acetyl]amino}- 3,3-dimethyl- 7-oxo- 4-thia- 1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-

    2-carboxylic acid

    Identifiers

    CAS number 26787-78-0[1]

    ATC code J01 CA04[2]

    QG51 AX01[3]

    PubChem CID 33613[4]

    DrugBank DB01060[5]

    ChemSpider 31006[6]

    Chemical data

    Formula C16

    H19

    N3O

    5S

    Mol. mass 365.4 g/mol

    SMILES eMolecules[7]

    & PubChem[8]

    Pharmacokinetic data

    Bioavailability 95% oral

    Metabolism less than 30% biotransformed in liver

    Half-life 61.3 minutes

    Excretion renal

    Therapeutic considerations

    Pregnancy cat. A(AU) B(US)

    Legal status POM (UK)

    Routes Oral, intravenous

    (what is this?) (verify)[9]

    http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?&diff=cur&oldid=321803860http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Yes_check.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intravenous_therapyhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Route_of_administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prescription_drughttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regulation_of_therapeutic_goodshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pregnancy_categoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Excretionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biological_half-lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drug_metabolismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bioavailabilityhttp://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/search/?smarts=O%3DC%28O%29%5BC%40%40H%5D2N3C%28%3DO%29%5BC%40%40H%5D%28NC%28%3DO%29%5BC%40%40H%5D%28c1ccc%28O%29cc1%29N%29%5BC%40H%5D3SC2%28C%29Chttp://www.emolecules.com/cgi-bin/search?t=ex&q=O%3DC%28O%29%5BC%40%40H%5D2N3C%28%3DO%29%5BC%40%40H%5D%28NC%28%3DO%29%5BC%40%40H%5D%28c1ccc%28O%29cc1%29N%29%5BC%40H%5D3SC2%28C%29Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Molecular_masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulfurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chemical_formulahttp://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.31006http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ChemSpiderhttp://www.drugbank.ca/cgi-bin/show_drug.cgi?CARD=DB01060http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DrugBankhttp://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=33613http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PubChemhttp://www.whocc.no/atcvet/atcvet_index/?code=QG51AX01http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATCvet_code_QG51http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CA04http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATC_code_J01http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_Systemhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2009/MB_cgi?term=26787-78-0&rn=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CAS_registry_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Amoxicillin-3D-balls.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Amoxicillin.svg
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    Amoxicillin 2

    Amoxicillin BP

    Amoxicillin (INN), formerly amoxycillin (BAN), amoxycillin

    (cilamox) in Australia[10]

    , abbreviated Amox,Tormoxin (in India), is

    a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, -lactam antibiotic used to treat

    bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. It is usually

    the drug of choice within the class because it is better absorbed,

    following oral administration, than other -lactam antibiotics. It is alsoa treatment for cystic acne.

    [11]

    Amoxicillin is susceptible to degradation by -lactamase-producing

    bacteria, and so may be given with clavulanic acid to decrease its

    susceptibility.

    Mode of action

    Amoxicillin acts by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell wall. It inhibits cross-linkage between the linear

    peptidoglycan polymer chains that make up a major component of the cell walls of both Gram-positive andGram-negative bacteria

    Formulations

    Amoxicillin in trihydrate form is available as capsules, chewable and dispersible tablets plus syrup and pediatric

    suspension for oral use, and as the sodium salt for intravenous administration (although the IV formulation is not

    available in the United States[12]

    ). It is one of the most common antibiotics prescribed for children, and the liquid

    forms are helpful where the patient might find it difficult to take tablets or capsules. It has three ionizable groups. A

    once daily dosing form (Moxatag) was approved by the American FDA in January 2008.

    Side effects

    Side effects are as those for other beta-lactam antibiotics. Side effects include nausea, vomiting, rashes, and

    antibiotic-associated colitis. Loose bowel movements (diarrhea) also may occur. Rarer but patient reported side

    effects include mental changes, lightheadedness, confusion, suicidal thoughts, depression, anxiety, sensitivity to

    lights and sounds, unclear thinking. Immediate medical care is required upon the first signs of these side effects.

    The onset of an allergic reaction to amoxicillin can be very sudden and intense - emergency medical attention must

    be sought as quickly as possible. The initial onset of such a reaction often starts with a change in mental state; skin

    rash with intense itching (often beginning in fingertips and around groin area and rapidly spreading) and sensations

    of fever, nausea, and vomiting. Any other symptoms that seem even remotely suspicious must be taken very

    seriously.

    Use of the amoxicillin/clavulanic acid combination for more than one week has caused moderate to severe hepatitis

    in a number of patients. Young children who ingested acute overdoses of amoxicillin manifested lethargy, vomiting

    and renal dysfunction.[13]

    [14]

    http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nauseahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beta-lactam_antibiotic%23Adverse_effectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adverse_drug_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Food_and_Drug_Administration_%28United_States%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ionizablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antibiotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intravenoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pediatricshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gram-negative_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gram-positive_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cell_wallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cross-linkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cell_wallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clavulanic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beta-lactamasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microorganismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bacterialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antibiotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beta-lactam_antibiotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Approved_Namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Nonproprietary_Namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Amoxicillin.JPG
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    Amoxicillin 3

    Non-allergic amoxicillin rash

    Somewhere between 3% to 10% of children taking amoxicillin (or ampicillin) show a late-developing (>72 hours

    after beginning medication and having never taken penicillin-like medication previously) often itchy rash [15][16],

    which is sometimes referred to as the "amoxicillin rash." The rash can also occur in adults.

    The rash is described as maculopapular or morbilliform (measles-like; therefore, in medical literature,

    "amoxicillin-induced morbilliform rash"[17] ). It starts on the trunk and can spread from there. This rash is unlikely to

    be a true allergic reaction, and is not a contra-indication for future amoxicillin usage, nor should current regimen

    necessarily be stopped. However, as mentioned above, this common amoxicillin rash and a dangerous allergic

    reaction cannot easily be distinguished by inexperienced persons, and therefore a health professional should be

    consulted if a rash develops. (Pichichero, 2005; Schmitt 2005)

    A non-allergic amoxicillin rash may also be an indicator of infectious mononucleosis: Some studies indicate that

    approximately 80-90% of patients with acute Epstein Barr virus infection treated with amoxicillin or ampicillin

    develop such a rash.[18]

    Non-allergic amoxicillin rash 8

    days after first dose, 24 hours

    after rash began. Diagnosed by

    pediatric resident at local

    university hospital.

    8 hours after first photo. Individual

    spots have grown and begun to

    merge.

    23 hours after first photo. Color apparently

    fading, much of rash has spread to

    confluence.

    Proprietary preparations

    Novamoxin Prescription Drug - 500mg

    Amoxicillin Trihydrate

    Amoxicillin is one of the semi-synthetic penicillins discovered by

    Beecham scientists. The patent for amoxicillin has expired, thusamoxicillin is marketed under many trade names, including:',

    Actimoxi, Alphamox, Amocla, AMK, Amoksibos, Amoxiclav Sandoz,

    Amoxidal, Amoxil, Amoxin, Amoksiklav, Amoxibiotic, Amoxicilina,

    Apo-Amoxi, Augmentin (with clavulanic acid), Bactox, Betalaktam,

    Cilamox, Curam, Dedoxil, Dispermox, Duomox, E-Mox, Enhancin,

    Gimalxina, Geramox, Hiconcil, Isimoxin, Klavox, Lamoxy, Moxatag,

    Moxilen, Moxypen, Moxyvit, Nobactam, Novamoxin, Ospamox,

    Panklav, Pamoxicillin, Panamox, Polymox, Samthongcillin, Clamoxyl,

    Senox, Sinacilin, Trimox, Tolodina, Tormoxin (India), Wymox, Yucla,

    Zerrsox and Zimox.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clavulanic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beecham_%28pharmaceutical_company%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:NOVAMOXIN.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Amoxicillin_rash_26_hours_after_17th_dose.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Amoxicillin_rash_11_hours_after_17th_dose.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Amoxicillin_rash_3_hours_after_17th_dose.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ampicillinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epstein_Barr_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Infectious_mononucleosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Measleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maculopapularhttp://www.medhelp.org/posts/Allergy/Rash-from-Amoxicillin/show/4008http://forums.wrongdiagnosis.com/showthread.php?t=15875http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ampicillin
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    Amoxicillin 4

    References

    Middlebrook Pharmaceuticals (March 2009). "MiddleBrook Pharmaceuticals Launches MOXATAG(TM), the

    First and Only FDA-Approved Once-Daily Amoxicillin"[19]

    .

    GlaxoSmithKline (February 2006). "Amoxil - Prescribing information"[20]

    (PDF).

    Neal, M. J. (2002).Medical pharmacology at a glance (4th ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Science.

    ISBN 0-632-05244-9.

    Pichichero ME (April 2005). "A review of evidence supporting the American Academy of Pediatrics

    recommendation for prescribing cephalosporin antibiotics for penicillin-allergic patients"[21]

    .Pediatrics115 (4):

    104857. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-1276. PMID 15805383.

    Schmitt, Barton D. (2005). Your child's health: the parents' one-stop reference guide to symptoms, emergencies,

    common illnesses, behavior problems, healthy development(2nd ed.). New York: Bantam Books.

    ISBN 0-553-38369-8.

    British National Formulary 45 March 2003

    External links

    University of Michigan Mott's Children's Hospital article about "amoxicillin rash."[22]

    (Very similar to Schmitt

    2005 content)

    Amoxicillin Side Effect Experiences[23]

    U.S. National Library of Medicine: Drug Information Portal - Amoxicillin[24]

    References

    [1] http://www.nlm. nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2009/MB_cgi?term=26787-78-0&rn=1

    [2] http://www.whocc. no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CA04

    [3] http://www.whocc. no/atcvet/atcvet_index/?code=QG51AX01

    [4] http://pubchem.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=33613

    [5] http://www.drugbank. ca/cgi-bin/show_drug.cgi?CARD=DB01060

    [6] http://www.chemspider. com/Chemical-Structure.31006

    [7] http://www.emolecules.com/cgi-bin/search?t=ex&

    q=O%3DC%28O%29%5BC%40%40H%5D2N3C%28%3DO%29%5BC%40%40H%5D%28NC%28%3DO%29%5BC%40%40H%5D%28c1ccc%28O%29cc1

    [8] http://pubchem.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/search/

    ?smarts=O%3DC%28O%29%5BC%40%40H%5D2N3C%28%3DO%29%5BC%40%40H%5D%28NC%28%3DO%29%5BC%40%40H%5D%28c1ccc%28O%

    [9] http://en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php?&diff=cur&oldid=321803860

    [10] (http://www.racgp. org. au/cmi/txcamoxc. pdf), Royal Australian College of General Practitioners Leaflet.

    [11] "Adolescent Acne: Management" (http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/430534_5). .

    [12] www.UpToDate.com

    [13] Cundiff J, Joe S. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid-induced hepatitis. Amer. J. Otolaryngol. 28: 28-30, 2007.

    [14] R. Baselt,Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, 8th edition, Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA, 2008, pp. 81-83.

    [15] http://forums.wrongdiagnosis. com/showthread.php?t=15875

    [16] http://www.medhelp. org/posts/Allergy/Rash-from-Amoxicillin/show/4008

    [17] e.g.Role of delayed cellular hypersensitivity and adhesion molecules in amoxicillin-induced morbilliform rashes (http://cat. inist.fr/

    ?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=2654598)

    [18] Kagan, B (1977). "Ampicillin rash" (http://www.pubmedcentral. nih.gov/articlerender. fcgi?artid=1237570). Western Journal of

    Medicine126 (4): 333335. PMID 855325. PMC 1237570. .

    [19] http://www.middlebrookpharma. com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=427462

    [20] http://us. gsk. com/products/assets/us_amoxil.pdf

    [21] http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/115/4/1048

    [22] http://www.med.umich. edu/1libr/pa/pa_ampirash_hhg.htm

    [23] http://www.amoxicillinsideeffects.net/

    [24] http://druginfo.nlm. nih.gov/drugportal/dpdirect.jsp?name=Amoxicillin+anhydrous

    http://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/dpdirect.jsp?name=Amoxicillin+anhydroushttp://www.amoxicillinsideeffects.net/http://www.med.umich.edu/1libr/pa/pa_ampirash_hhg.htmhttp://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/115/4/1048http://us.gsk.com/products/assets/us_amoxil.pdfhttp://www.middlebrookpharma.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=427462http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1237570http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=2654598http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=2654598http://www.medhelp.org/posts/Allergy/Rash-from-Amoxicillin/show/4008http://forums.wrongdiagnosis.com/showthread.php?t=15875http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/430534_5http://www.racgp.org.au/cmi/txcamoxc.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?&diff=cur&oldid=321803860http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/search/?smarts=O%3DC%28O%29%5BC%40%40H%5D2N3C%28%3DO%29%5BC%40%40H%5D%28NC%28%3DO%29%5BC%40%40H%5D%28c1ccc%28O%29cc1%29N%29%5BC%40H%5D3SC2%28C%29Chttp://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/search/?smarts=O%3DC%28O%29%5BC%40%40H%5D2N3C%28%3DO%29%5BC%40%40H%5D%28NC%28%3DO%29%5BC%40%40H%5D%28c1ccc%28O%29cc1%29N%29%5BC%40H%5D3SC2%28C%29Chttp://www.emolecules.com/cgi-bin/search?t=ex&q=O%3DC%28O%29%5BC%40%40H%5D2N3C%28%3DO%29%5BC%40%40H%5D%28NC%28%3DO%29%5BC%40%40H%5D%28c1ccc%28O%29cc1%29N%29%5BC%40H%5D3SC2%28C%29Chttp://www.emolecules.com/cgi-bin/search?t=ex&q=O%3DC%28O%29%5BC%40%40H%5D2N3C%28%3DO%29%5BC%40%40H%5D%28NC%28%3DO%29%5BC%40%40H%5D%28c1ccc%28O%29cc1%29N%29%5BC%40H%5D3SC2%28C%29Chttp://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.31006http://www.drugbank.ca/cgi-bin/show_drug.cgi?CARD=DB01060http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=33613http://www.whocc.no/atcvet/atcvet_index/?code=QG51AX01http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CA04http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2009/MB_cgi?term=26787-78-0&rn=1http://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/dpdirect.jsp?name=Amoxicillin+anhydroushttp://www.amoxicillinsideeffects.net/http://www.med.umich.edu/1libr/pa/pa_ampirash_hhg.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_National_Formularyhttp://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/115/4/1048http://us.gsk.com/products/assets/us_amoxil.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GlaxoSmithKlinehttp://www.middlebrookpharma.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=427462
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    Article Sources and Contributors 5

    Article Sources and ContributorsAmoxicillin Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=382655420 Contributors: 213.253.39.xxx, Abhishek727, Adambro, Alchaemist, Algebraist, Allstarecho, AllyUnion, Amcfreely,

    Anakenabcn, Anastrophe, Anclation, Anonymous Dissident, Anypodetos, AtonX, Avono, Beetstra, Bemoeial, Benjah-bmm27, Bmramon, Bobbhy01, Boing! said Zebedee, BrickBreyer,

    BrokenSegue, Bryan Derksen, Bwhack, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Carl.bunderson, Carlo Banez, Casforty, Cburnett, Chepry, Chowbok, Cjcollier, Constants, Conversion script,

    CrazyChemGuy, Crazynas, DTOx, Dailone, Daisystanton, Daniel,levine, Danny, Davidruben, Desperado28, Divide, Dreamyshade, Drphilharmonic, DuLithgow, Dubaduba, Dyslexic3,

    Dysmorodrepanis, Earthlyreason, Echuck215, Eckhart Wrner, Edruc Limited, Eleassar, Excirial, Facts707, Falcon8765, Fenghan06, Flamma, Fvasconcellos, Gaius Cornelius, GamblinMonkey,

    Gil Gamesh, Gimboid, GorgeCustersSabre, Gothick, GraemeLeggett, Gregfitzy, Guanaco, Gubernator, Gurch, Guy Harris, Haham hanuka, Hanser, Havaska, Hazard-SJ, HazyM, Hehkuviini, Ian

    Goddard, Insanity Incarnate, Iridescent, J.delanoy, J3ff, JForget, Javsav, Jfdwolff, Jhaochen, Kami Shkval, Khoikhoi, Kvn8907, Lenilucho, Leszek Jaczuk, Liberty Miller, Ligand13, LilHelpa,Literaturegeek, Maddiekate, Maderibeyza, Maximus Rex, Mazin07, Mboverload, Melsit, MightyWarrior, Mimarx, MithrandirAgain, Mjp797, Morr, Muchie11791, Mygerardromance, Mykhal,

    Nk, Nunh-huh, Ohnoitsjamie, Omicronpersei8, P-kun80, Pcworld08g, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Philosophistry, Piano non troppo, Powertool4, Priestley1628, R. S. Shaw, Radagast83, Ralmin,

    RavenFeat, Ravenous, Rbaselt, Rd232, Revjmyoung, Rgamble, Rholton, Rifleman 82, Rjwilmsi, Robert in sacramento, RoseParks, Rotring, SD6-Agent, SLi, Shawthorn, Siddhant, Silvermask,

    SiobhanHansa, Skarebo, Skittleys, Skoch3, Smile a While, Snowolf, SpK, Sumeetvingkar, Tarawneh, Techelf, Terrace4, TexasPharma, Thricecube, Thumperward, Tim bates, Tmd63, Tslocum,

    Tybalt01, Ukexpat, Vary, Vina, VoxLuna, WDM27, WhatamIdoing, Wright93, Xezbeth, Xiphosurus, Yodan, Zamondothegreat, , 251 anonymous edits

    Image Sources, Licenses and Contributorsfile:Amoxicillin.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Amoxicillin.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Ayacop, Fvasconcellos

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    Documentation License Contributors: User:Skoch3

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