Ammonia Borane using Ruthenium as a Catalyst Production ... · Printing: This poster is 48” wide...
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HYDROGEN: ‘On Demand’ Production of Hydrogen from Ammonia Borane using Ruthenium as a Catalyst Production ready with Safe Storage Ken Poling, Hanyu Ma, Chongzheng Na, Haitao Wang ABSTRACT Hydrogen is commonly regarded as the simplest and most abundant element in the universe. The scientific community estimates that 90% of our visible universe is composed of hydrogen. Ammonia Borane is a chemical compound which is approximately 20% hydrogen by weight, having the chemical formula NH 3 BH 3 . This colorless solid is a simple boron-nitrogen-hydride compound and has attracted a lot of attention as a source of hydrogen fuel. However, a catalyst is required for the hydrolysis generation of hydrogen (H) gas from the NH 3 BH 3 . The highest active catalyst being examined for testing is Ruthenium (Ru). When extracting H 2 from the readily available source such as freshwater (H 2 O), an energy source from an electrical charge is required, whether it be generated from a turbine or collected from solar support. This process is called “on board” and tends to logistically create space and weight issues for the mode of transportation. Ru, when used as a catalyst generates H 2 (gas) at room temperatures from NH 3 BH 3 . The purpose of this investigation is to effectively produce H 2 gas from NH 3 BH 3 at room temperatures with out additional energy input. In turn, eliminating the need for additional electrical input for extracting/producing H and freeing-up gravimetric mass and volumetric space. Furthermore, safety, decrease the need for hydrogen storage and design an ‘On Demand’ server for delivery of hydrogen requirements. BACKGROUND Ammonia-Borane Ammonia–borane (AB, NH 3 BH 3 ) contains 19.6 weight % H, and is one of the materials currently being examined as a possible H 2 source for use in fuel cells to power automobiles. Challenges for this technology must be investigated and considered, especially when looking at the transportation sector and the target storage requirements of the U.S. Department of Energy. The development of both transition-metals and acid catalysts which promote H 2 release from AB under mild conditions in conjuction with a standard Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) hydrogen cell. OBJECTIVES • Differentiate between Physical Process and Chemical Process of creating and using Hydrogen as an energy source. • Determine the significance of using Ruthenium as a catalyst. • Using ‘Inquiry Based’ science strategies, design a possible solution for improving ‘on-board’ technology for Hydrogen produced fuel source. INQUIRY SCIENCE Using a hydrogen car science kit ( H-Racer 2.0 from Horizon), develop a possible solution to eliminate the need for ‘on demand’ electrical charge required for H 2 production. Possible Soluition#1: Affix two vials on the outer shell of the H-Racer. Vial #1 is to extract H2 from the NH 3 BH 3 with the aid of the Ru catalyst. Vial #2 contains H 2 SO 4 (Sulfuric Acid) - scrubs any impurities from the H 2 before entering the fuel cell and potentially contaminating the H cell. Possible Solution #2: Affix one vial on the outer shell of the H-Racer. H2 will be produced and collected inside the vial. The H2 will then go directly into the H-Racer without any scrubbing of impurities. Longevity of the PEM is unknown and will need to be tested in future studies. MATERIALS Hydrogen Science Kits from Horizon: H-Racer 2.0, i-H2GO w/Smart Phone Controls, and Solar Hydrogen Education Kit Teflon Tape Pipette Scissors Cell Phone Glue Distilled Water AA Batteries 1/8 Clear Rubber Tubing 10 ml and 20 ml vials Timing Device RESULTS CONCLUSIONS • Ammonia-borane is a non-hazardous solution that carries a high solubility when mixed in DI H 2 O. Upon mixing Ru as a catalyst the ‘Run Time’ of the prototype vehicle is 4.87 times greater than of the electrolysis demonstration. Issues that need to be addressed include and not limited to: added weight percentage to the prototype, surface friction, longevity of the PEM, life span of the catalyst due to loss of surface area, improvements for prototype gearing and ratios, and hydrogen pressure flow and rates. • Challenges addressed during this ‘Inquiry’ exercise included: production of H 2 too fast, over load on prototype suspension and gearing, moisture inside the exchange tubing, leaking connections, ratio of AB solution and Ru measurements, and design/build engineering logistics. • The optimum solution/catalyst production is 15mg NH 3 BH 3 with 2.5ml DI H 2 O mixed with 0.1mg of Ru ( 0.1ml of 1,000 ppm Ru) Safety is achieved with ‘On Demand’ supply. What is a fuel cell? A fuel cell is a device that generates electricity by a chemical reaction. Every fuel cell has two electrodes, one positive and one negative, called, respectively, the anode and cathode. The reactions that produce electricity take place at the electrodes. Hydrogen is the basic fuel, but fuel cells also require oxygen. One great appeal of fuel cells is that they generate electricity with very little pollution–much of the hydrogen and oxygen used in generating electricity ultimately combine to form a harmless byproduct, namely water. Hydrogen Boron Nitogren Hydrogen Ru 3+ + NH 3 BH 3 Ru Nanoparticles NH 3 BH 3 + 2H 2 O Ru 3H 2 + NH 4 BO 2 1 2 3 4 5 2 4 6 8 10 Time (minutes) Test number AB with Ru Run Time Fill Time DI H 2 O Run Time Fill Time H 2 Fuel / Consumption Rates
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HYDROGEN: ‘On Demand’ Production of Hydrogen from Ammonia Borane using Ruthenium as a Catalyst
Production ready with Safe Storage Ken Poling, Hanyu Ma, Chongzheng Na, Haitao Wang
ABSTRACT
Hydrogen is commonly regarded as the simplest and most abundant element in the universe. The scientific community estimates that 90% of our visible universe is composed of hydrogen. Ammonia Borane is a chemical compound which is approximately 20% hydrogen by weight, having the chemical formula NH3 BH3. This colorless solid is a simple boron-nitrogen-hydride compound and has attracted a lot of attention as a source of hydrogen fuel. However, a catalyst is required for the hydrolysis generation of hydrogen (H) gas from the NH3BH3. The highest active catalyst being examined for testing is Ruthenium (Ru). When extracting H2 from the readily available source such as freshwater (H2O), an energy source from an electrical charge is required, whether it be generated from a turbine or collected from solar support. This process is called “on board” and tends to logistically create space and weight issues for the mode of transportation. Ru, when used as a catalyst generates H2 (gas) at room temperatures from NH3BH3. The purpose of this investigation is to effectively produce H2 gas from NH3BH3 at room temperatures with out additional energy input. In turn, eliminating the need for additional electrical input for extracting/producing H and freeing-up gravimetric mass and volumetric space. Furthermore, safety, decrease the need for hydrogen storage and design an ‘On Demand’ server for delivery of hydrogen requirements.
BACKGROUND Ammonia-Borane
Ammonia–borane (AB, NH3BH3) contains 19.6 weight % H, and is one of the materials currently being examined as a possible H2 source for use in fuel cells to power automobiles. Challenges for this technology must be investigated and considered, especially when looking at the transportation sector and the target storage requirements of the U.S. Department of Energy. The development of both transition-metals and acid catalysts which promote H2 release from AB under mild conditions in conjuction with a standard Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) hydrogen cell.
OBJECTIVES • Differentiate between Physical Process and Chemical Process of
creating and using Hydrogen as an energy source.
• Determine the significance of using Ruthenium as a catalyst.
• Using ‘Inquiry Based’ science strategies, design a possible solution for improving ‘on-board’ technology for Hydrogen produced fuel source.
INQUIRY SCIENCE Using a hydrogen car science kit ( H-Racer 2.0 from Horizon), develop a possible solution to eliminate the need for ‘on demand’ electrical charge required for H2 production.
Possible Soluition#1:
Affix two vials on the outer shell of the H-Racer. Vial #1 is to extract H2 from the NH3BH3 with the aid of the Ru catalyst. Vial #2 contains H2SO4 (Sulfuric Acid) - scrubs any impurities from the H2 before entering the fuel cell and potentially contaminating the H cell.
Possible Solution #2:
Affix one vial on the outer shell of the H-Racer. H2 will be produced and collected inside the vial. The H2 will then go directly into the H-Racer without any scrubbing of impurities. Longevity of the PEM is unknown and will need to be tested in future studies.
MATERIALS
Hydrogen Science Kits from Horizon:
H-Racer 2.0, i-H2GO w/Smart Phone Controls, and Solar Hydrogen Education Kit
Teflon Tape Pipette
Scissors Cell Phone
Glue Distilled Water
AA Batteries 1/8 Clear Rubber Tubing
10 ml and 20 ml vials Timing Device
RESULTS
Series 1, 4.5
Series 2, 2.8
Series 3, 5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4
Axi
s Ti
tle
Chart Title
CONCLUSIONS
• Ammonia-borane is a non-hazardous solution that carries a high solubility when mixed in DI H2O. Upon mixing Ru as a catalyst the ‘Run Time’ of the prototype vehicle is 4.87 times greater than of the electrolysis demonstration. Issues that need to be addressed include and not limited to: added weight percentage to the prototype, surface friction, longevity of the PEM, life span of the catalyst due to loss of surface area, improvements for prototype gearing and ratios, and hydrogen pressure flow and rates.
• Challenges addressed during this ‘Inquiry’ exercise included: production of H2 too fast, over load on prototype suspension and gearing, moisture inside the exchange tubing, leaking connections, ratio of AB solution and Ru measurements, and design/build engineering logistics.
• The optimum solution/catalyst production is 15mg NH3BH3 with 2.5ml DI H2O mixed with 0.1mg of Ru ( 0.1ml of 1,000 ppm Ru) Safety is achieved with ‘On Demand’ supply.
What is a fuel cell? A fuel cell is a device that generates electricity by a chemical reaction. Every fuel cell has two electrodes, one positive and one negative, called, respectively, the anode and cathode. The reactions that produce electricity take place at the electrodes. Hydrogen is the basic fuel, but fuel cells also require oxygen. One great appeal of fuel cells is that they generate electricity with very little pollution–much of the hydrogen and oxygen used in generating electricity ultimately combine to form a harmless byproduct, namely water.
0
6:51
6:34
6:06
7:29 7:28
2:30 2:30 2:30 2:30 2:30
0
1:20
2:10
1:31
1:14
1:36 1:32 1:30 1:35 1:31 1:29
Test # 1 2 3 4 5
Hydrogen Fuel/Consumption Rates
AB with Ru Fill Time DI H20 Fill Time
Hydrogen
Boron
Nitogren
Hydrogen Ru3+ + NH3BH3 Ru Nanoparticles NH3BH3 + 2H2O Ru 3H2 + NH4BO2
1 2 3 4 5
2
4
6
8
10
Tim
e (
min
ute
s)
Test number
AB with Ru Run Time Fill Time
DI H2O Run Time Fill Time
H2 Fuel / Consumption Rates
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