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Americas History Seventh Edition CHAPTER 21 An Emerging World Power, 1877-1918 Copyright 2011 by Bedford/St. Martins James A. Henretta Rebecca Edwards Robert O. Self Slide 2 Slide 3 I. From Expansion to Imperialism A.Foundations of Empire 1. Josiah Strong Our Country (1885), congregational minister encouraged Protestants to spread Christianity overseas example of American exceptionalism: U.S. has a unique destiny to foster democracy and civilization throughout the world viewpoint linked to racial theories that supported white supremacy and Social Darwinism. 2. Alfred T. Mahan B.The War of 1898 1. Cuban Rebellion 2. Remember the Maine 3. The Spanish-American War 4. War in the Pacific Slide 4 I. From Expansion to Imperialism A.Foundations of Empire 2. Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power upon History (1890), officer of U.S. Navy argued that naval power was essential to empire building 1890 Congress approved funding for three battleships Sec. of State Richard Olney warned that the U.S. would use these new naval tools in the Western Hemisphere to protect its interests. B.The War of 1898 1. Cuban Rebellion 2. Remember the Maine 3. The Spanish-American War 4. War in the Pacific Slide 5 I. From Expansion to Imperialism B. The War of 1898 1. Cuban Rebellion February 1895 Cubans began guerrilla war against Spain Spanish began policy of concentration camps, 200,000 Cubans die from starvation, disease William Randolph Hearst publicized the plight of the Cubans in newspaper stories President Cleveland wanted the Spanish to end the crisis his successor, McKinley, ready to take a stand on issue new Spanish government offered limited self-rule, effort failed. 2. Remember the Maine 3. The Spanish-American War 4. War in the Pacific Slide 6 I. From Expansion to Imperialism B.The War of 1898 2. Remember the Maine The Influence of Sea Power upon History (1890), officer of U.S. Navy argued that naval power was essential to empire building 1890 Congress approved funding for three battleships Sec. of State Richard Olney warned that the U.S. would use these new naval tools in the Western Hemisphere to protect its interests. 3. The Spanish-American War 4. War in the Pacific Slide 7 I. From Expansion to Imperialism B.The War of 1898 3. The Spanish-American War negotiations failed, April 1898 war began Teller Amendment assured Americans that McKinleys administration would not try to occupy Cuba more than 200,000 men volunteered (including T. Roosevelt). 4. War in the Pacific Slide 8 I. From Expansion to Imperialism B.The War of 1898 4. War in the Pacific May 1898 American ships destroyed the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay turned naval attention to Hawaii where the U.S. had a base at Pearl Harbor Hawaii annexed July 1898 (halfway to Philippines) moved to gain Guam and Puerto Rico; T. Roosevelt led Rough Riders Spanish surrendered in July 1898 more casualties from malaria and yellow fever than battle wounds. Slide 9 Slide 10 I. From Expansion to Imperialism C.The Spoils of War 1. An Armistice Spain agreed to liberate Cuba, ceded Puerto Rico and Guam McKinley wanted to annex the Philippines because of the harbor at Manila debate ensued in the U.S. with many taking an anti- imperialist stand (Jane Addams, Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, Samuel Gompers) growth of Anti-Imperialist Leagues but no mass movement. 2. The Philippines Slide 11 I. From Expansion to Imperialism C.The Spoils of War 2. The Philippines Spain ceded the country to the U.S. in the Treaty of Paris for $20 million February 1899 fighting began between Americans and Filipinos around Manila War lasted three years, extremely brutal; 4,200 Americans and 200,000 Filipinos killed McKinley reelected questions arose about citizenship for people newly annexed. Slide 12 Slide 13 Slide 14 II. A Power among Powers A.The Open Door in Asia 1. The Boxer Rebellion U.S. had demanded an open door to China in 1899, fearing that Japan and European powers would prevent U.S. economic relations with the Chinese Boxers: secret society of Chinese nationalists, rebelled against European and Japanese rule in China in 1900 U.S. sent 5,000 troops to aid the Europeans. 2. Japan Slide 15 II. A Power among Powers A.The Open Door in Asia 2. Japan gained strength in Asia in late 19th century; defeated Russia in 1905 Root-Takahira Agreement (1908) recognized Japanese authority over Manchuria and open commerce President Taft wanted a greater role for Americans in Asia, supported Chinese Revolution of 1911. Slide 16 Slide 17 II. A Power among Powers B.The United States in the Caribbean 1. The Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901) efforts to build a canal across Central America treaty recognized sole right of U.S. to build and fortify a canal. Slide 18 II. A Power among Powers B.The United States in the Caribbean 2. A Big Stick T. Roosevelt believed U.S. must have a strong navy with rapid access to the Atlantic and Pacific needed a canal Congress allocated $10 million plus $250,000/year to buy a strip of land across Panama from Colombia aided the Panamanians independence movement and recognized it as a new nation in 1903 canal-building took more than eight years Panama Canal opened in 1914. 3. Roosevelt Corollary Slide 19 II. A Power among Powers B.The United States in the Caribbean 3. Roosevelt Corollary U.S. had unrestricted right to regulate Caribbean affairs. Slide 20 Slide 21 II. A Power among Powers C.Wilson and Mexico 1. American Interests Wilson critical of predecessors foreign policies, but his was not very different relations with Daz positive for investors in late 19th century change of government, supported by U.S., in 1911 Francisco Madero murdered by General Victoriano Huerta in 1913 Wilson feared that U.S. interests would be negatively impacted by Mexican instability. 2. Revolution Slide 22 II. A Power among Powers C.Wilson and Mexico 2. Revolution Wilson ordered U.S. occupation of Veracruz in April 1914 Huertas government collapsed Carranza victorious relations worsened when Gen. Pancho Villa killed 16 Americans in New Mexico clashes between U.S. and Mexican troops. Slide 23 III. The United States in World War I A.The Great War, 1914-1917 1. Alliances Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy)] Triple Entente (Britain, France, Russia) June 1914 assassination of the heir to the Austro- Hungarian throne (Franz Ferdinand) led the alliances into war Russia tied to Serbs; Germany to Austria-Hungary. Slide 24 III. The United States in World War I A.The Great War, 1914-1917 2. Devastation new technology made this the deadliest war to date long-range high-velocity rifles millions of soldiers fought in trenches on the Western Front Germans used poison gas hundreds of thousands dead with no movement of the front line. Slide 25 III. The United States in World War I B.From Neutrality to War 1. The Struggle to Remain Neutral Wilson sought to keep Americans out of the war so that he could influence the postwar settlement British naval blockade made neutrality nearly impossible German use of the U-boat began in April 1915 sinking of the Lusitania antagonized Americans Wilson tried to push for negotiations but also began to build up the U.S. Armed Forces. 2. America Enters the War Slide 26 III. The United States in World War I B.From Neutrality to War 2. America Enters the War unrestricted submarine warfare led to a break-up in U.S.- Germany relations Zimmerman Telegram alleged that Mexico might be persuaded to join a war against the U.S. to regain Texas, New Mexico, Arizona April 1917 Wilson asks for a war declaration. Slide 27 III. The United States in World War I C.Over There 1. Fielding an Army 1917 U.S. Army had fewer than 200,000 soldiers; draft began May 1917 men to be led by General Pershing, American Expeditionary Force through May 1918 most fighting done by French and British revolution in Russia led to a peace agreement between Germany and Russia (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk) 2. The American Fighting Force Slide 28 Slide 29 III. The United States in World War I D.War on the Home Front 1. Mobilizing the Economy U.S. companies sold grain, weapons, manufactured items to Europe U.S. banks lent capital to other nations War Industries Board (WIB) est. July 1917 to direct military production Fuel Administration introduced daylight saving time to save coal and oil Food Administration (Aug. 1917): Food will win the war. Slide 30 III. The United States in World War I D.War on the Home Front 2. Promoting National Unity Wilson believed it was necessary to suppress dissent; Committee on Public Information (CPI), led by George Creel, propaganda agency to educate people about democracy, assimilating immigrants campaign for One Hundred Percent Americans American Protective League sent to spy on Americans searching for peace activists, draft evaders Espionage Act and Sedition Act (1917/1918) led to the convictions of more than 1,000 people debate over the extensive powers of the federal government during wartime. 3. Great Migrations Slide 31 III. The United States in World War I D.War on the Home Front 3. Great Migrations 400,000+ African Americans moved from South to North for war-time work many found discrimination and racism in the North, but better living and working conditions than in the South 1917-1920 approximately 100,000 Mexicans entered U.S. for work. Slide 32 Slide 33 III. The United States in World War I E.Womens Voting Rights 1. The National Womans Party Carrie Chapman Catt and the National American Womans Suffrage Association (NAWSA) supported Wilsons war effort, hoping that patriotism by women would aid the cause of suffrage Alice Paul led the National Womans Party (NWP) with a confrontational approach, including protests at the White House in July 1917 that led to the womens arrests. 2. The Nineteenth Amendment Slide 34 III. The United States in World War I E.Womens Voting Rights 2. The Nineteenth Amendment January 1918 Wilson announced support of a constitutional amendment as a war measure other countries granted women voting rights after WWI: USSR, Great Britain, Canada. Slide 35 Slide 36 IV. The Treaty of Versailles A.The Fate of Wilsons Ideas 1. Peace among Equals? at Versailles, leaders of France, Britain, U.S. rejected Japanese declaration of racial equality desire to punish Germany for the war was intense; Germany forced to pay $33 billion in reparations, give up coal supplies, merchant ships, patents, and some territory to France nine new independent states. 2. Mandates B.Congress Rejects the Treaty 1. Debate 2. Failure Slide 37 IV. The Treaty of Versailles A.The Fate of Wilsons Ideas 2. Mandates dismantling of Central Powers colonies in Africa and assigned them as mandates instead of granting freedom British mandate in Palestine (now Israel) led to thousands of Jews moving there for land riots between Palestinians and Jews occurred as early as 1920 Wilson suggested a League of Nations. B.Congress Rejects the Treaty 1. Debate 2. Failure Slide 38 IV. The Treaty of Versailles B.Congress Rejects the Treaty 1. Debate Republican Party openly hostile toward treaty and toward continued U.S. involvement in world affairs Wilson traveled extensively to convince people to support treaty suffered a stroke in September 1919 treaty failed. 2. Failure Slide 39 IV. The Treaty of Versailles B.Congress Rejects the Treaty 2. Failure Wilsons health never recovered fully U.S. did not ratify treaty or join League of Nations emerged from the war a world power. Slide 40