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Chapter 5
The American Regime(1898-1941)
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The writers in Tagalog continued in theirlamentations on the conditions of thecountry and their attempts to arouse love forone’s native tongue. The writers in English
im it ated t he t he me s and me thods of t he Americans.
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A. Literature in Spanish
The inspiration of our Filipino writers inSpanish was Rizal not only because of hisbeing a national leader but also because of hisnovels N OL I and F IL I. These two novelscontained the best qualities of a novel everwritten, in English or in Filipino. Those who
were inspired to write in praise of him wereCecil io Apostol , Fernando Ma. Guerrero,Jesus Balmori, Manuel Bernabe and Claro M.Recto.
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Cecilio Apóstol was a Filipino poet. His poems were oncused to teach the Spanish language under the Republic
Act No. 1881.
Born: November 22, 1877, Manila
Died: September 8, 1938, Caloocan
Education: Ateneo de Manila University, University of
Santo Tomas
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CECILIO APOSTOL
Cecilio Apostol wrote poems dedicated to RizalJacinto, Mabini and all other heroes but his poemdedicated to Rizal is considered the best poem inpraise of the hero of Bagumbayan.
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Fernando María Guerrero was a Filipino politician,
journalist, lawyer and polyglot who became a significa
figure during the Philippine's golden period of Spanish
literature, a period ranging from 1890 to the outbreak
World War II in 1940. Wikipedia
Born: May 30, 1873, Manila
Died: June 12, 1929, Philippines
Education: Ateneo de Manila University, University o
Santo Tomas
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F E R NA N D O MA . G U E R R E R O
It is believed that Fernando Ma. Guerrero sharedwith Apostol the reign in the balagtasan in Spanishduring their time .
He also dedicated a poem to Rizal but he collected the best ofhis poems in a book called CRISALIDAS, meaning, a kind ofblack, wooly caterpillar. Here are a few stanzas of his call toRizal which he wrote on June 19, 1901 to commemorateRizal’s birthday.
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Jesús Balmori was a Filipino Spanish language journalisplaywright, and poet.Born: January 10, 1887, ManilaDied: May 23, 1948, Mexico City, MexicoEducation: Colegio de San Juan de Letran, University oSanto Tomas
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JESUS BALMORI
Jesus Balmori is well-known for his pen name of Batikuling. Heand Manuel Bernabe participated in a debate on the topic –
(Remembrance and Forgetfulness). He was elected PoetLaureate in Spanish besting Manuel Bernabe. MANUEL BERNABEManuel Bernabe is a lyric poet and
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He studied at the Ateneo de
Manila where he finished his
Bachelor of Arts degree with high
academic standing. In 1910, Manuel's
first poem was published in the
Renacimiento Filipino. In 1912, he
translated Virgil's Aenid from Latin to
Spanish. In 1913.
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MANUEL BERNABE
Manuel Bernabe is a lyric poet and the fierceness of his nationalisticspirit was unchanged in any topic he wrote about.In his debate with Balmori, he was more attractive to the publicbecause of the modious words he used. He defended OLVIDO(Forgetfulness).
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Claro Mayo Recto, Jr. was a Filipino politician, jurist,poet and one of the foremost statesmen of hisgeneration. He is remembered for his nationalism, for"the impact of his patriotic convictions on modernpolitical thought".Born: February 8, 1890, Tiaong, QuezonDied: October 2, 1960, Rome, ItalySpouse: Aurora Reyes
Books: Three Years of Enemy Occupation: The Issue ofPolitical Collaboration in the Philippines, moreEducation: University of Santo Tomas, Ateneo de ManiUniversity
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CLARO M. RECTO
In nobility of speech and theme, Claro M. Recto can compare withthe other writers of Spanish. He collected his poems in a bookentitled BAJO LOS COCOTEROS (Under The Coconut Trees).
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Other Writers in Spanish1. Adelina Guerrea was the first woman poet in
the Philippines who was good in Spanish. Sheobtained the Zobel prize in her song E l N i d o .(The Nest).
2.Isidro Marpori became famous for his fourbooks entitled A ro m a s d e E n s u e ñ o (Scents of Dreams).3.Macario Adriatico wrote of a legend of Mindoro entitle L a P u n t a d e S a l t o (The Placeof Origin).4.Epifanio de los S an to s (known as DonPAnyong). He was a good leader and biographerduring the whole period of Spanis h literature.
5.Pedro Au na ri o wrote t h e D ec al og o d el
P r o t e c c i o n i s m o .
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B. Filipino Literature
F L OR A N TE AT L AU R A o f F ra nc is co B al ag ta sa n d U R B A N A A T F E L I S A o f M o d e s t o d e C a s t r o
became the inspiration of the Tagalog writers. J u l i a n Cruz B a l ma ced a classif ied three k i n d sof Tagalog poets: They were:
1.Poet of the Heart (Makata ng Puso). These included Lope K. Santos,Iñigo Ed. Regalado, Carlos Gatmaitan, Pedro Deogracias del Rosario,Ildefonso Santos, Amado V. Hernandez, Nemecio Carabana, and MarAntonio. 2.Poets of Life (Makata ng Buhay). Led by Lope K Santos, Jose
Corazon de Jesus, Florentino Collantes, Patricio Mariano, CarlosGarmaitan, and Amado V. Hernandez. 3. Poets of the Stage (Makata ngTanghalan). Led by Aurelio Tolentino, Patricio Mariano, Severino Reyes,and Tomas Remigio.
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In the realm of short stories that started toappear in the column PangsandaliangLibangan (Short-time Leisure) and Dagli (Fast) we find here the names of Lope K.S an to s, Patricio Mariano, and Rosauro
Almario. In the Liwayway Publications, wefind Deogracias Rosario, Teodoro Gener, andCirio H. Panganiban.
Noted novelists or biographers wereValeriano Hernandez Peña, Lope K. Santos,Iñigo Ed . Regalado, Faustino Aguilar, etc .
Here are the autobiographies of some of thewriters mentioned :
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Lope K. Santos was a Filipino Tagalog language write
and former senator of the Philippines. He is best knofor his 1906 socialist novel, Banaag at Sikat and to hcontributions for the development of Filipino grammand Tagalog orthography.Born: September 25, 1879, PasigDied: May 1, 1963Party: Nacionalista PartyResting place: Manila South Cemetery
Books: Banaag at Sikat
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LOPE K. SANTOS
Lope K. Santos, a novelist, poet and author, and
grammarian covered three periods of Tagalogliterature – American, Japanese and thecontemporary period. If Manuel L. Quezon iscalled the Father of the National Language, LopeK. Santos is called the Father of the NationalLanguage Grammar. He was also called the“Apo” of the Tagalog writers. BANAAG AT SIK ATwas his masterpiece.
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José Corazón de Jesús, also known by his pen nameHuseng Batute, was a Filipino poet who used Tagalog
poetry to express the Filipinos' desire for independenduring the American occupation of the Philippines, aperiod that lasted from 1901 to 1946.Born: November 22, 1896, Santa Cruz, ManilaDied: May 26, 1932Spouse: Asunción LacdanParents: Susana PangilinanEducation: Manila Central UniversityChildren: José Corazón de Jesús, Jr.
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J O S E C OR A ZO N D E J E S U S
J o s e C or az on de J e s u s is ve ry popularly k nown a sHuseng Batute. He was also called the Poet of Love inh is t i m e. A N G I S A N G P U NO NG K A H O Y (A TR EE ) , a nelegy, is believed to be his masterpiece.
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Amado Vera Hernandez, commonly known as Amado V.Hernandez, was a Filipino writer and labor leader whowas known for his criticism of social injustices in thePhilippines and was later imprisoned for his involvemenin the communist movement. WikipediaBorn: September 13, 1903, Hagonoy, BulacanDied: March 24, 1970, ManilaSpouse: Atang de la Rama (m. 1932–1970)Books: Luha ng Buwaya, Mga Ibong MandaragitAwards: National Artist of the Philippines, Carlos PalancMemorial Awards for One-act Play in FilipinoMovies: Demons
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AMADO V. HERNANDEZ
Amado V. Hernandez was dubbed Makata nmga Manggagawa (Poet of the
our literature because he pictures in
Laborers) i
hipoem the intense love for the poor worker o
him, a a scentlaborer. Tobittersweet memories,
poem isand a
flowing water. The pen is powerfulmurmur o
anaccording to him, even a king can be bent by
the pen.He contributed a lot of writings to literature like ISAN GDIPANG LA NGIT (A Stre tch of Heaven), BAYANG MALAYA(A Free N ation) , AN G PAN DAY (The Blakcsmi th) , andMUNT ING LUPA (A Smal l Plot), but his masterpiece is AN GPANDAY.
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Born on December 12, 1858 in San Jose, Bulacan, Hernandez-Peña wasthe youngest of the three children of a poor family. His parents wereMarcos Hernandez, a village platero or goldsmith, and Dominga de laPeña, a seamstress. As a child, Hernandez began showing signs of hisliterary talents and of his inherent gentle nature. He acquired his earlyeducation by reading the cartilla for hours under the tutorship of
Marcelino Nuque, his family’s old friend and neighbor and so at the ageof 10 , he already knew how to read and write in Tagalog. He was alsofond of reading the catechism.He enrolled in a public school and finished his elementary education.Although fluent in Spanish, he seldom used it because of his great lovefor Tagalog. When his father died, he had stop his schooling. At age 12,he already had to help support his mother and sisters. Five years afterhis father’s death, his mother passed away. He assumed the
responsibility of being the sole support of his sisters. His delicatehandwriting helped him to get a position as court clerk in themunicipality of Bulacan, Bulacan. Later, he transferred to theprovincial capital, Malolos to do the same job.
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VALERIANO HERNAN DEZ PEÑA
Together with Lope K. Santos he reached thesummit of his novel-writing. He was known asTandang Anong and his pen name was KuntilButil (Small Grain). He considers NENA AT
NENENG his masterpiece.
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Iñigo Ed. Regalado was a Filipino poet, journalist,novelist. He was the son of Iñigo Corcuera Regalarenowned Tagalog printer and journalist. His mothSaturnina Reyes.Born: June 1, 1888, Sampaloc, ManilaDied: July 24, 1974, Manila
Education: Manila Central UniversityBooks: Madaling Araw, Sampagitang Walang Bango
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IÑIGO ED. REGALA DO
Iñigo Ed. Regalado was a son of a popular
writer during the Spanish time known asOdalger. He proved that he not only followedthe footsteps of his father but also reachedthe peak of his success by the “sumpong”(whim) of his pen. He also became a popularstory-teller, novelist and newspaperman.
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