American swing era 40s to 50s 2013
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Transcript of American swing era 40s to 50s 2013
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American Popular Music – Up to
40s
• Overview up to ww2.
• Musicals and Broadway
• Country Music
• War Years
• Post War and the move to Bebop
• Dizzy Gillaspie and Charlie Parker
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Readings
• Burkholder, Grout and Palisca, pp. 844-864
• Ted Gioia, The History of Jazz, pp. 3-54
• Ed. Mervyn Cooke and David Horn, The
Cambridge Companion to Jazz, CUP, 2002,
pp. 9-32
• Gunter Schuller, Early Jazz, 1968, pp. 63-
133
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American Popular Music Genres
• Importance of black genres - jazz forms
especially
• Movie industry and its impact
• Broadway stage
• Country Music
• Big bands
• Solo Performers
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Impact
• 1920s the ‘Jazz Age’.
• Phonograph, gramophone and radio all in place by 1920s. Tin Pan Alley still important and lots of music was transcribed and sold as sheet music.
• Dance craze of the era. Blackbottom, stomp, Charleston, etc. Records allowed people to dance at home.
• Musicians throughout the world aware of Jazz -world wide impact.
• Gerswin’s Rapsody in Blue 1924. Big impact in Paris and on French composers. I
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Records
• By 1909 12 million dollars of records and
cylinders sold in USA, by 1921 thus had
increase 4 fold.
• Jazz arrives as a recorded product in the
early 1920 and is our main source of
knowledge of the genre from then on.
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Radio
• Early records - 78 had to be 3 and half minutes.
• No electric microphones before 1925 so sound
quality was poor and the recording process crude.
• Radio preferred to a have a live band - often a
house ensemble to produce music on tap.
• Quality of sound on radio was better than on
record in general - early shellac records
deteriorated quickly and were easily broken.
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Move towards Big Bands and
Soloists/Leaders
• Armstrong was clearly a more virtuosic player
than Oliver - who saw Jazz as collective and inter-
dependent. Armstrong was constrained within the
band.
• Individualism of Armstrong calls attention to
itself.
• Death knell of New Orleans style - and arrival of
big band format. In place by 1925 and in full flow
by 1930.
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Paul Whiteman and Bing Crosby
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1930s The Popular Singer
• The microphone meant that a singer could dominate a big band.
• Popular singers became stars in the their own right - Bing Crosby, Frank Sinatra, Nat King Cole.
• Females - Bessie Smith, Billie Holliday, Ella Fitzgerald, Patty Paige
• Huge record sales for some singers from the 1930s onwards.
• Big link up with movie world.
• Bessie Smith – St Louis Blues
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Billie Holliday
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Sinatra and Lena Horn
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Burlesque - Vaudeville
• American equivalent of Music Hall.
• Bigger emphasis on music and novelty - less on stand up comics.
• Lots of acts blacked up as minstrels. Banjo players and nonsense and novelty songs. Also dancing troupes and solo singers.
• Less important than in Europe perhaps because of the importance of the movie industry and musicals - Zeigfield Follies - Gypsy Rose Lee.
• Judy Garland - singer who moved from Vaudeville to Broadway to Films.
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The Musical • Revue and vaudeville with a storyline and an
integrated show.
• The Black Crook 1866 - an epic bringing together music and melodrama plus specialty acts and dancing.
• Oscar Hammerstein and Jerome Kern came together with Show Boat 1927 bringing together European operetta tradition with American Vaudeville.
• The Gerswins developed the style and form towards serious art music.
• Oklahoma the breakthrough as it was meant both as a show and film. 1943.
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Showboat 1927 – Film 1935
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Rogers and Hart 1935-43
• Revitalised Broadway – returned 1935.
• Hits until the mid 40s
• With Babes in Arms – they wrote the songs
and music, and the storyline and libretto.
• Used child actors and no stars.
• Lorenz Hart increasingly difficult to work
with – unpredictable and unstable
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Broadway 1935 Rogers and Hart
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Oklahoma
• First Rodgers and Hammerstein production.
• Broadway production on 1943.
• Built on success of Show Boat – Songs and
Dances fully integrated into the drama and
action.
• Fully evolved dramatic action and use of
motifs for people and things.
• 1955 Film version..
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Series of Broadway Success -
Films
• Carousel (1945), South Pacific (1949, The
King and I (1951), The Sound of Music
(1959).
• Other shows include the minor hit, Flower
Drum Song (1958), as well as relative
failures Allegro (1947), Me and Juliet
(1953) and Pipe Dream (1955).
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Oh What a beautiful morning
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Country Music
• The white equivalent to Blues.
• Associated with the white south - Appallachians and Virginia, Tennessee - Hilly Billy Folk -playing old dances up tempo and singing styles that involved yodelling. Bluegrass styles.
• Some huge stars - Jimmy Rodger, Carter Family.
• Centred on Grand Ole Opry of Nashville.
• Moved after the war from country to urban setting (Honky Tonk) with new stars - Hank Williams (1947-53) Country Blues
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Big Band Swing
• Throughout the 1940s and much of the 50s
the big band sound of swing dominated
popular.
• Fletcher Henderson, Duke Ellington, Benny
Goodman, Glen Miller.
• New generation of White Bands with
commercial success
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Fletcher Henderson
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Benny Goodman
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Glen Miller
Pennsylvanian 65000
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Jazz and the War• Swing Jazz was for many the sound track to
the war years.
• Many bands served within the military.
• America did not enter the war until 1942 –
After Pearl Harbour Dec 1p41– but the draft
had been introduced long before.
• Served to bring Swing Jazz – American
style to Europe and Britain in particular.
• Band leader became hugely famous.
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Jazz in the War Years
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Koko
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The beginings of Bebop
• Musicians from the big bands became
frustrated by the regimentation and
commercialism.
• Started afterhours improvisation sessions.
• Thelonius Monk, Kenny Clark, Dizzy
Gilespie, etc
• Gave rise to a new apporach.
• Fast, uncompromising, harmonically agile.
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Minton’s Club Harlem 1940
• After hours club that attracted improvisers.
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Dizzy Gillespie
• Theorist and teacher to new of 1940s
generation
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Parker - Bird
• Tragic life story and early death.
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Charlie Parker
• Individualist who was able to create a new
approach based not on melody but on the
underlying chords.