American Studies II

Midterm Review

Reconstruction

The time period from 1865-1877 during which the South was rebuilt

Conditions after the Civil War

• Land, factories, railroads and the economy was destroyed

How did sharecropping result in many former slaves being in such

a bad situation?

No matter how hard they worked, many fell deeply into debt and remained trapped on the land

Southern Economy

• Cotton prices decreased

• Money was worthless

• Banks failed

• Factories were forced to close

Problems of the Black South

• Most couldn’t read or write

• They were not used to being on their own

• No concept of money

Freedmen’s Bureau

• Established by Congress to help the freedmen to adjust to their lives

• Most important accomplishment was education

Black Codes

• series of laws that severely limited the rights of African Americans

Jim Crow Laws

• Made segregation legal

carpetbaggersand scalawags

• Northerners that went South after the war

• Southerners that Supported the new government

Iron Clad Oath

• Southerners had to take this oath to be able to vote saying that they had not taken part in the Confederate Army or government. Many could not so they lost their right to vote

Reconstruction Plans

• Lincoln’s – Amnesty– 10% plan– Abolish slavery– Suffrage to all literate

African American males or those that serve in the army

• Radical Republicans– Punish the South– Abolish slavery– Pass the 13th, 14,

15th amendments

Impeachment

• Formal charges to remove from office

• The House of Representatives impeaches and the Senate tries the impeachment

• Pres. Johnson was impeached by the House, but was not removed from office by one vote

The Dream of Emancipation was not the Reality

• Violence-KKK

• Disenfranchised

• Jim Crow laws led to segregation

13th, 14th, 15th

• Abolish slavery

• Made African Americans citizens

• African American suffrage

Industrial Revolution

• Started in Great Britain

• By 1900 the United States became #1

Factors that led to the Industrialization of the U.S.

• Natural resources• Capital• Entrepreneurs• Laissez-faire- gov.

kept their hands off business

• Railroads*

• Labor force• Loans and land

grants to railroads• Protective tariffs• Consumer demands• Capitalism• New technology

– Edison’s light bulb

Labor force

• Immigrants

• Farmers

• Women

• Children

Sherman Anti-trust Act

• Stated trust, monopolies, and interference with trade was wrong

• Ineffective because it wan not enforced

Standardized Time Zone

• Established to help with railroad schedules

Horatio Alger

• Novelist that wrote “rag to riches” stories

Captains of Industry/Robber Barons?

• Captains– Created jobs– More consumer

products– Higher standard of

living

• Robber Barons– Low wages– Long hours– Dangerous working

conditions– bribery

Effects of Industrialization

• Social– Population increase– Tenement housing– Urbanization– Discrimination

• Political– Lassize-faire– Sherman Anti-trust Act– Gov. usually sided with

Big Business– Protective tariffs

Effects of Industrialization

• Economical– Low wages– Tenement housing– Higher standard of living– Availability of more consumer goods

Trust

• Were one company/individuals controls an industry (ie; monopoly)

Tariff

• Tax on imported goods to protect American industry

Big Business

• Carnegie – Steel tycoon– Used vertical

integration then horizontal

• Rockefeller– Oil tycoon– Used horizontal

integration

Company Town

• Town where everyone who worked for a company lived, worked, and shopped

• Usually paid in scrip money that could only be used in company stores

• Created a cycle of debt similar to sharecropping

Corporation

• Investors would have a limited liability, only risking what they invested– Trusts– Pools/cartels– Holding companies

Mass production

• Producing a product on a large scale

• Led to lower prices

Social Darwinism

• Belief that only the fit survived applied to society

• Used to justify the techniques of big businesses

Methods used

• Labor Unions– Strike– Boycott– Secondary boycott– Open shop

• Big Business– Scabs– Pinkerton’s– Federal troops– Injunctions– Lockouts– Blacklist

Haymarket Square Riot

• Associated the labor unions with violence and anarchy

Labor Unions

• Knights of Labor– Powderly– All workers

• American Federation of Labor– Gompers– Skilled workers

organized into crafts

– Most successful

•All Railroad workers

•American Railway Union

•Debs•Fell apart after Debs arrest

Immigrants

• Old– Prior to 1850– Came from Germany

and Western Europe– Skilled workers– Settled in rural areas

• New– After 1850– Came from Eastern

and Southern Europe– Unskilled– Settled in urban areas;

ethnic neighborhoods

Integration

• Horizontal– Integration of all

similar businesses– Creates a

monopoly/trust

• Vertical – Combination of

businesses used to make final product

Working conditions in factories

• Unsafe

• Dark

• Hot

• Unventilated

• unsanitary

Child labor

• Cheap

• Could fit into small places

• Easy to control

• Parents needed the money

Economics

• Traditional– Hunters and gatherers– Found in preindustrial

societies

• Market– Based on the laws of

supply and demand– Individuals make the

decisions

Economies

• Command– Government makes

most of the economic decisions

• Mixed– Decisions made by the

government and individuals

Coming to American

• Push Factors– Religious and political

persecution– Famine

• Pull factors– Job– Free land– Political and religious

freedom– Better life– education

Rural to urban migration

• Farmers moved to the cities for jobs because they were not needed on the farms anymore

Immigrants

• Mixing Pot– Cultures mix together

to form something new and different

• Salad Bowl– Cultures are tossed

together but retain their cultural identity

Ports of Entry

• Ellis Island– European immigrants– Usually waited a few

hours being inspected

• Angel Island– Asian Immigrants– Could wait for months

to be processed

Mass culture

• Changed Americans way of life because Americans became more alike in their purchasing.

• Nativism– Belief that native born

Americans are superior

• Discrimination– Immigrants were

discriminated because of their language, working for lower wages, their dress and their customs

Immigrants contributions to the U.S.

• Fueled industrialization

• Music

• Language

• Food

• Customs

Chinese Exclusion Act

No more Chinese immigration

Only immigrant group legally excluded

New South

• 3 legs of industry: natural resources, labor, and capital

• The South was missing labor and capital

Civil Rights Act of 1875

• Was negated by the Supreme Court ruling that public accommodation was the decision of local and State courts

Plains Indians

• Nomadic following the buffalo

• Viewed the land as sacred

Dawes Act

• Gave Native Americans 160 Acres on a reservation

• Real purpose was to break up tribes and destroy tribe loyalty

Native American Leaders

• Chief Joseph– Was captured when

leading his tribe to Canada

• Sitting Bull– Leader of the Sioux – Killed at Wounded

Knee for allowing the Ghost Dance

Plain Wars

• Little Big Horn– Native American

victory in a series of defeat

– Gen. Custer was killed– Brought the full force

of the Army

• Wounded Knee– Last battle of the

Plains wars– Sitting Bull killed along

with 190 unarmed Native Americans

Assimilation

• Being absorbed into a culture

• Failed for the Native Americans, it went against their culture; some became trapped between 2 cultures

Homestead Act

• Terms: 160 acres; must be 21; $10 to file, build a house, farm the land

• Wasn’t the best land and it was expensive to get started

Cattle Kingdom

• Rise: easy profit; grazing land

• Decline: overproduction and barbwire

• Cowtowns– Located at the end of

the long drive at railroads to ship the cattle to markets in the north and east

Challenges living in the West

• Isolation

• Weather

• Competition for land

Genocide

• Systematic destruction on a race

• Was what happened to Native Americans genocide?

Railroads

• Brought supplies and settlers to the west

• Encouraged development

• Transported finished goods to the market

Removal of the Troops

• Allowed the White South to treat the African American as they wished

African Americans

• Gains– 13, 14, 15th

Amendments– Education*

• Setbacks– White backlash– Violence– Un-enforced rights

African American Suffrage

• African Americans were disenfranchised because of – Literacy test– White primaries– Poll tax– *grandfather clause

African American Leaders

• Booker T. Washington– Believed education

was the key to equality– gradualism

• W.E.B. DuBois– Believed equality

should be demanded through suffrage

Women

• Gains– Education– Property rights

• Setbacks– suffrage

Federal jobs

• Spoil System– Government jobs

given to loyal party supporters

– patronage

• Civil Service System– Government jobs

given to those qualified for after taking a test

– Passed after Garfield’s assassination

– Established with the Pendleton Act

Political Cartoonist

• Important because not everyone could read, but they could understand the cartoons

• Thomas Nast was a famous cartoonist, that exposed the greed of Boss Tweed

Problems of Farmers and attempts to solve

• Problems– Overproduction– Debt– Overcharged (banks and

railroads)– No political power

• Attempts to solve– Looked to the

government, the Grange, and the Populist party to help

•Evaluation- Most attempts were unsuccessful

Discrimination in the West

• Women

• Chinese –blamed for taking white jobs

• Mexicans- didn’t follow the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo which allowed property rights

• African Americans

Parties after the War

• Republican– Lincoln – Supported by

merchants, bankers– “waving the bloody

shirt”– Active involvement in

the government

• Democrats– Jefferson/Jackson– Supported by the

South, farmers – The government that

governs least it the best

Social Studies Skills and Methods

• Primary/Secondary Source

• Generalization/Trends

• Merry Christmas and Happy New Year

Mrs. Clark