American Stories THIRD EDITION By: Brands By: Brands Chapter 1 New World Encounters Preconquest ‒...

American StoriesTHIRD EDITION

By: Brands •By: Brands •

Chapter 1

New World Encounters

Preconquest‒1608

New World Encounters, Preconquest‒1608

Native Americans Before the Conquest

What explains cultural differences among Native American groups before European conquest?

Conditions of Conquest

How did Europeans interact with West Africans during the fifteenth through seventeenth centuries?

1.1

1.2


Europe on the Eve of Conquest

What factors explain Spain’s central role in New World exploration and colonization?

Spain in the Americas

How did Spanish conquest of Central and South America transform Native American cultures?

1.3

1.4


The French Claim Canada

What was the character of the French empire in Canada?

The English Take Up the Challenge

Why did England not participate in the early competition for New World colonies?

1.5

1.6

Video Series:Key Topics in U.S. History

1. A New World: To 16072. The First Americans3. The Expansion of Europe4. The Protestant Reformation

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Diverse Cultures: Cabeza de Vaca’s Journey Through Native America

• Europeans astonished by the diversity of Native peoples• De Vaca shipwrecked in Florida in 1528• Met and lived among the Indians of twenty

unique cultures

• Expanded New World narrative• Explorers and conquerors such as de Vaca• Placed experiences in an interpretative

frameworkHome


• The Environmental Challenge: Food, Climate, and Culture

• Aztec Dominance• Eastern Woodland Cultures

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• Peopling of America began thousands of years ago• 15,000‒20,000 years ago• Environmental factors

• Last Ice Age• Land bridge ‒ Beringia

• Paleo-Indians• Took place over long time


The Environmental Challenge:Food, Climate, and Culture

• Native Americans enjoyed an abundant supply of meat• Rapid population growth

• Indians adjusted to changing environment• New food sources - Agricultural

Revolution• Shift from nomadic hunting and gathering to

permanent villages• Diversity of cultures


Aztec Dominance

• More complexity in Mexico and Central America developed• Inca – area of Ecuador, Peru, and northern

Chile• Mayan and Toltec – Central Mexico• Aztecs - valley of Mexico


Eastern Woodland Cultures

• Atlantic coast of North America• Native Americans lived in smaller bands

• Identified by ethnographers as Eastern Woodland Cultures

• Dispersed in winter, but formed villages during summer

• Agriculture supplemented by hunting and gathering

• Likely were the first natives encountered by English settlers Native Americans Before the

Conquest

Eastern Woodland Cultures (continued)

• Algonquian-speaking people• North Carolina to Maine• Exploited different resources and had different dialects

• Shared many cultural values and assumptions

• Kinship important• Reciprocal relationships• Wars rarely very lethal Native Americans Before the

Conquest

Discussion Question

• What explains cultural differences among Native American groups before European conquest?



• West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies

• Cultural Negotiations in the Americas• Threats to Survival: Columbian

Exchange

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• Portuguese exploration• Fifteenth century• Sea route – around Africa

• Christopher Columbus• Sailing for Spain• Headed west across Atlantic

• Encountered new and ancient cultures• Experienced change


West Africa: Ancient andComplex Societies

• Europeans encountered different cultures• Islam• Political systems

• Portuguese search for gold and slaves• African trade regulations• Europeans lacked options• Slaves


Cultural Negotiations inthe Americas

• Arrival of Europeans changed Native American cultures• Different rates at different locations• Native American responses

• Trade• Exchanged beaver skins for metal items• Cultural seminars


Cultural Negotiations inthe Americas (continued)

• Cultural differences• Language• “Civilized”• Indians rejected European values


Threats to Survival:Columbian Exchange

• Cooperative encounters fewer over time• European land use

• Native Americans eager for trade• Dependent on, indebted to, Europeans

• Native American population declined• Cause: lack of resistance to disease• Effects

• Columbian Exchange• Plants, animals, disease Conditions of Conquest

Table 1.1 New Opportunities, New Threats: The Columbian Exchange


Discussion Question

• How did Europeans and Native Americans interact during the period of first contact?



• Spanish Expansion• The Strange Career of Christopher

Columbus

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• Tenth century – Vikings in New World• Eric the Red in Greenland• Leif Ericson settled “Vinland”• Outposts difficult to maintain


Spanish Expansion

• Spain became a world power• Centralized political authority• Geographic knowledge

• Religious connection• Catholic rulers – strongly religious• Reconquista – conquistadores

• Canary Islands• Conquered before West Indies• Models of subjugation


The Strange Career of Christopher Columbus

• Columbus• Born in Italy, humble parents• Educated, mastered geography

• Desire to voyage west to reach Cathay• Portuguese rejected Columbus’s plan• Spain’s Isabella and Ferdinand financed

trip


The Strange Career of Christopher Columbus (continued)

• Journeys of Columbus• 1492 - initial voyage• Three subsequent voyages to find cities of

China• Never found treasure he was seeking

• 1506 - died clinging to belief he had reached the Orient

• Amerigo Vespucci• America named after him


Discussion Question

• What factors explain Spain’s central role in New World exploration and colonization?



• The Conquistadores: Faith and Greed• From Plunder to Settlement

Home


• Conflict between Portugal and Spain• Both sought treasure in Asia• Treaty of Tordesillas


The Conquistadores: Faith and Greed

• Conquistadores in the Caribbean• Did not desire permanent society• Sought instant wealth – gold

• Hernán Cortés• Conquered Aztec in Mexico


From Plunder to Settlement

• Encomienda system • Rewarded conquistadores

• Brought them under royal authority

• Large land grants and Indians

• Crown control of colonies• Correspondence• Appointed officials answered only to crown


From Plunder to Settlement(continued)

• Catholic Church • Dominicans and Franciscans• Protected Indian rights• Performed mass conversions

• Virgin of Guadalupe

• Source of precious metals• Tons of gold and silver


How Did Global Exploration Change the Old and New Worlds?

• What global trade routes existed in the Old World prior to the Age of Global Exploration?

• In what ways were societies in the Americas interrelated before the arrival of the Europeans?

• How did the new trans-Atlantic trade connect different parts of the world?


Discussion Question

• How did Spanish conquest of Central and South America transform Native American cultures?



• Jacques Cartier – 1534 exploration• Saint Lawrence River• Discouraged by harsh winters

• 1608 – Samuel de Champlain • Founded Québec

• French in New World• Stated goals• Relations with Native Americans• Coureurs de bois• Flaws

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Discussion Question

• What was the character of the French empire in Canada?



• Birth of English Protestantism• Religion, War, and Nationalism

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• John Cabot - 1497• First recorded transatlantic voyage for

England• Claimed New World territory under Henry

VIII (r. 1509–1547)

• English interest in New World wanes• Preoccupied with domestic and religious

concerns at home


Birth of English Protestantism

• England in late fifteenth century• Henry VII brought peace from civil war• Many powerful magnates • Internal diplomacy

• Protestant Reformation• European Protestants against Catholics• Monarchy • Anticlericalism• New ideas The English Take Up the

Challenge

Religion, War, and Nationalism

• Elizabeth the symbol of English, Protestant nationhood• Sea Dogs’ seizure of Spanish treasure

made them English heroes

• The Spanish Armada• Philip II – invaded England• 1588 – Spanish Armada defeated

• Sir Walter Raleigh• Roanoke The English Take Up the

Challenge

Discussion Question

• Why did England not participate in the early competition for New World colonies?


Conclusion:Campaign to Sell America

• By 1600, no English settlements in New World• Richard Hakluyt advertised benefits of

American colonization

American Stories THIRD EDITION By: Brands By: Brands Chapter 1 New World Encounters Preconquest ‒...

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