American RevolutionAmerican Revolution

The Road to RevolutionThe Road to Revolution

Long term causes of the warLong term causes of the war

The student will analyze The student will analyze long-term and immediate long-term and immediate causes of the American causes of the American Revolution..Revolution..

French and Indian WarsFrench and Indian Wars

1754-17631754-1763 French claimed French claimed

Ohio River valleyOhio River valley Mississippi River valleyMississippi River valley Great Lakes regionGreat Lakes region French territory of LouisianaFrench territory of Louisiana

main settlements-Quebec & main settlements-Quebec & MontrealMontreal

E:\Road to Revolution\ANIMATED MAP OF COLONIES.mht

New FranceNew France

80,000 (1760)80,000 (1760) Jesuit priests/convert Native Jesuit priests/convert Native

Americans to Christianity Americans to Christianity Others/fur traders/Natives Others/fur traders/Natives

traded furs for goods: iron pots traded furs for goods: iron pots & steel knives& steel knives

Native American Native American AlliancesAlliances

English competed with French for fur English competed with French for fur tradetrade

Fur trade = economic & military alliances Fur trade = economic & military alliances between Europeans /Native American between Europeans /Native American trading partnerstrading partners

These alliances led to involvement in These alliances led to involvement in each other’s warseach other’s wars

When France & England declared war on When France & England declared war on each other in Europe, French & English each other in Europe, French & English colonists began to fight colonists began to fight

With Native American allies, they With Native American allies, they attacked each other’s settlements attacked each other’s settlements and fortsand forts

During the 1700s, 2 more wars During the 1700s, 2 more wars between France & England fueled war between France & England fueled war in their coloniesin their colonies

Neither side won a clear victory in Neither side won a clear victory in these warsthese wars

A final war, French and Indian War, A final war, French and Indian War, decided which nation would control decided which nation would control the northern and eastern parts of the northern and eastern parts of North AmericaNorth America

As the British fur traders began moving As the British fur traders began moving into Ohio River valley, trouble startedinto Ohio River valley, trouble started

British land companies planning to settle British land companies planning to settle colonies therecolonies there

French/Native American allies/alarmedFrench/Native American allies/alarmed Attack led on British trading post to Attack led on British trading post to

keep British out of the valleykeep British out of the valley British left/French built forts/upset British left/French built forts/upset

Virginia colony which claimed title to Virginia colony which claimed title to that landthat land

1753, letter sent to French to clear out!1753, letter sent to French to clear out!

Spain promised to help Spain promised to help France/too late/ Britain won warFrance/too late/ Britain won war

cost of war so staggering that cost of war so staggering that the resulting debt nearly the resulting debt nearly destroyed the English destroyed the English government.government.

It was that debt that caused the It was that debt that caused the escalation of tensions leading to escalation of tensions leading to the Revolutionary War.the Revolutionary War.

The Treaty of ParisThe Treaty of Paris TERMS-Britain claimed all land TERMS-Britain claimed all land

east of Mississippi Rivereast of Mississippi River the French gave Spain New the French gave Spain New

Orleans and Louisiana (also) lands Orleans and Louisiana (also) lands west of Mississippi Riverwest of Mississippi River

Britain had taken Cuba & Britain had taken Cuba & Philippines from Spain/returned in Philippines from Spain/returned in exchange for Floridaexchange for Florida

The treaty ended French power in The treaty ended French power in North AmericaNorth America

Aftermath of warAftermath of war French left/ British took over French left/ British took over

forts/refused to give supplies to forts/refused to give supplies to Native AmericansNative Americans

British settlers moved into Native British settlers moved into Native American lands/Natives attacked & American lands/Natives attacked & destroyed forts west of Appalachian destroyed forts west of Appalachian Mts.Mts.

British settlers reacted British settlers reacted viciously/killing all Indiansviciously/killing all Indians

British officers invited Delaware war British officers invited Delaware war leaders to talk/gave them small pox leaders to talk/gave them small pox infested blankets as gifts/deadly infested blankets as gifts/deadly outbreakoutbreak

Native Americans retreated/British Native Americans retreated/British government realized defending government realized defending western lands would be costly/ western lands would be costly/ issued Proclamation of issued Proclamation of 1763/forbade colonists to settle 1763/forbade colonists to settle west of Appalachian Mts.west of Appalachian Mts.

Colonists angry/won right to settle Colonists angry/won right to settle Ohio River valley/British gov. angry Ohio River valley/British gov. angry with colonists, who did not want to with colonists, who did not want to pay for their own defensepay for their own defense

This hostility between This hostility between colonists/British government colonists/British government helped the cause for the warhelped the cause for the war

OUTCOME:OUTCOME:

BRITAIN WON THE WARBRITAIN WON THE WAR FRANCE LOST MOST OF ITS FRANCE LOST MOST OF ITS

POSSESSIONS IN NORTH POSSESSIONS IN NORTH AMERICA\Treaty of ParisAMERICA\Treaty of Paris

TENSION BETWEEN COLONISTS TENSION BETWEEN COLONISTS AND BRITAIN GREW\Proclamation AND BRITAIN GREW\Proclamation of 1763of 1763

How did the fur trade How did the fur trade contribute to the French and contribute to the French and

Indian War?Indian War?

British fur trade threatened British fur trade threatened French fur trade.French fur trade.

Why did the British begin to win Why did the British begin to win the war after 1758?the war after 1758?

They had sent their best They had sent their best generals to America and generals to America and began to pay colonial troops began to pay colonial troops for fighting.for fighting.

What was George What was George Washington’s role in the Washington’s role in the French and Indian War?French and Indian War?

He told the French to leave the He told the French to leave the Ohio Valley. His surrender of Ohio Valley. His surrender of Fort Necessity was one of the Fort Necessity was one of the first battles of the war.first battles of the war.

Proclamation of 1763Proclamation of 1763

During French & Indian War/ British During French & Indian War/ British & colonists fought side-by-side& colonists fought side-by-side

After war, problems aroseAfter war, problems arose Britain wanted to govern its 13 Britain wanted to govern its 13

colonies & the territories gained in colonies & the territories gained in the war in a uniform waythe war in a uniform way

British Parliament imposed new laws British Parliament imposed new laws & restrictions& restrictions

Colonists angry!! Colonists angry!! Had risked lives for Britain Had risked lives for Britain They had hoped to move to fertile They had hoped to move to fertile

Ohio Valley/restrictedOhio Valley/restricted Some colonists had bought land as Some colonists had bought land as

an investment/many ignored the an investment/many ignored the lawlaw

Britain failed to protect Indian Britain failed to protect Indian territory it createdterritory it created

all of the Indian peoples were all of the Indian peoples were thereafter under the protection of thereafter under the protection of the King. the King.

all lands within the "Indian territory" all lands within the "Indian territory" occupied by Englishmen were to be occupied by Englishmen were to be abandonedabandoned

the King sided with the Indians, the King sided with the Indians, against the perceived interests of the against the perceived interests of the settlers settlers

Why did the Proclamation of Why did the Proclamation of 1763 anger colonists?1763 anger colonists?

It tried to prevent them from settling It tried to prevent them from settling west of the Appalachian Mountainswest of the Appalachian Mountains

Why didn’t the king want Why didn’t the king want colonists settling beyond the colonists settling beyond the Appalachian Mountains?Appalachian Mountains?

Colonists could not trade with mother Colonists could not trade with mother country and they would be self-sufficient country and they would be self-sufficient living so far from the coastliving so far from the coast

The land was to remain in the hands of The land was to remain in the hands of the Native American allies to prevent the Native American allies to prevent war; war was too costly.war; war was too costly.

It was too expensive to pay the soldiers to It was too expensive to pay the soldiers to keep the peace between colonists and keep the peace between colonists and Native AmericansNative Americans

IMMEDIATE CAUSES OF THE IMMEDIATE CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTIONAMERICAN REVOLUTION

11stst of Parliament’s laws was of Parliament’s laws was ProclamationProclamation of 1732:of 1732: Colonists could not settle west of Colonists could not settle west of

Appalachian Mountains/couldn’t trade Appalachian Mountains/couldn’t trade with mother country/would be self-with mother country/would be self-sufficient living so far from coastsufficient living so far from coast

Land to remain in hands of Native Land to remain in hands of Native American allies to prevent war/war was American allies to prevent war/war was too costly/ soldiers to preserve peace too costly/ soldiers to preserve peace costlycostly

NAVIGATION ACTS OF 1763NAVIGATION ACTS OF 1763 PROCLAMATION OF 1763 PROCLAMATION OF 1763 SUGAR ACT 1764SUGAR ACT 1764 QUARTERING ACT 1765QUARTERING ACT 1765 STAMP ACT 1765STAMP ACT 1765 DECLARATORY ACT 1766DECLARATORY ACT 1766 TOWNSHEND ACTS 1767TOWNSHEND ACTS 1767 BOSTON MASSACRE 1770BOSTON MASSACRE 1770 TEA ACT 1774TEA ACT 1774

BOSTON TEA PARTY 1773BOSTON TEA PARTY 1773 INTOLERABLE ACTS 1774INTOLERABLE ACTS 1774 FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS

17741774 BATTLES OF LEXINGTON & CONCORD BATTLES OF LEXINGTON & CONCORD

17751775 SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS

17751775 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

17761776

Sugar ActSugar Act

was intended to raise revenue to repay was intended to raise revenue to repay England's national debt. England's national debt.

It imposed duties on a number of goods It imposed duties on a number of goods including molasses and other forms of including molasses and other forms of sugar, textiles and dye, coffee, and wines. sugar, textiles and dye, coffee, and wines.

The duty on molasses, a key ingredient in The duty on molasses, a key ingredient in rum and one of the more important rum and one of the more important products that the colonists used, was products that the colonists used, was actually cut in half under the actually cut in half under the Sugar ActSugar Act. .

Navigation ActsNavigation Acts New England made New England made

enormous profits enormous profits from tradefrom trade

England wanted England wanted part of profitspart of profits

Navigation Act Navigation Act passed for those passed for those profitsprofits

Smuggling/problemSmuggling/problem Pirates interfered Pirates interfered

with shippingwith shipping

4 major provisions:4 major provisions: All shipping-English All shipping-English

ships or ships made ships or ships made in English coloniesin English colonies

Tobacco, wood, & Tobacco, wood, & sugar sold to sugar sold to England/coloniesEngland/colonies

European European imports/pass through imports/pass through coloniescolonies

English officials English officials taxed any colonial taxed any colonial goods not shipped to goods not shipped to EnglandEngland

Not a problem in GeorgiaNot a problem in Georgia Georgia mostly traded with EnglandGeorgia mostly traded with England

Georgia---Georgia--- Georgia yielded lumber which had Georgia yielded lumber which had

become major export of colony by become major export of colony by 1754. 1754.

One major consumer of Georgia lumber One major consumer of Georgia lumber was Caribbean Islands whose molasses was Caribbean Islands whose molasses exports help pay for the lumber. exports help pay for the lumber.

When the When the Sugar ActSugar Act was passed was passed Georgians were concerned about sale of Georgians were concerned about sale of lumber to customers in Caribbean who lumber to customers in Caribbean who would be using money gotten from would be using money gotten from export of molasses to pay for lumber. export of molasses to pay for lumber.

Georgia was also concerned because Georgia was also concerned because they might not be able to adhere to they might not be able to adhere to the strict shipping requirements of the strict shipping requirements of the actthe act

Georgians protested the act in Georgians protested the act in England on strictly economic terms, England on strictly economic terms, unlike the other colonies who unlike the other colonies who protested the levy of a tax without protested the levy of a tax without approval of those being taxed. approval of those being taxed.

QUARTERING ACTQUARTERING ACT

King George III/sent 10,000 soldiers to colonies King George III/sent 10,000 soldiers to colonies to keep peace with Britain’s Native American to keep peace with Britain’s Native American allies & to enforce the Proclamation of 1732allies & to enforce the Proclamation of 1732

Cost-saving measure Cost-saving measure Required colonies to quarter (or house) British Required colonies to quarter (or house) British

soldiers & provide them with suppliessoldiers & provide them with supplies Most troops put in New York/New York Most troops put in New York/New York

Assembly punished for not complying. (The Assembly punished for not complying. (The king could not house troops in subjects homes king could not house troops in subjects homes in England, but permitted to do so in the in England, but permitted to do so in the colonies.) colonies.)

Having troops in colonies would Having troops in colonies would increase war debtincrease war debt

Britain needed more revenue Britain needed more revenue (income) to meet expenses(income) to meet expenses

Wanted colonies to help pay part of Wanted colonies to help pay part of war debtwar debt

Wanted colonies to contribute to Wanted colonies to contribute to costs of frontier defense & colonial costs of frontier defense & colonial governmentgovernment

Previously, colonies had been Previously, colonies had been allowed to develop on their own allowed to develop on their own without interference from the kingwithout interference from the king

Colonists now felt their freedom was Colonists now felt their freedom was being limitedbeing limited

The Stamp ActThe Stamp Act

The Stamp Act was passed by British The Stamp Act was passed by British Parliament on March 22, 1765. Parliament on March 22, 1765.

The new tax was imposed on The new tax was imposed on allall American colonists and required them to American colonists and required them to pay a tax on every piece of printed pay a tax on every piece of printed paper they used. paper they used. Ship's papers, legal documents, licenses, Ship's papers, legal documents, licenses,

newspapers, other publications, and even newspapers, other publications, and even playing cards were taxed. playing cards were taxed.

•Money to help pay costs of defending/ Money to help pay costs of defending/ protecting American frontier near protecting American frontier near Appalachian Mts. (10,000 troops to be Appalachian Mts. (10,000 troops to be stationed on American frontier)stationed on American frontier)

Viewed as direct attempt by England Viewed as direct attempt by England to raise money in colonies without to raise money in colonies without the approval of the colonial the approval of the colonial legislatures legislatures

ReactionReaction Asserted Stamp Act Asserted Stamp Act

was attempt to raise was attempt to raise money in colonies money in colonies without approval of without approval of colonial legislatures. colonial legislatures.

Resistance to act was Resistance to act was demonstrated through demonstrated through debates in colonialdebates in colonial legislatures, written legislatures, written documentsdocuments (including (including legislative resolves, legislative resolves, prints, and songs), prints, and songs), and and mob/crowd mob/crowd actionsactions such as such as tarring and feathering tarring and feathering tax collectors. tax collectors.

brought the first true brought the first true rift between loyalist rift between loyalist and colonist in and colonist in Georgia.Georgia.

Massachusetts took Massachusetts took the lead in organizing the lead in organizing resistance to the act, resistance to the act, calling for a calling for a Stamp Stamp Act CongressAct Congress of the of the colonial governments. colonial governments.

When word reached When word reached Georgia, Georgia, Alexander Alexander WyllyWylly called members called members of Commons House to of Commons House to SavannahSavannah

Governor WrightGovernor Wright refused to call session refused to call session to order so no official to order so no official action could be takenaction could be taken

Consensus of the Consensus of the members-unofficial members-unofficial document of support document of support was forwarded to the was forwarded to the Stamp Act CongressStamp Act Congress

In Georgia:In Georgia:

On January 3 the royal stamp master, Mr. On January 3 the royal stamp master, Mr. George AngusGeorge Angus, arrived below the port of , arrived below the port of Savannah and was immediately taken to Savannah and was immediately taken to Governor Wright's house. Governor Wright's house.

With his arrival the colony began to issue With his arrival the colony began to issue stamps as required by law. Some stamps stamps as required by law. Some stamps were purchased, but in general Georgians were purchased, but in general Georgians had decided to "wait and see" if the act had decided to "wait and see" if the act would be rescinded – they were repealedwould be rescinded – they were repealed

Declaratory ActDeclaratory Act

It stated that Parliament had the It stated that Parliament had the right to make laws for the colonies right to make laws for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever". "in all cases whatsoever".

Accompanied the repeal of the Accompanied the repeal of the Stamp ActStamp Act

Sugar ActSugar Act

tax on sugar, molasses, tax on sugar, molasses, dyes, coffee, textiles and dyes, coffee, textiles and wine & other imported wine & other imported goodsgoods

called for strict called for strict enforcement of the act and enforcement of the act and harsh punishment of harsh punishment of smugglerssmugglers

““Taxation without Taxation without representation is tyranny!” representation is tyranny!” James OtisJames Otis

Georgia yielded lumber/ major Georgia yielded lumber/ major export of colony by 1754/major export of colony by 1754/major consumer/Caribbean Islands consumer/Caribbean Islands whose molasses exports help whose molasses exports help pay for the lumber. pay for the lumber.

When When Sugar ActSugar Act passed passed Georgians concerned about Georgians concerned about sale of lumber to customers in sale of lumber to customers in the Caribbean who would be the Caribbean who would be using money gotten from the using money gotten from the export of molasses to pay for export of molasses to pay for the lumber. the lumber.

Georgians might not be able to Georgians might not be able to adhere to the strict shipping adhere to the strict shipping requirements of act. Georgians requirements of act. Georgians protested the act in England protested the act in England on strictly on strictly economic termseconomic terms, , unlike the other colonies who unlike the other colonies who protested the levy of a tax protested the levy of a tax without approvalwithout approval of those of those being taxed. being taxed.

Townshend ActsTownshend Acts

Charles TownshendCharles Townshend king’s finance king’s finance

ministerminister way to raise revenue way to raise revenue

in coloniesin colonies 11stst act-suspended act-suspended

New York’s assembly New York’s assembly until NYers agreed to until NYers agreed to provide housing for provide housing for troops/quartering acttroops/quartering act

other acts- placed other acts- placed duties import duties import taxes) on goods taxes) on goods imported to imported to colonies:colonies: glassglass paperpaper paintpaint leadlead teatea

taxed before goods taxed before goods came into coloniescame into colonies

may not anger may not anger colonists as Stamp colonists as Stamp Act didAct did

money would pay money would pay salaries of British salaries of British governors/other governors/other officials in coloniesofficials in colonies

Enforcement:Enforcement: British officers British officers

used Writs of used Writs of Assistance Assistance (search warrants) (search warrants) to enter homes/ to enter homes/ businesses to businesses to search for search for smuggled goodssmuggled goods

ProtestProtest

NY-angry NY-angry assembly assembly suspendedsuspended

Colonies upset:Colonies upset:1.1. new taxesnew taxes2.2. Writs of Writs of

AssistanceAssistance3.3. threatened rights threatened rights

& freedoms& freedoms

Georgia-reaction Georgia-reaction was quick and was quick and predictably negative predictably negative

Lower House Lower House immediately voted immediately voted to order its agent in to order its agent in London, London, Benjamin Benjamin FranklinFranklin, to work , to work for repeal of these for repeal of these oppressive acts. oppressive acts.

Savannah businessmen and some nearby planters Savannah businessmen and some nearby planters decided to act (small minority):decided to act (small minority):

Encourage local Encourage local manufacturing manufacturing

Raise sheep and Raise sheep and discourage killing lambs discourage killing lambs

Raise and Raise and "manufacture" cotton "manufacture" cotton and flax and flax

Don't import English or Don't import English or European goods, with European goods, with the exception of: the exception of: Cheap textiles, Cheap textiles,

clothing, shoes and clothing, shoes and hose hose

Hardware and Hardware and plantation tools plantation tools

Hats Hats PaperPaper

Firearms and Firearms and ammunitionammunition

Mill and grindstones Mill and grindstones Wool and cotton Wool and cotton

cards and wire cards and wire Items for the Indian Items for the Indian

tradetrade Discontinue the Discontinue the

custom of giving gifts custom of giving gifts at funerals at funerals

Curtail slave trade Curtail slave trade Do not buy wine Do not buy wine Do not buy from Do not buy from

merchants who do not merchants who do not sign this pledgesign this pledge