American lewish Archives Devoted to the preservation and study of American Jewish historical records

DIRECTOR: JACOB RADER MARCUS, PH.D.

Adolph S. Ochs ProfCSsor of American Jewish History

ASSISTANT DIRECTOR: STANLEY F. CHYET, PH.D.

Assistant Profcssor of American Jewish History

Published by THE AMERICAN JEWISH ARCHIVES, CINCINNATI, OHIO 45220

on the Cincinnati campus of the HEBREW UNION COLLEGE - JEWISH INSTITUTE OF RELIGION

VOL. XVI NOVEMBER, 1964 NO. 2

In This Issue

Five Gates - Casual Notes for an Autobiography JACOB SONDERLING 107

For the rabbi of Hamburg's Israelitischer Tempe1 Verein, "a new life opened" in 1923, when he left Germany to settle in the United States. Dr. Sonderling discusses his American experience in this memoir, which includes reflections on Jewish life in New York, Chicago, and Providence, and Dr. Sonderling's encounters with Stephen S. Wise, Shmarya Levin, Louis Ginzberg, and Kaufmam Kohler.

American Synagogues : The Lessons of the Names ABRAHAM CRONBACH I 24

"Proclamations of ideals constitute, by and large, the essence of the names borne by our congregations," concludes Professor Cronbach in this essay on the onomasticon of the American synagogal scene.

The Drachrnans of Arizona FLOYD S. FIERMAN I 35

Polish-born Philip and Samuel Drachman settled during the 1860's in the "backward stretch of land" that was to become the State of Arizona. Together with friends and associates like Michael and Joseph Goldwater and Isaac Goldberg, these pioneering brothers helped shape the development of Arizona - but, as Dr. Fierman points out, "failed at the task of educating their children to keep the Jewish 'tree of life' alive."

A Cry for Help

Reviews of Books

Bingham, June, Courage to Change. Reviewed by Carl Hermam Voss

Kranzler, George, Williamsburg: A Jewish Community in Transition. Reviewed by Henry Cohen 163

Lzlrie, Harry L. , A Heritage Affirmed. Reviewed by Benjamin B. Rosenberg

Brief Notices I 68

Index to Volume XVI 1 7 3

Illustrations

Rabbi Dr. Jacob Sonderling, page I z I ; Shrnarya Levin, page I 2 t ; Temple Beth El, Akron, Ohio, page 139; Ternple Israel, Boston (1889), page 140; Arizona Jalapeiios : Samuel H. Drachman and Philip Drachman, page 1 5 7 ; The S. H. Drachman Store, page I 7 5 .

Patrons for 1964

THE NEUMANN MEMORIAL PUBLICATION FUND

AND

ARTHUR FRIEDMAN LEO FRIEDMAN ?'T BERNARD STARKOFF

Published by THE AMERICAN JEWISH ARCHIVES on the Cincinnati campus of the HEBREW UNION COLLEGE - JEWISH IN- STITUTE OF RELIGION

NELSON GLUECK President

0 1964, by the American Jewish Archives

Five Gates

Casual Notes for an Autobiography

J A C O B S O N D E R L I N G

What happens to a sensitive, highly cultured man who comes to America to be a rabbi -particularly when, like Jacob Sonderling, that man combines in himself the diverse traditions of German scholarship and Jewish pietism? The question Jinds an answer in the autobiographical ruminations which appear below.

Born on October zg, 1878, at Lipine, Silesia, to Wilhelm and Johanna Lebowitsch Sonderling, our autobiographer comes of a family of Hungarian and Galician Hasidim. Johanna Lebowitsch's family had produced Yismach Mosheh, the founder of Hungarian Hasidism; Wilhelm Sonderling had been ordained by the Sanzer Rebbe. That heritage has never been far from their son, Jacob, but it has main- tained itself in him side by side with the Wissenschaft des Judenthums that flowered during the z8ooYs in Geman-speaking Central Europe.

After studying at the Universities of Vienna and Breslau as well as at seminaries in Vienna, Breslau, and Berlin, Jacob Sonderling received his Ph.D. degree from the University of Tiibingen in zgoq and was ordained by Dr. Baruch Jacob Placzeck, Landesrabbiner of Moravia and Chief Rabbi of Briimz. That same year, at Breslau, he married Emma Klemann, who would bear him three sons - Egmont, Fred, and Paul. Four years later, Dr. Sonderling became the rabbi of Hamburg's celebrated Israelitischer Tempel Verein, the cradle of Refom Judaism. He held that pulpit until his emigration to America in 1923, although his tenure in Hamburg had been interrupted during the First World War, when he served as a Geman A m y chaplain on Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg's stag.

The German Amy ' s Drang nach Osten brought Dr. Sonderling into close contact with Jewish lge in Lithuania -an experience which

'07

inspired in him feelings rather akin to those called up in another German serviceman on duty in Eastern Europe - Franz Rosmzweig. In later years, Dr. Sonderling would write: "If I am ever reborn, I would like to be born a Litvack."

In 1 9 3 ~ ~ the Sanderlings took up residence in Los Angeles, where Dr. Sonderling founded the Society for Jewish Culture, known today as Fairfax Temple. He has served that congregation as its rabbi for nearly thirty years.

In 19 t 3 , a new life opened to me - America. The Manchuria left Antwerp -the last city in Europe I had seen - and went out on the high seas towards an unknown tomorrow. Standing at the rail, a passenger who had crossed the ocean many times showed me a little light, gleaming through the darkness. "Watch it," he said. "This is the last sign of life you will see. For five days and nights, we will see nothing but water."

The travelers, to me, were a nondescript crowd - chatting, promenading, playing. The only one of their languages that I under- stood was Yiddish, spoken by quite a number. The only person I knew by reputation was Bruno Walter, the famous conductor, who was going to America for his first concert. On the third day he asked me: "What about cigars?" "I'm almost finished - let us inquire the price of a cigar." W e learned that it cost twenty-five cents. Twenty-five cents in German currency amounted, in 19 t 3, to r 2,500 marks. Who could afford to pay that? But a man has to smoke.

I had with me two bottles of cognac. The Manchuria, an American boat, suffered from prohibition, but there were a number of people on that boat who loved a drink; so, the rabbi turned into a bartender - one cigar, one small glass of cognac - and we managed beauti- fully until we arrived in New York.

One afternoon, there was that picture, so strange for European eyes - skyscrapers next to little houses, and at the pier the Statue of Liberty. One Jewish woman told me that the inscription on that statue was made by Emma Lazarus, a Jewess.

FIVE GATES - CASUAL NOTES FOR AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY 1°9

From the Hotel Commodore, I rushed early in the morning over to Forty-third Street and Fifth Avenue to see Temple Emanu-El- which some years before had cost me, or rather the Hamburg Temple, one million marks. When the Hamburg Temple set out to raise funds for a new building, Mr. Henry Budge, a very rich New York banker who had returned to Europe and lived in Hamburg, had been my first target for a contribution. My president had sent me to him, and I had told him about our plan to build a new temple in Hamburg. Budge had asked me how much it was going to cost. W e had figured one million marks. I expected him to give us 5,000 or 10,000 marks. "You can have the million," he said, "under one condition. I would like to have a service like Temple Emanu-El in New York - men and women sitting together, men without hats and without talesim (prayer shawls) ."

c c I have to refuse your generous offer, Herr Budge - we are building a Temple for Hamburg Jewry, not for you."

Returning to my board, I had offered my resignation as their rabbi. Having refused so generous a gift, I could not, I felt, hold on to my pulpit. My board, however, agreed with me, and in the Hamburg Temple, the cradle of Reform, men and women remained separated up to the last moment.

It took me years to accustom myself to seeing men and women sitting together.

The same afternoon, my first in New York, I strolled down Fifth Avenue, admiring the famous boulevard. A thought struck me; I had been here almost twenty-four hours, without meeting an acquaintance - that was strange. At that moment, a man stopped me. He spoke English, and I could not understand one word, but he continued in German and said: "I was born here in New York, and last year, for the first time, I went to Europe, stayed in Hamburg and watched you every morning, watering your flowers in your garden. Won't you have lunch with me?"

I shall never forget those first days in New York. Here I was - lost in the colossus of houses, streets, faces, a babel of languages - a replica of the Wandering Jew. How often I stood, looking at Hebrew letters like Bosor Kosher (kosher meat), which gave me a feeling of nostalgia!

Julian Obermann, later professor at Yale University, was my only acquaintance. He helped me to get a room at Broadway and One Hundred Thirteenth Street. The first Friday evening I went to a synagogue and at eight o'clock in the evening came to a Jewish restaurant on Broadway. The place was dark. I tried the door - it opened; the man was about to leave.

"What's the matter?" I asked. "Shabbos (the Sabbath)," he said. "Can you let a Kosher Jew starve?" < < No, I'll give you something to eat," and he was about to go to

the kitchen. I stopped him. "Wait, it's Shabbos. I have no money." (I had money.) < < It doesn't matter," he said. He brought me a full dinner, waited

on me, and I left the place without paying. I simply could not understand it. Two days later I returned there for lunch. The man was behind the counter - I took my check, with a five dollar bill - the man did not deduct for my Friday night dinner.

"Don't you remember that I was here Friday night?" "Yes, I do remember." "Suppose I didn't come back?" The man got angry: "Are you going to prevent me from doing

a mitzvah (a good deed) ?" Outside I stood, very much bewildered. I saw a little bit of a

place, the restaurant - a man working perhaps twelve hours a day to make a living, resenting my not giving him a chance for a mitzvah. For the first time, I realized the beauty of the expression that "to show hospitality is more precious than to see God."

A few weeks later, something similar happened. I had taken a train to Chicago. As I tried to enter the dining car, I found the door closed, and an employee told me that the diner would be open again at six o'clock.

"What did you want?" he asked. "Oh, just a cup of coffee and a piece of cake." "I'll give it to you."

FIVE GATES - CASUAL NOTES FOR AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY I 1 1

Having finished my repast, I took out a bill, but the manager [steward] said: "You see, sir, the kitchen is closed, and so are the books - consider yourself our guest."

Can you imagine how much all those little things meant to me - coming as I did from a country where strict correctness was the aim of life? How often I stopped at a newstand, taking a paper and putting two cents in the box, without anybody watching.

Dr. Obermann introduced me to Rabbi Stephen S. Wise, of blessed memory. Sitting in his study, I glanced at the shelves filled with books.

"Dr. Wise, I know that book over there -it is the handbook of my teacher, Marcus Brann, in Breslau."

"Yes," he said. "I bought his library." "Brann's book in New York! - I am at home in America." An old friend of mine, Shmarya Levin, met me at I I I Fifih

Avenue, the Zionist headquarters. "What are you doing here?" he cried. "Go back to Europe -

this is no place for YOU."

It was not very encouraging to hear that from so clever a man. There, too, I met Louis Lipsky, the leader of American Zionism, Maurice Samuel, and others, who took me to a Zionist meeting. Called upon, I spoke in German. The next morning I received a telegram from the Zionist Organization of America, offering me an engagement for a series of talks on Zionism throughout the country, and I began to bring the message of Theodor Herzl to American Jewry. One of the first communities I visited was Chicago. Everything was new to me. I was what was called a "greenhorn." Reporters came; I had never met one before, and I took their questions seriously. One of them asked me: "What do you think about American culture?" In all innocence I said: "America is a young country, and culture doesn't travel by express." The papers carried a story about it. So I became nervous. Two days later, five men came to see me.

6 6 I don't want to see reporters." 6 6 W e are not reporters," they answered. "We are officers of a

congregation, and listening to you last night, we decided that you have to become our rabbi."

"But I cannot speak English!" "You will learn." "What kind of congregation are you?" "We are Orthodox." "I'm not Orthodox." "We are semi-Orthodox." I didn't know what it meant. They did not argue - they just

took out a contract and asked me to sign it. With the help of a dictionary, I found out that they had offered me a decent salary and obligated themselves to bring my family over from Europe and to furnish me with an apartment. I signed. They left, and here I was sitting in my hotel room, believing that I had dreamed it. So, four weeks after my arrival in a new continent, I had a congregation. Another four weeks passed by, and they asked me whether I would agree that they amalgamate with another congregation. That was new to me.

"How do you do that?" "Oh, we sell our synagogue." "Whom do you sell it to?" << In our neighborhood there is a Negro congregation - they

want to buy the building." I was bedeviled and bewildered. The next Saturday I went to

my pulpit and said: "I have found a new interpretation for a Bible text. First came the Irish, who built the church; they left and sold the sanctuary to the Italians; then came the Jews, and now the Jews have sold it to the Negroes -now I understand what the Bible says: 'My house shall be a house of prayer for all peoples (Isaiah 56: 7) .' "

The two congregations married - mine was Hungarian; the other Lithuanian. The honeymoon lasted four weeks. The fifth week started, and there was trouble: on one side the Hungarians, and on the other the Litvaks. Finally I suggested: "Gentlemen, goulash, herring, and sauerkraut do not mix."

Something else happened. A member of my congregation's board brought me the newest list of our membership and asked me to sign it.

"What do you need my signature for?"

FIVE GATES -CASUAL NOTES FOR AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY "3

In all innocence he explained: "Every synagogue member, ac- cording to American law, is entitled to five gallons of sacramental wine. The congregation is buying that wine from the Government at a cheap price, selling it afterwards at a very high price to all the people, and doing great business."

Of course, I refused to do that, and my congregation was upset, believing that its rabbi was queer. My friend Levin, whom I men- tioned before, said once that Orthodox rabbis, doing big business in those days in sacramental wine, had changed the Tilim (Psalms) ; Psalm I z I says, "From whence (me-ayin) does my help come?" Levin suggested: "Instead of me-ayin ('from whence'), read miyayin ('from wine') !"

I became homesick for New York. It had attracted me from the very beginning. The fantastic figure of two million Jews in one city never failed to impress me. I loved to exaggerate: New York is a Jewish city where we permit a few goyim (non-Jews) to exist - try not to be Jewish in Brooklyn or the Bronx! So I went back and found a congregation on the outskirts of Brooklyn - Manhattan Beach. Sitting together on a porch with the board which gave me the once-over, I heard a man whispering to the president: "If you take that rabbi, I shall increase my membership [dues] to $~,ooo.oo." I became curious afterwards. Eighteen years earlier that man had come from Russia, penniless. When I met him, he was estimated as having $16,000,000. He could hardly read English, but he had an uncanny nose for the future value of a corner in Manhattan.

One day I asked him: "Do you need publicity?" "Of course." "What about having your picture on the second page of the

Herald-Tri bune? ' ' "How much?" he asked. "Fifteen thousand dollars for the Keren Hayesod (the Jewish

National Fund) ." "Can you make it for ten?" "No, but if you give me a check for $~z,ooo, to be dated one

day after your picture appears, you can have it."

I approached Rabbi Stephen S. Wise and asked him to come out to Manhattan Beach. There, in my admirer's home, Dr. Wise and his host would be photographed together, and then I would give Dr. Wise the Ifb~z,ooo. It was done, and the picture was published. A few days later, my friend asked me: "Rabbi, what is the Keren Hayesod? "

There were two congregations in Manhattan Beach. One day two boys were talking to each other in a room next to my study. Both raved about the rabbis. The boy from the other congregation asked our boy: "What's the difference between your rabbi and our rabbi?"

The answer came: "It is between a Ford and a Cadillac." Another two years passed by, and I moved from Manhattan

Beach to Washington Heights. Members of the new congregation approached me with a request: "The butchers in Washington Heights are selling trefa (non-kosher) meat - something has to be done!" I refused. I told them that I was not Orthodox and that the Vaad Hakashruth (the representative board overseeing Kashruth matters) of Greater New York was in charge. People came again and again. Finally, they approached Dr. Louis Ginzberg, of the Jewish Theo- logical Seminary, who lived opposite me in Washington Heights, to induce me to do something.

Let me digress a little bit. Before coming to America, I had asked rabbis about Dr. Ginzberg, of whom I had known through various publications appearing in scientific magazines. I myself and many others admired his extraordinary knowledge and brilliance.

"What has he written here in America?" I asked. "Legends of the Jews."~ I was disappointed. "Why does he waste his time?" Wilhelrn Bacher had left us with six volumes of Jewish legends,'

and Bialik had written others.3 For months I did not come near

I Legends of the Jews (1909-19z8), 7 vols.

a Die Agada de7 Tarmaiten (I 884-1 890), 2 vols.; Die Agada de7 palastinensischen Amo7ae7 (1892-1899), 3 vols.; and Die Agada de7 babylonischen Amo7ae.i (1878), I vol.

3 Hayyim Nahman Bialik and Joshua H. Rawnitzki, compilers, Sefer Ha-Agadah (1907- 1go9), 3 vols.

FIVE GATES - CASUAL NOTES FOR AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY I r 5

Ginzberg, until, working on a lecture one blessed day, I needed a Midrash (homiletical collection) and saw on the shelves his Legends of the Jews. Hesitatingly, I took one of the volumes and found a foomote in Volume V. That was the beginning of an adventure, which is still with me up to this very day. There is nothing Ginzberg would not deal with in his footnotes -and not just matters of Jewish learning. The knowledge of that man, to me, borders on the miraculous.

Once I asked him: "How did you get the material?" He answered: "Mostly by memory." I worshipped him. When it was raining on Shabbos, he would

not go to the Seminary synagogue, but, together with his wife, he would come to my synagogue in Washington Heights. They were sitting together, when one day I asked him: "Mr. Ginzberg, how can you?" And here is his answer: "When you live long enough in America, you will realize that the status of womanhood has changed so much that separating women from men has become obsolete." That convinced me, and today, in my synagogue, our men and women sit together - with one exception, which I regret: M y wife protests at being seated on the platform!

So, to pick up my story, Professor Ginzberg approached me and urged me to take over the supervision of Kashruth. I called eighteen butchers together and told them that - only out of respect for Professor Ginzberg - I would be willing to supervise Kashruth under two conditions. First, the mashgiach (inspector) and I myself had to have the right to inspect their places twenty-four hours a day. That was accepted. Second, if I found it necessary to take back a butcher's certificate of Kashruth, that butcher should have no recourse to the law. About that they argued - I remained adamant. There was still another condition. The mashgiach could neither be hired nor fired by the butchers. His salary was to be paid by the butchers into a special fund.

So we started. The mashgiach would report to me every day. Once he came and told me that one of the butchers had a chicken market elsewhere and kept it open on the Sabbath. When I called the offender in, he told me that his partner was not Jewish and gave me a talmudical analysis that, in this case, his place could be

open. I rehsed to follow his thought. "You make your living selling kosher meat to people who believe in Kashruth. I have lost my confidence in you - give me back my certificate." I finally got it. A month later, another certificate appeared in his window, signed by an Orthodox rabbi on the Lower East Side; the butcher had gotten it for $50. I was finished with the supervision of Kashruth.

Something else happened in the congregation. One Friday morning I found out that Mayor [James J.] Walker would occupy my pulpit the same night. Nobody had bothered to ask me. That finished my work in that synagogue.

A congregation in Providence, Rhode Island, had repeatedly invited me to lecture. One day I said to them: "Look, you cannot let the same rabbi speak to you all the time - you need some varietv."

.I

"Would you come out to Providence and be our permanent rabbi?" they asked.

"What shall I do in Providence?" They came again and again. Finally, a committee traveled to

New York and pleaded with me to come out for a conference. I met with them in a hotel room and told them that I was not fit for life in a small community.

"Couldn't a decent salary satisfy you?" t t It is not a question of money," I said. "Men don't get younger -

to provide something for the future might be necessary." "How much do you want?" "I'm not a businessman, and remember this: when I mention a

sum, I mean it." Then, bearing in mind what I had said about pro- viding something for the hture, I mentioned a substantial sum.

One of the men said: "Rabbi, can't we discuss this?" I interrupted him. "Gentlemen, it is now five o'clock, and there's

a concert downstairs -may I invite you to be my guests for tea?" t t Does that mean our conversation is closed?" "Yes, it is closed." Within five minutes, I had my contract. A few months later I

FIVE GATES - CASUAL NOTES FOR AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY 1'7

surprised my congregation, one Friday night, with an organ. After services, a few men came out of a classroom, all excited.

"What happened?" I asked. "Oh, nothing." "Something must have happened." One of the men said: "But, rabbi, you know, playing an organ

on Shabbes is against the law." I opened his vest. "You are looking for my tallis katon (scapular prayer garment),

rabbi? I forgot it today." "Gazlon (thief), you never had one -don't tell me you are

religious." My Sisterhood came with the request: "Boys after bar mitzvah

and girls after confirmation need more instruction -what would you suggest doing?" I told them, "Let me think." Finally, I called together the boys and girls, about thirty-five in all, and suggested something.

"If you want it, build an organization without bylaws, without officers - just a name, a meeting place, and a time. The name: 'The Rabbi's Bodyguard'; the place: the synagogue; the time: every Sunday morning at eight o'clock. Boys appear with their weapons - tallis (prayer shawl) and tefillin (phylacteries) ."

And so it was. W e came together for a service in English and in Hebrew; the girls came in afterwards, and we all went together into our social hall. Here we had a breakfast prepared by the mothers. After grace had been said, one of the "bodyguards" would thank the mothers for their hospitality, and we would go to Sunday school.

A few weeks later, a seven-year-old boy came. "What are you doing here?" "Rabbi, I want to pray." "Look, you want to have breakfast -you are invited." Fathers appeared, telling me that they had had some job finding

tefillin, but the sons had urged them to come. Sometimes, I heard a rumor that the mothers grumbled -too much work for breakfast. I would tell them: "Don't worry. Mrs. Sonderling will be glad to do it." She never had to.

One day I called in one of my boys.

"Jerry, I have to leave for three weeks for Europe, and there is a rumor in the city that you fellows come regularly on Sunday because of the whip I use. I shall be absent for three Sundays. I make you responsible for a good attendance. Remember, my reputation is in your hands."

On my return, Jerry reported that they had broken all the attendance records. A few years later, after I had left Providence, one of my Sunday school teachers visited me in New York.

"How are things, Celia?" "Bad, rabbi. Everything you organized has gone. The board

does not permit the boys to pray in the synagogue on Sunday morning; so the boys pray in one corner of the kitchen, while the girls prepare breakfast in another corner. That's all that's left."

One Sunday morning, as I sat in my study and the fathers waited outside for the children to come from Sunday school, a poor man came in to ask for a nedove (charitable contribution). The richest man in town said to him with a booming voice: "Go in to the rabbi! He has a good heart." That man claimed to enjoy my sermons on "Love thy neighbor as thyself"!

That moment, I must confess, was the turning point in my spiritual career. It made me feel that I was a failure, and I had to find out. I went back to New York and, looking from the distance at Columbia University, I began to ponder: What is Jewishness? A theology? A number of abstract definitions? A psychological analysis? An ethical guide? I remembered Jeremiah's indictment of religious leaders: "The priests said not: 'Where is the Lord?' And they that handle the law knew Me not" ( 2 : 8). I felt I had no purpose.

At various German universities, I had studied philosophy, art, history, and esthetics; one of my professors had written two volumes on the theory of illusion. Imagine; you are sitting in front of a desk. You have occupied the same chair for years. You know exactly the form of the desk in front of you. One day, for some reason, your chair has been moved to the other side, and the desk you look at is a different desk; the perspective is different. That thought

FIVE GATES - CASUAL NOTES FOR AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY 119

bothered me. All the time I had looked upon matters Jewish from one viewpoint - the viewpoint of the pulpit. I determined literally to change my viewpoint, to look upon Judaism from the viewpoint of the pew, from a different perspective. The thought intrigued me. This is what I would do.

I had a friend, a Wall Street banker, and I told him: "Look, for one year I'm not going to occupy a position. Here are $5,000 I have saved - I don't know what to do with it. Will you take it?"

"Leave me the money," he said. "I'm going to invest it. If the stocks rise, you win; if they fall, I lose."

And a new adventure started. I went from one Jewish place to the other - watching, looking, listening, all with a non-partisan spirit. I went to an Orthodox shul, to a Conservative synagogue, to a Reform temple, and saw what I had never seen before. For instance, in a very beautiful Reform temple, there were two pulpits, one occupied by a rabbi and one by a cantor. The two alternated, and when the cantor began, for a moment's moment something happened to the face of the rabbi - for a fleeting second, a look of impatience: "Why doesn't he stop, so that I can start again?" The rabbi was a highly respected theologian, highly regarded, but the illusion was gone. In another place, another rabbi spoke on charity, on the beauty of giving. Behind me sat two men, and one spoke to the other: "Listen to him! He never gave a cent!" Which was not true.

A thought came to me: What is religion? A kind of human experience about which I, only a rabbi, know nothing. But there might be another experience, one perhaps known to me: love. Love is the coordination of all our senses, and if the religious experience is similar, the rabbis have become the most successful killers of four senses for the benefit of one, because the only sense through which we try to gain the experience of religion is the ear: "Hear, 0 Israel." If one could only investigate the four other senses, one of them might open and point out a channel leading to the experience of religion.

Here I stopped. It sounded correct, but I hungered for an au- thority to support my theory. For three months I lived in the libraries of New York; I went from shelf to shelf, but found nothing.

I did not give up. There is that Jewish stubbornness which forced me to continue. Passing a shelf one blessed day, I picked up a book at random - Rabbi Moses Isserles' Torat Ha-Olah, a philosophical explanation of the sacrifices in the ancient Temple. I got angry with myself- what did sacrifices have to do with my theory? I was about to close that book, when my eyes fell upon a sentence in which the author said: "The Temple in Jerusalem was sur- rounded by a wall, and that wall had five gates, according to the five senses." Here was my theory!

About twenty-five years ago, after wandering through Jewish life in America, I came to Los Angeles on a two-day visit. I was urged to stay, and I have never regretted it. Afier so many years of spiritual struggle, I still bear a question mark - what am I?

Scientifically speaking, I am a Liberal. Emotionally, I could not be without tradition. If I were to define myself, I would say that I am Orthodox among the Reformers and a Reformer among the Orthodox. I look forward to the day when extreme Orthodoxy and Classical Reform will disappear, while "left-wing" Conservatives and "right-wing" Reformers - "Neo-Reformers," as some might put it - will regain their strength.

Two great American Jews have given me an assuring answer. One was Solomon Schechter, who says in one of his essays: "The greatest virtue in life is consistency. The Jew has been a genius in that respect. He was consistent in his inconsistency." The other is the saintly Kauhann Kohler. When I came to New York in 1923, I followed an old tradition about paying respect to a famous scholar and visited him. Dr. Kohler received my visiting card and came out all excited.

"What do you think of American Reform?" Taken unawares, I said: "Professor Kohler, do you want a

compliment? Have it. Do you want to discuss it?" And we went into his library. In 191 8, I said, the Hamburg Temple had celebrated its centenary,

and I had published an article in Hermann Cohen's monthly Neue

H o x s B r a d y , I'i~otogropher. Sari Francisco, CaliJ.

Rabbi Dr. Jacob Sondcrling

(SCC pp. 107-20, 12;)

FIVE GATES - CASUAL NOTES FOR AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY 1 2 3

Jiidische Monatshefte, reviewing a hundred years bf Reform Judaism.4 In 18 18, a hundred men gathered in Hamburg to find a solution for the problem of diminishing interest in religion. They came to the conclusion that a traditional prayer book did not satisfy the modern mind, that were youth to be given a modern prayer book, they would find their way back to their inherited religion. "A hundred years have passed," I had said. "Let us compare the first with the third generation. Not one of the grandsons remained Jewish, so the prayer book was no remedy. Assimilation did not help." Professor Kohler disagreed heatedly.

Three weeks later, the Board of Jewish Ministers in New York invited me to speak, and I chose as my topic, "The Trend Towards the Irrational." One man spoke in the discussion - Kaufmann Kohler. This is what he said: "Listening to our speaker, I feel like a man who has received a verdict of death. For me, the pupil of Abraham Geiger, to hear that the time of rationalism has passed, is hard to take." But he continued: "I remember that when Richard Wagner conducted his first opera in Paris, the critics cried, 'That is not music, that is noise.' But one of them added, 'It is noise, but behind that noise there is music.' " "Mr. Chairman," Kohler con- cluded, "I suggest that the lecture of our colleague from Germany should be printed."

Permit me now to conclude with one thought. Years ago I said to my young colleagues in Palm Springs: "Friends, if your ancestors in the Reform rabbinate saw you today, they would turn in their graves. The first Reformers were Germans. Judaism is this, they said, or it is nothing at all. Today we have in Reform the grand- children of people who came from Poland, from Russia, from Lithuania. W e have grown beyond those days in which it was possible for us to give a clear-cut definition of what we are. W e are a living people, and I hope, in a few more years, to live together with a young generation of daring and believing rabbis."

4 "Die neueren Bestrebungen des Hamburger Tempels," Neue Judische Mmatshefte: Zeitschrift fur Politik, Wimchaft und Literafur in Ost und West, 111 (no. I : Occ., 19 I 8) 12-18.

American Synagogues: The Lessons of the Names

A B R A H A M CRONBACH

The number of Jewish congregations in America runs into the thousands. A complete list is unobtainable because countless names, particularly those of small Orthodox congregations, appear in no printed record. It was possible to compile, from a variety of sources, a list of 1,688 congregations -a list remarkable both for its diver- sities and for its repetitions. In various instances, the identical name labels more than one congregation. Three hundred and two con- gregations carry the name "Israel," I 5 2 the name "Bethel," and ninety-two the name "Emanuel." Not a few of the congregations bear not one name but two, a Hebrew name and an English name, the English usually indicating the street on which the house of worship is located.

There are congregations whose names hold the word "Con- servative," and those whose names include the word "Reform." That divergence in Jewish life is so significant that it has to be kept in view. Curious, for Conservative congregations, is the frequent use of the word "Temple," which was originally a Reform innova- tion. Still more emphatic is the divergence proclaimed by such titles

6 6 as Progressive Synagogue," "Liberal Synagogue," and "New Thought Synagogue." Those which are oriented toward the future thus differentiate themselves from those that incline toward the past. A number of congregations have copied the name "Free Synagogue" from that of Stephen S. Wise in New York City. "Free" meant originally that the rabbi was not to be fettered - Dr. Wise called it "muzzled" -by the temple board. Dr. Wise founded the Free Synagogue soon after he had scornfully rejected

Dr. Abraham Cronbach, whose "Autobiography" appeared in the April, 1959, issue of the American Jewish Archives, is Professor Emeritus of Jewish Social Studies at the Hebrew Union College - Jewish Institute of Religion in Cincinnati.

AMERICAN SYNAGOGUES: THE LESSONS OF THE NAMES I z 5

a call to New York's Temple Emanu-El. The call had hinted that the board of the temple reserved the right to exercise some control over the rabbi's utterances.

In various ways the names of congregations reflect prevailing trends. An illustration is the present use of the word "Jewish" where an earlier generation would have said "Hebrew." No longer does "Hebrew" function as a euphemism. Jews no longer find "Hebrew" less embarrassing than "Jew" or "Jewish," nor do non- Jews find "Hebrew" more polite. While the word "Hebrew" still persists in the names of congregations, the word "Jewish" appears many times as ofien. As the prestige of the Jew in America grows, "Jew" and "Jewish" mount in the scale of dignity.

Thanks to the discoveries of medicine, one of our problems has gotten to be that of the aged. W e think of this when we are told about a "Senior Citizens Congregation'' at Miami Beach, Florida.

It further catches our attention that some congregations have names indicating a jurisdiction not, as usual, confined to a city, but one extending over a larger area. Examples are: "Temple Beth Sholom of Orange County" at Santa Anna, California; "Peninsula Temple Sholom" at Burlingame, California; "Sholom of East Gabriel Valley" at Covina, California; "Beth Sholom of Anne Arundel County" at Glen Burnie, Maryland; "Beth Am of the South Shore" at Hingham, Massachusetts; "Ventura County Jewish Council" at Ventura, California; "Central Synagogue of Nassau County" at Rockville Centre, New York; and "Free Synagogue of West- chester" at Mount Vernon, New York. At Ishperning, Michigan, Temple Beth Sholom is called a Temple Center in the geographical sense that, standing at the outskirts of Ishpeming, it also serves the neighboring towns of Marquette and Negaunee. Such names suggest that the automobile, commonly regarded as centrifugal in religion, sometimes becomes centripetal. The automobile, which often keeps people away from worship, can do the opposite and bring them to worship.

Consider, too, the name "Actors Temple." Such a congregation

is to be found in New York City. W e have long known the ex- tensiveness of Jewish participation in the work of the stage, but we think of the actor as someone remote from religion; of the things with which we associate the actor, religion is the last and the least. The mere existence of an "Actors Temple" is surprising, whatever may be the frequency with which thespians make use of that facility.

A synagogue in New York City bears the name "Millinery Center Synagogue." Is this, perhaps, like Cincinnati's "Downtown Vaad Synagogue," a house of worship located in the business dis- trict near the places where Jews pursue a particular calling? Such a synagogue might indeed be welcomed by those punctilious about being present in a group of at least ten males when reciting the prayer which commemorates their dead.

A large number of Jewish places of worship go by the name of "Center," such as "Jewish Center," "Jewish Community Center," and the like. ?here are a hundred such in the State of New York alone. That word "Center" highlights a trend. It signalizes the many nondevotional features which have entered into congregational programs. The edifice used for worship is used also for lectures, dances, parties, club meetings, athletic events, theatricals, and even for swimming. "A Schul mit a pool" is a timeworn jest. The pre- ponderance of recreational items in the schedules of many Jewish congregations has provoked some adverse comment, particularly from rabbis. Ever so often we hear of or read denunciations of the tendency to pack the synagogue with nonreligious activities. Dances, as a rule, draw a large attendance when religious services do not. Hayrides are popular with the young when Hebrew classes are not.

The debate brings to mind the story about the two Jewish savants in Eastern Europe who were out walking together one morning several decades ago. The savants came upon a Jew wearing skullcap, prayer shawl, and phylacteries, and reciting the early prayer. Such sights were not infrequent; when the hour for prayer arrived, the Jew would pause and recite the prayer wherever he might chance to be, even on the street, in the shop, or in the railway coach. The savants noticed that the Jew, while reciting the prayer, was at the same time loading his wagon preparatory for the day's peddling.

AMERICAN SYNAGOGUES: THE LESSONS OF THE NAMES 1 2 7

One of the savants exclaimed: "What a materialistic people are the Jews! Even when they engage in prayer, they ply their occupation!"

His companion rejoined: "What a spiritually minded people are the Jews! Even when they ply their occupations, they engage in prayer !"

Similarly, shall we say: "How regrettable that these Jewish centers dilute worship with such an array of activities which have nothing to do with worship!"? Or shall we say: "How gratifying that, where recreational activities take place, worship also takes place!"?

Another trend is mirrored in the name "Beth Am" borne by twenty-three of our congregations. The phrase, meaning "House of the People," is common today in the State of Israel. That name for a congregation probably connotes the Jewish nationalistic revival.

W e have observed that I 52 congregations are called "Beth-El" and ninety-two are called "Emanu-El." This involves a paradox. Why should a Jewish house of worship be named afier a place which, more than once in the Bible, receives unfavorable mention? Beth-el was stigmatized by the prophets. It was a place at which worship was offered a golden calf (I Kings I 2 : 29; I 3 :4; I1 Kings 10:29). The prophet Amos quotes God as saying: "I will punish the altars of Beth-el [j: 141 . . . seek not Beth-el . . . Beth-el shall come to nought" (5: 5). The pilgrimages to the shrine at Beth-el were, according to Amos, not acts of sacredness, but acts of trans- gression (4:4). The prophet Hosea disdainfully calls that locale of calf worship not "Beth-el" ("House of God"), but "Beth-aven" ("House of worthle~sness'~) (4: I 5 ; 5 : 8; I 0: 5). The prophet Jere- miah reports that "the house of Israel was ashamed of Beth-el their confidence" (48 : I 3).

The name "Emanu-El," too, receives a sinister implication. "Emanu-El" is the Greek spelling of the Hebrew words "Immanu- El," which mean "God is with us." "Immanu-El" is uttered, in the Bible, only by the prophet Isaiah. Protesting against an alliance

between his country, Judah, and the Assyrians, Isaiah predicted that the Assyrian allies would drive off certain armies by which Judah was being invaded, but that, after the invasion had been stopped, the Assyrians would not go home. They would remain and subjugate Judah to the Assyrian power.

Once the Assyrians had halted the invasion, the people of Judah would, full of gratitude, exclaim: "Immanu-El," .'!God is with us." Newborn children would be named "Immanu-El" (Isaiah 7 : 14). But how inappropriate! Rescue would not, by any means, have been attained. The country would simply have fallen into the clutches of the Assyrian helpers. Isaiah speaks of the Assyrians as a river which shall "sweep through Judah . . . shall reach even to the neck" and "shall fill the breadth of thy land, 0 Immanu-El" (8: 8). What an irony in that name!

T o be sure, the unfavorable implications of these names could hardly have been known to the rank and file of today's Jewish people. Few were sufficiently acquainted with the Bible to be aware of what the prophets said about Beth-el or of what Isaiah thought of Emanu-el. No reproach, moreover, attaches to Beth-el in the story of Jacob's dream, a story often rehearsed in the Sunday schools. That story may have made "Beth-el" popular. But how account for the introduction of the name "Emanu-El"? It has been suggested that "Emanu-El" derived from the influence of the Christian en- vironment. With Christians the name "Emanuel" is momentous. Christians took "Emanuel" to be identical with "Jesus." They believed that, when Isaiah pronounced the name "Ernanuel," he was predicting the nativity which was to occur 7 3 2 years later. Why Jews should have given their congregations a name which Christians equated with Jesus is hard to explain. The explanation of "Emanu-El" will have to be sought elsewhere. It happens not seldom that Jewish people welcome a Hebrew word or phrase regardless of what that word or phrase may mean. The word or phrase is acceptable just so long as it is Hebrew, no matter how inappropriate it may be for the context within which it gets placed.

There is, however, one congregation about the Christian origin of whose name there can be no doubt. This is the congregation whose

AMERICAN SYNAGOGUES : THE LESSONS OF THE NAMES 129

house of assembly in New York City is called "The Center of Jewish Science." "Jewish Science" is the counterpart of "Christian Science."

Christian Science was attracting Jews in considerable numbers. The faith healing claimed by Christian Science lured many whom medicine had failed to help. A grain of truth may lurk in the witticism that a certain Christian Science church had so many Jews among its members that non-Jews refused to join. The late Rabbi Morris Lichtenstein, the founder of Jewish Science, sought to neutralize that fascination by offering religio-therapy under Jewish auspices. Intellectually Rabbi Lichtenstein was markedly superior to Mary Baker Eddy, the founder of Christian Science. Before entering upon his venture, Rabbi Lichtenstein took a graduate course in psychology at Columbia University. Since the death of Rabbi Lichtenstein, his project has been continued by his widow.

W e must not fail to draw a sharp distinction between "Jewish Science" and "The Science of Judaism," if we may thus translate the German Wissmschaft des Judmthums. The difference between the two is antipodal. Wissmschaft des Judenthums stands for scholarly research in Jewish history and literature, demands rigid adherence to scientific method, and is, by a whole world, removed from the credulities of faith healing.

The frequency of names containing the word "Sinai" -their number is forty-six - can possibly be accounted for by the familiar references to Mount Sinai at Sunday school and perhaps also by the association of Sinai with confirmation, the most popular of modern Jewish rituals. The name which occurs more frequently than any other is, however, the name "Israel" - 3 0 2 instances. The hesitation which once existed about "Jew" and "Jewish" may, in part, account for this. Hardly could the predilection for the name have been motivated by the explanation of the name in Genesis 32 : 29, which tells how, one harrowing night, Jacob wrestled with God and won the contest, whence God changed his name from Jacob ("the crafty") to Israel ("the divine struggler"). That would not account for the present-day favoritism shown that name; too scant is the number of those who have heard or read the amazing story.

A noticeable aspect of our list is the rarity of congregations named after any of the prophets. Until comparatively recent years one congregation stood alone in that regard - Congregation Isaiah in Chicago. A merger afterward altered the name into Isaiah-Israel. Subsequently, the name Isaiah was adopted by three other Jewish abodes of worship - a Temple Isaiah in Los Angeles; one in Forest Hills, New York; and one in Lexington, Massachusetts. Aside from these four congregations honoring the name of Isaiah, there is a recently formed Congregation Micah in Denver, Colorado, and a newly organized Congregation Jeremiah in Winnetka, Illinois.

Perhaps, for a religious institution, the name of a prophet is inappropriate, because some of the prophets opposed religion of the institutionalized kind - some, but not all. Ezekiel was not anti- institutional, nor was Haggai. Besides, how extremely few are the people even in the rabbinate, who realize the intensity of the opposi- tion to the ancient sacrificial cult on the part of Amos, Hosea, Isaiah, Jeremiah, and the author of the celebrated passage in the Book of Micah about doing justly, loving mercy, and walking humbly!

The following incident may be worth recounting. After a Friday evening service at a temple, a small group of people, closely identified with the temple, proceeded to the home of the president of the temple for conversation and refreshments. The group consisted of the incumbent rabbi, of a visiting rabbi who had preached that evening, of the secretary of the congregation and his wife, and perhaps of a few others, including, of course, the host and the hostess. The conversation glided into the subject of the prophets. The visiting rabbi quoted from Isaiah I : I 1 - 1 7 :

To what purpose is the multitude of your sacrifices unto Me? Saith the Lord. . . . New moon and sabbath, the holding of convocations I cannot endure. . . . Your new moons and your appointed seasons My soul hateth; They are a burden unto Me. . . .

AMERICAN SYNAGOGUES : THE LESSONS OF THE NAMES

And when ye spread forth your hands [in prayer], I will hide Mine eyes from you; Yea, when ye make many prayers, I will not hear. . . . Wash you, make you clean, Put away the evil of your doings From before Mine eyes. . . . Seek justice, relieve the oppressed. . . .

The quotation threw the hostess into a state of dismay. She was a woman fervently dedicated to her temple. When she heard the words of Isaiah, she gasped: "According to that, we ought to have no temple at all!"

The quoter pleaded: "Do not blame me. I never told Isaiah to speak in that manner."

When the guests took their departure, the hostess refused to shake hands with the quoter or even to bid him good night. Fre- quent in her attendance at religious services, she must have heard the passage from Isaiah many times before. She must have heard similarly upsetting utterances of Amos, Hosea, Micah, and Jeremiah. But amid the formalities of public worship, the meaning had never struck home. Those words had to be spoken in an easygoing con- versation over refreshments in her living room. A widely known Bible scholar, now deceased, used to remark that some of the grandest passages of the Bible stand there because they were mis- understood. Had they been understood, they would have been ex- cluded from the sacred collection.

The anti-institutionalism of certain prophets will thus hardly account for the rarity of the prophets' names among the names of congregations. Let us venture a guess: Children do not remain in Sunday school long enough to hear about the prophets, much less to learn about the prophets. The same might apply to names from the Talmud. The chief talmudic name to greet us is that of Hillel. Eleven of our congregations honor that talmudic celebrity. The only other talmudic figure to receive any mention is Akiba, and that occurs nowhere except with Temple Akiba in Culver City, California.

A number of congregations are named after notables of modern times: Baron Maurice de Hirsch, Leo Baeck, Theodor Herzl, Haym Salomon, Judah Touro, Isaac M. Wise, and Stephen S. Wise. No fewer than four are named after Sir Moses Montefiore.*

Our list includes also such names as Temple Albert, Temple Miriam, Temple Aaron, and the Louis Feinberg Synagogue, names of local personalities honored in the annals of their respective congregations.

W e are unable to explain the total absence of the word "Jeru- salem" from our nomenclature, although "Zion," the poetic equiva- lent of "Jerusalem," appears no fewer than eighteen times.

* Baron Maurice de Hirsch, a noted philanthropist, was born in 183 I in Germany, and died in 1896 in Hungary. His vast philanthropies were devoted chiefly, although not exclusively, to the occupational rehabilitation and training of underprivileged Jews in various parts of the world.

Leo Baeck, born in 1873 in Germany, died in 1956 in London. The leading rabbi of Berlin, he became the outstanding Jewish figure in Germany at the time of the Hitler persecutions and barely escaped death in a concentration camp.

Theodor Herzl, born in 1860 in Hungary, died in Vienna in 1904. A noted journalist and author, he was the initiator of the world Zionist organization.

Haym Salomon, born in 1740 in Poland, died in Philadelphia in 1785. Salomon was a Jewish hero of the American revolution, and helped secure money to further the cause of the American colonists.

Judah Touro, born in 1775 in Newport, Rhode Island, died in 1854 in New Orleans. Touro was an enterprising merchant and a large-scale philanthropist, bestowing his largess on a broad variety of causes, non-Jewish as well as Jewish. Among his noted beneficences was a huge contribution to the fund for the rearing of Bunker Hill Monument.

Isaac Mayer Wise, born in 18 19 in Bohemia, died in 1900 in Cincinnati. He was the famed rabbi of the Plum Street Temple (Bene Yeshurun Congregation) in Cincinnati. The pioneer organizer for Reform Judaism in America, he founded the Union of Amer- ican Hebrew Congregations, the Hebrew Union College, and the Central Conference " . of American ~abbys. "

Stephen Samuel Wise, born in 1874 in Hungary, died in 1949 in New York City. Wise was the founder and the celebrated rabbi of the Free Synagogue in New York City and also the founder of the American Jewish Congress and of the rabbinic training school known as the Jewish Institute of Religion. He was an orator of unsurpassed eloquence, a noted Zionist, and a leader of the first rank in a multitude of civic and philanthropic endeavors.

Sir Moses Montefiore was born in 1784 in Italy of British parents. He died in England in 1885 at the age of more than one hundred. Montefiore was, for a large part of the nineteenth century, England's foremost Jew. His prodigious philanthropies were be- stowed regardless of creed. On more than one occasion he intervened to rescue Jewish people exposed to persecution in foreign lands.

AMERICAN SYNAGOGUES: THE LESSONS OF THE NAMES ' 3 3

Some of the names possess charm. Examples are: "Synagogue of the Hills" at Rapid City, South Dakota; "Temple on the Heights" at Cleveland Heights, Ohio; "Valley Temple" at Cincinnati; "Village Temple" in New York City. Particularly with the Hebrew names are the touches of beauty in evidence: "Tree of Life," "Gates of Prayer," "Gates of Heaven," "Covenant of Peace," "Pursuer of Peace," "Flag of Israel," "Way of Pleasanmess." The temple at Chattanooga, Tennessee, is "Temple Mizpah." "Mizpah" means "Lookout." How apt for a temple near the base of Lookout Mountain! The temple at Toronto, Canada, has the name "Holy Blossom." This name happens to be inadvertent. The name is said to have originated with a congregation of Jewish youth which went by a Hebrew appellative that means "Holy Fledglings." The Hebrew word for "fledglings" resembles the Hebrew word for "blossom." The congregation, taking its name from that of the youth congregation, mistranslated. "Holy Blossom" was the charm- ing result.

The names of most of our congregations are Hebrew. Those Hebrew names, consisting usually of words or phrases taken from the Bible, are, like many of the English names, aglow with idealism. The Hebrew names often derive from such biblical exemplars as Abraham, Jacob, David, Samuel, Moses, Solomon, and Mordecai. These names of congregations read "Sons of Abraham," "Sons of Isaac," "Love of Isaac," "Sons of Jacob," "House of Jacob," "Sons of Judah," "House of Moses," "Sons of Aaron," "Sons of Joshua," "House of Samuel," "Sons of David," and "House of Mordecai." Also invoked are the Hebrew terms for Light, Service, Learning, Prayer, Friendship, Brotherhood, Kindness, Righteous- ness, Diligence, Glory, Help, Hope, Holiness, and Peace. The Hebrew word for "peace," shalmn, occurs 144 times. According to a somewhat cynical explanation, the frequency of that word could intimate the lack of peace in the schisms with which new congregations were sometimes started; like the Latin quip about the person named "Light," in Latin "Lucus." The quip runs:

"LUCUS a non Iuc~do," " 'Light' because not giving light." Similar is the supposition that congregations were, in some word-combination or other, named Shalom, "Peace," because there was no peace. A friendlier explanation would be that the frequency of the word Shalom, in the names of congregations, is due to the word's famili- arity. It is a word often heard in Jewish conversation, particularly among the immigrant Jews by whom most of our congregations were founded.

There are English names with an idealistic turn, such as "Temple Concord" at Binghamton, New York; "Society of Concord" at Syracuse, New York; "Hebrew Friendship Congregation" at Harrisonburg, Virginia; "Brotherhood Synagogue" in New York City; "Woodbine Brotherhood Synagogue" at Woodbine, New Jersey. The "Hebrew Benevolent Congregation" in Atlanta, Georgia, bears that name because the congregation grew out of an organization devoted to charity. In Cincinnati, Ohio, "Congrega- tion New Hope" consists of people who were fugitives from Hitler.

Attention may be called to the tendency which once existed, the tendency to choose for congregations names of Messianic import, that is to say, names whose biblical context voices hope for Jewish national restoration or for a golden age to come. Examples are those names which, translated from the Hebrew, mean "Remnant of Israel," "Remnant of Judah," "Hope of Israel," "Door of Hope," "Holy Seed," and perhaps others.

Proclamations of ideals constitute, by and large, the essence of the names borne by our congregations. When the names are Hebrew, those names may have been understood by very few layfolk. Even where the name is English, the name may seldom enter into people's thoughts. The attendance at services may be sparse, listless, and unappreciative. Yet there is about a congregation something which towers. People can, in some subtle way, be affected by an outlook of which they are rarely conscious. Places of worship can announce to the world aspirations which their supporters are too busy to ponder. In their names, congregations possess vehicles for such ideals.

The Drachmans of Arizona

F L O Y D S. F I E R M A N

The evening of March 10, I 896,I was a gala occasion in El Paso. Two of the daughters of Isidor Elkan S~ lomon ,~ of Solomonville, Arizona, were about to be married at the Vendome Hotel. The Solomon family had probably come to El Paso for the weddings, instead of celebrating them nearer home, at Phoenix or Tucson, because most of their family was located in the El Paso area. Isidor's brother Adolph was in business there, while the Freudenthals, Isidor's in-laws, were situated in the environs of Las Cruces, New Mexico, only forty miles away.

The festivities had a significance beyond that of gracing the social life of El Paso, "a city of I 5,000 inhabitants and 25 saloons." They marked a double wedding, unusual in itself, and they were of particular Jewish interest. Eva Solomon was to be wed to Julius Wetzler, of Holbrook, Arizona, and Rosa A. Solomon was to exchange nuptial vows with another Arizonian, David Goldberg, of Phoenix. The first ceremony took place at eight o'clock in the evening; the second, at nine. There were two officiants, Judge Frank Hunter, to satisfy the requirements of the civil law, and Samuel H. Drachman, of Tucson, to perform the Jewish religious portion of the ritual, "in which the bride and groom pledge each other in wine."

There was no rabbi in this section of the Southwest in 1896. Neither Santa Fe, Tucson, nor Phoenix had a rabbi, and El Paso

Dr. Floyd S. Fierman, rabbi of El Paso's Temple Mr. Sinai, is a special lecturer in philosophy at Texas Western College. He acknowledges his particular indebtedness to Dr. B. Sacks, Historical Consultant of the Arizona Historical Foundation, Phoenix, Arizona, for his valuable aid and for permitting the generous use of his files on Philip and Samuel H. Drachrnan.

Cleofas Calleros, El Paso Times, October 9, 1952. Herbert Given, of El Paso, brought this reference to the writer's attention.

'See Floyd S. Fierman, Some Early Jewish Settlers on the Suuthwest Frontier (El Paso: Texas Western Press, I 960).

did not call a rabbi until 1899. Religious occasions requiring He- brew prayers fell, in a rabbi's absence, upon the shoulders of a learned layman or at least of a man familiar with the ritual. Such a person was Samuel Drachman. In addition to being the uncle of David Goldberg, one of the grooms, he obviously had some famili- arity with Jewish religious practice.

The Drachmans had migrated to the Southwest during the last half of the nineteenth century. Samuel and his brother Philip, his two brothers-in-law Hyman Goldberg and Sam Katzenstein, and Hyman7s brother Isaac, were all closely identified with the growth of the Arizona Territory. These men were not flat tortillas; they were spicy jalapeGos giving flavor to the frontier. While they never personally accumulated the wealth that was potentially attainable, their efforts as prospectors were sifted on the dry washer to the advantage of the Territory. As merchants, they allowed only the small coins to remain in their cash drawers; the paper bills were blown about to the welfare of the people. Who can measure their contributions to the economic and political development of what was then a backward stretch of land?

Philip Drachma113 and Michael and Joseph Goldwater, bearers of two family names destined to help shape the state of Arizona, traveled steerage to New York in 1852. Mike was later to become the godfather of Philip's first son, Harry Arizona Drachman. The Goldwaters went on to California, and Philip left for Philadelphia, where relatives had assured him that he would find employment as a tailor.4

3 Philip Drachman, born at Piovkow (Peuikov), near Lodz, Russian Poland, on July 4, 1833, the son of Harris and Rebecca Drachman, married Rosa Katzenstein at New York City, on April 6, 1868. Their children were Harry Arizona, Moses, Albert, Emanuel, Rebecca (Mrs. Solomon Breslauer), Phyllis (Mrs. A. P. Bell), Minnie (Mrs. Phil Robertson), Myra, Lillie, and Esther. (Correspondence of Carl Hayden with Harry A. Drachman, July I I , 1945.) Rosa K. Drachman used the date April z I , 1868, as her marriage date in a manuscript dictated to her daughter Lillie, on October 21, 1907, at Los Angeles, California (Arizona Pioneers' Historical Society, Tucson, Arizona).

4 Correspondence with Bert Fireman, Arizona Historical Foundation, November 18, 1960.

THE DRACHMANS OF ARIZONA I37

Philip was sixteen years of age when he arrived in Philadelphia, but he did not remain there very long. I t could be that the letters which this young colt received from the Goldwaters made him restless. At the age of eighteen, in 1854, he decided to go West. Six years later, on October 16, I 860, he was naturalized as a United States citizen at San Bernardino by Judge Benjamin Hayes.5 A letter to Brevet Major J. H. Carlton from San Bernardino in 1861 sug- gests that it did not take Philip very long to become acquainted with the problems of the West.

W e have heard within the last few hours from, as we believe, a reliable source that a band of some forty or fifty desperadoes are now dispersed throughout the Coast range of hills south of this place, and intending to make a sudden foray upon the merchants of San Bernardino and after securing their plunder make good their escape across the Colorado on their way to the Confederate States of the South. W e therefore hasten to make this information known to you and ask that you will in the emer- gency forthwith give us the protection of a Company of U. S. troop^.^

By 1863 Philip was in La Paz, Yuma County, as a member of a combine which called itself the "Colorado River Farming and Stock Raising Association."7 The 1864 Census of the Territory of Arizona designated him as a thirty-year-old merchant, whose real estate was valued at $ ~ , o o o and whose personal estate was valued at $4,000.~ Young Philip, who had come to the frontier with the

5 Carl Hayden, op. cit.

6 Among the signers were Mark Jacobs, F. H. Levy, B. Breslauer, P. Drachman and Co., Isadore Cohen, S. Folks, Wolf Cohn, Jacob and Harris M. Calisher, Q. S. Sparks, Jacob and Isador Cohn, Charles Denzig, and Morris Wolf. A Mr. Leonard and a Mr. Goldberg (doubtless Isaac Goldberg) delivered the message, dated August 6, 1861 (R. N. Scott et al., edd., War of the Rebellim [Washington, D. C., 1880-19011, Series I, Vol. 50, Part r , pp. 554-55).

7 The following residents of Los Angeles County, Calif., and the District of La Paz, all citizens of the United States, formed themselves into a joint stock company for the purpose of occupying a tract of land on the Colorado River on the Eastern or "New Mexico" side to be styled "Colorado River Farming and Stock Raising Association": H(yman [often spelled Heyrnan in documents]). Manassee (Mannassee), J. S. Manassee [sic], M(oses) Manassee [sic], W . W . McCoy, J. M. McCoy, G. L. McCoy, B. Roberts, Fred G. Fitch, John H. St. Matthew, I(saac) Goldberg, P. Drachman, Henry Soberkrop, H. Behrendt, M. Schiller, C(har1es) 0. Cunningham. Recorded March 23, 1863, at La Paz Mining District (Files of Dr. B. Sacks).

8 The 1864 Census of the Territory of Arizona, La Paz No. 7, P. Drachman No. z., pp. 123-24. If Philip Drachman was eighteen in 1854. according to our sources, then

typical pack on his back, had thus accumulated, from 1852 to 1863, a modest capital of $5,000.

During this period Philip Drachman and Isaac Goldberg,g pool- ing their resources and energies, initiated a parmership by acquiring a parcel of land in La Paz.I0 The indenture of December 14, 1864, makes no mention of a store located on the lot, but we can infer, from an advertisement in the Arizona Miner of October that same year,I1 that they either constructed a building or that there was already one there. In any case, Goldberg and Drachman did not limit their activities to the store in La Paz. Advertising in the Arizcma Miner, they informed their readers that, though "formerly of La Paz," they were "now located in the Juniper House, Prescott [Arizona] ."I2 Philip Drachman was hardly a retiring personality, and on August z I , I 865, he was among those who petitioned Gen- eral J. S. Mason, Commander of the Military District of Arizona, for aid against the Indians.

in 1864 he would have been twenty-eight, rather than thirty years of age, as shown by the Census of the Territory of Arizona. Wanting perhaps to become an American citizen in 1860, he advanced his age and then forgot that he had done so.

On La Paz, a boom mining town of 5,000 residents, see Will C. Barnes, Arizona Place Names, revised and enlarged by Byrd H . Granger (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, ca. 1960), p. 378.

9 "The Pioneer Society records show the date of his [Isaac Goldberg] birth as 1841, but the 1864 census gives his age as 28, which would fix the year of his birth at 1836. I think that this is about correct, because he could not have been naturalized as an American citizen in 1859 unless he was twenty-one years old at that time. . . . H e had to have been five years in the United States to become naturalized so that he came to this country not later than 1854, during which year he would be a young man of r 8." Carl Hayden, op. cit. The problem of whether Isaac Goldberg was a naturalized citizen is raised by the assistant attorney general. See Arizona Citizen (Tucson), March 14. 1879, 3 : ~ .

I0 Indenture, dated and recorded December 14, 1864, in which Fransois Quinet con- veyed to H. P. Drachman and Isaac Goldberg "all the lot or parcel of land being forty eight feet front on East Side of Lander Street [formerly Main Street, the principal street of La Paz, running North and South] . . . ." (Files of Dr. B. Sacks, Historical Consultant, the Arizona Historical Foundation, Phoenix, Arizona.)

'I Buck and Cook in an advertisement, October 12, 1864, stated that they had estab- lished a restaurant in La Paz. This was located on the corner of Lander Street, opposite the store of (Philip) Drachman and (Isaac) Goldberg. Ariwna Miner, October 26, 1864, 3:2.

Arima Miner, September 2 I , 1864, 3 :4.

THE DRACHMANS OF ARIZONA '4'

. . . . We most respectfully ask that you establish at or near this place a military command, to act in concert with the civil authorities, or under the direction of the Supt. of Indian Affairs, the Hon. Geo. W. Leihy - not only to act as a military presence to intimidate the Indians, but to enable the Superintendent to enforce the U. S. laws pertaining to Indian Affairs.13

By July, 1870, Goldberg and Drachman had commercial in- terests in Tucson, Arizona's leading town, with a population, in the 1860's~ of perhaps a thousand, mostly Mexicans. While its citizens were not of a class to inspire confidence in peaceful, law- abiding Americans, it did offer a challenge to the enterprising Goldberg and Drachman. The partners moved with the progress of Arizona. From La Paz and Prescott, they extended their enterprise to Tucson, where their store first appeared in the newspaper ad- vertisements as Goldberg and Co., selling "Dry Goods consisting of Hats and Caps of every description . . . Cloaks, Shawls, Boots, Shoes . . . A large stock of Old Rye Whiskey and the best Cali- fornia Wine and Brandy . . . A large Stock of groceries, Butter, Honey, Cheese, and Dried Fruits which we offer for sale; whole- sale and retail."I4 Goldberg and Co. was not interested in a credit business, and the firm was listed as a "Cash Store." The very next week, the firm advertised itself as "Goldberg and Drachman," also a Cash Store.15 In this case, however, Goldberg was listed as a Tucson resident and Drachman as an importer, a resident of San Francisco. It could be that a San Francisco address gave the store status.

Philip was well situated enough, between 1864 and 1868, to think of a wife. In 1868 he married Rosa Katzenstein, of New York. How he met her and where they were married are disclosed by Rosa's "Reminiscences of Grandmother Drachman."I6 Philip's

Sacks, ibid.

'4 The Weekly Aziwnian, July 16, 1870, 3 :4. Similar advertisements appeared as early as February, 1870, without a mention o f wine and liquor.

Is Ibid., July 23, 1870, 3 :4.

16 Rosa K. Drachman, a manuscript dictated to her daughter Lillie, on October z I , 1907,

I+f AMERICAN JEWISH ARCHIVES, NOVEMBER, 1964

parmer, Isaac Goldberg, did not submit himself to the nuptial canopy until two years later, when The Weekly Arizonian recorded in good humor:

MARRIED: Mr. Drachman has received a letter from California which brings the gay tidings of the sudden and unexpected marriage of I. Gold- berg, the everlasting "Lomo de Oro." A few of his friends, at the time of his departure for California some three months ago, had a sneaking idea that his "pleasure trip" would result in some tragedy. MORAL - Now all young men a warning take, and stay at home for mercy's sake.17

The partnership of Goldberg and Drachman went under a number of names, including "Goldberg and Co.," "Goldberg and Drachman," and "P. Drachrnan and Co." Goldberg had freight trains and a number of government contracts under his name, as did Philip Drachman. A letter from Arizona City, dated December 5 , 1870, reveals the various business associations that were made by the two partners:

Goldberg and Co's freight arrived here last night, 17 days from San Diego; Mr. [Philip] Drachman of that firm, and Mr. Hopkins, of the Pioneer Brewery, Tucson, go up on this day's buckboard . . . . r8

at Los Angeles, California. Arizona Pioneers' Historical Society, Tucson, Arizona. Rosa's brother, Samuel Katzenstein, married Freda, the sister of Albert Steinfeld. They had two children, Albert and Lulu (telephone conversation with Harold Stein- feld, January 8, 1962). Photographs of Sam Katzenstein leave the impression that he was a rugged individual, which indeed he must have been to hold postmasterships at Greaterville (1879-1880) and at Charleston (1885), a town more notorious than Tomb- stone. Mose Drachman (Philip and Rosa Drachman's son) records that Sam owned a store in Charleston, where Mose worked for a short time (Mose Drachman, op. cit.). Sam Katzenstein purchased a lot in Charleston in 1880 for f roo from Henry Fish- back. (Index to Real Estate Grantees, Pima County, Arizona, September 30, 1880, Book 7, p. 504.) There is also on record an indenture between Sam and Anna Downer in Cochise County. On this occasion, Sam received $500 for his land. (Index to Real Estate, Grantors, Pima County, Arizona, October 18, 1882, Book 11, p. 632.) The records that have been found to date concerning Sam Katzenstein are incomplete. T h e Historical Secretary of the Arizona Pioneers' Historical Society writes: "We have very little material on Sam Katzenstein. H e was . . . the proprietor of the old Cosmopolitan (OrndoriT) Hotel in the 1880's." (Correspondence with Yndia S. Moore, December 28, 196 I .)

' 7 The Weekly Arizonian, November 19, 1870, 3:1. "Lomo de Oro" ("hill of gold") is a Spanish play on Goldberg's Germanic name; "Lomo" ="Berg," "Oro" ="Gold."

18 Arizona Citizcn (Tucson), December 17, 1870, I : 3.

THE DRACHMANS OF ARIZONA '43

Also, in March, I 879:

Philip Drachman's freight train came in last Saturday with 15,ooo pounds of [Charles Trumbull.] Hayden's [Tempe] family flour and 7,000 pounds of barley for [Charles H.] Lord and wheeler W.] Williams.19

T o meet an Army contract to furnish hay to Camp Grant, northeast of Tucson, Goldberg and Drachman, in 1870, sent eighty men to cut hay in the San Pedro Valley. In March, 1870, their wagon train, loaded with supplies for the haying crew, was attacked by Apaches. The assault was made a little after sunrise at Canada del Oro, near the northern spur of the Catalina Mountains, while the men were at breakfast. Robert Morrow, an army paymaster, with an escort of ten soldiers, was camped about a mile away. Hearing the gunfire, Morrow and the soldiers joined forces with the teamsters, who had scattered into the brush.

Angel Ortiz, the wagon master, was killed early in the day and buried there. By about 1 1 A.M., the Apaches had finished looting the wagons and left, after first driving off twelve yoke of oxen grazing about 250 yards from the camp. The four wagons, loaded with supplies like clothing, coffee, sugar, bacon, tobacco, shovels, scythes, axes, and ten thousand pounds of barley, were emptied, but not destroyed. Sixty Apaches captured the members of the haying crew who had not been killed in the fray."^

Isaac Goldberg made no claim for this loss until June 8, 1888."' The claim was made at Tucson, and, though the original report of the encounter reads I 87 1, Goldberg used the date I 870. He esti- mated the total loss at $7,150 and also mentioned in his claim that, during this period, the company had also suffered a loss at Florence. Six horses - four kept in a corral and two that the stage driver had used on the night of the depredation - had been stolen. The horses were valued in all at $700, bringing the loss in both depreda- tions to $7,850.

' 9 Ibid., March 14, 1879, 3 :z.

l o In the Court of Claims: Isaac Goldburg [sic], Surviving Partner of Isaac Goldburg and Philip Drachman, Deceased, v. The United States and the Apache Indians (Indian Depredations No. 6846).

On cross examination before the United States assistant attorney general, Goldberg stated that he had misplaced his books while moving from place to place. Having had little hope of recovering anything from the Government, he said, he had not been careful to preserve the account books. Goldberg said on re-examination that he and his partner, Philip Drachman, had quit the business in 1875 because they had lost so much through these depredations.

The evidence, according to the assistant attorney general, was inconclusive as to the amount of merchandise taken or destroyed. "The claimant lost his books and has no inventory and relies on estimates of the value of the various items." H e went on to say:

The amount of groceries and clothing seems to be extraordinary, con- sidering the purpose for which it was intended - that of supplying a camp of men engaged in cutting hay, who could not have been expected to stay in one place for a great length of time, and who would not need large supplies of clothing or dry goods. Moreover, it is incredible that the Indians in the short time they were engaged in the attack could have taken or destroyed all the property in the wagons.

The assistant attorney general, in presenting his case, also dis- cussed the matter of citizenship. Both claimants, he said, were foreign-born. Philip Drachman had been naturalized in 1860, but no record of Goldberg's naturalization could be found in the Govern- ment files. Competent evidence, he added, might be produced be- fore the case went to trial, but if not, judgment could not be ren- dered where Goldberg's share of the claim was c o n ~ e r n e d . ~ ~

Faced with this rather devastating argument and other thrusts from the assistant attorney general, Goldberg was no doubt ad- vised - or the heirs of Philip Drachrnan, who had died in 1889 while the case was being adjudicated, were counseled - to dis- solve the Goldberg and Drachman partnership. In February, I 893, an indenture was made between Isaac Goldberg and the heirs of Philip Drachman,'3 one-half of Goldberg's claim of $7,840 (later

The law relating to claims of this kind specified that, to obtain judgment, the claimant had to be a United States citizen. At a later date this clause was repealed.

23 "Assignment. I. Goldberg to Heirs of P. Drachman, February, 1893. Whereas a partnership has heretofore existed between Isaac Goldberg and Philip Drachman, both of Pima County, Arizona Territory, under the firm name of Drachman and Gold-

THE DRACHMANS OF ARIZONA '45

reduced to $5,090) against the Government being transferred to Drachrnan's heirs.

The case dragged on; in 1903, it was dismissed by the Court of Claims, which found that the Indian defendants had not been in amity with the United States at the time of the attack.

When Isaac Goldberg testified before the assistant attorney gen- eral that he and his partner, Philip Drachman, had quit their business in 1875 as a result of the depredations, he may or may not have been correct. In 1872, the two men had declared themselves bank- rupt in Tucs0n,~4 but whether they were bankrupt as a result of the depredations is a moot point. "Wielders and dealers" like Goldberg and Drachman should not have been irreparably damaged by a loss of $7,840 -unless, of course, they were overextended. Yet this seems to be the case, for a year later they were in further difficulty and lost their store premises in Tucson. In 1872, it was the merchandise that was up for public auction. In 1873, one of their creditors, Lionel M. J a c o b ~ , ~ ~ dissatisfied with the outcome, took the matter into court.

berg, which said co-partnership is hereby dissolved and determined: . . . Isaac Gold- berg. Signed and delivered in the presence of Thos. A. Barton."

'4 "Assignee's Sale, In the District Court of the United States for the District of Cali- fornia. In the matter of Phili Drachman and Isaac Goldberg, Bankru ts. Notice is hereby given that by virtue orthe authority in me vested as assignee or the estate of Philip Drachman and Isaac Goldberg, bankrupts, I will offer for sale at public auction, on Monday March 4, 1872, at 10 o'clock, A. M., at the store formerly occupied by said bankrupts, in the Town of Tucson, A. T., the stock of merchandise belonging to the estate, consisting of dry goods, clothing, boots and shoes, hats, crockery, hard- ware, tinware, etc. Terms of sale-cash. Wm. A. Darby, Assignee By M. Gold- water, Attorney in Fact. Tucson, A. T., Feb. 22, 1872'' (Ar ima Citizen, February 24, 1872, 2:j).

'5 "Sheriff's Sale. In the District Court of the First Judicial District, County of Pima and Territory of Arizona, Lionel M. Jacobs vs. Philip Drachman, Rose Drachman, Isaac Goldberg, Amelia Goldberg, Francis M. Hod es, Joseph Goldtree, and William E. Darby as assignee in bankruptcy of the estate ofphilip Drachman and Isaac Gold- berg, bankrupts, defendants.

" 'By virtue of an order of sale . . . by which I am required to sell the premises there- in described, or such part thereof as may be necessary to satisfy the plaintiffs judg- ment, amounting to $3,015.16, with interest at the rate of two per cent per month from the zznd day of March, 1873, together with costs of suit, and accruing costs and ex ense of sale.

'On Monday the ~ 1 s t of April A. D., 1873, at 10 o'clock a.m. of said day. . . I will sell at public auction to the highest bidder for cash that certain lot and parcel of

But Philip Drachman was not economically embarrassed very long, for by 1875 he was selling land again:

Drachman, Philip, on Tuesday, sold the lot on Main Street which he recently purchased from the village authorities, to George Cooler for $450. There seems to be a ready market for well located real estate in Tucson, at advancing prices.26

In I 88 I he opened a saloon:

Phil Drachrnan has filled up his new saloon in a costly manner. The counter is inlaid with rare pictures, and the whole place has an air of tone and elegance. It is named "Postoffice Exchange." Paul Jenicke, late of the

P resides behind the bar. The place will be opened to the public this a ternoon. Location: the comer of Congress and Church Streets, near the printing office.'?

In 1886 he purchased a cigar store: "News Item: Phil Drachman has purchased the cigar store of Sampson and C O . " ~ ~ And in 1889, he had "a new and elegant ~arry-all."~9

It is difficult to evaluate whether Philip Drachman operated all these businesses at the same time, but we can infer that he was often in more than one business at a time. Whether he experienced success or failure, he always seemed able to retain his drayage business. His obituary notice attests to this:

He first engaged in the mercantile business and afterwards did an ex- tensive freighting business between Tucson and Yuma. When the railroad was built (1880) he established a herd line here, which he has maintained ever since.30

Drachman died in Tucson of pneumonia on November 9, 1889, and the news of his death was carried by both the Prescott and the

land situated on the east side of Main Street, in the Town of Tucson, and described as follows, to-wit: . . .' " (Ariuma Ci t im, April I z, 1873, I :5).

l6 Ibid., April lo, 1875.

27 A r i m Star, December 29, 1881, I : I .

la Ibid., July 28, 1886, 4.

Ibid., June 2 3, I 889, 4: I .

Weekly Ci t im (Tucson), November 16, 1889.

THE DRACHMANS OF ARIZONA I47

Tucson papers.S1 H e had represented Pima County in the House of Representatives, 4th Territorial Legislature, at Prescott, September 4, to October 7, 1867,~" -and had become a charter member of the Society of Arizona Pioneers at Tucson on January 31, 1884. Tucson's Arizona Lodge No. I of the Ancient Order of United Workmen and the B'nai B'rith could also claim him as a member. Fifty-six when he died, he was buried in the Masonic Plot of Ever- green Cemetery in Tucson. The Weekly Citizen observed:

The death of Mr. Drachman has cast a gloom over the entire community, and many were the expressions of sorrow heard this morning, in the busi- ness houses and on the streets, when the sad news was announced. . . .33

The date of Samuel H. Drachman's arrival in the United States is uncertain. If Philip was sixteen when he came to these shores in 1852, then Samuel was twelve that year. If, as one biographer states, Samuel was eighteen when he came to America, then his date of arrival should have been 1856.35 TO add further confusion to the date question, Samuel H. Drachman wrote in his diary: "Arrived in N. Y. on the 30th of the same month (November 8th, 1863) . "~~ The I 863 date may, of course, be a typographical error.

3I Weekly Prescott Courier, November I 5, I 889, t : I ; Weekly C i t i m (Tucson), Novem- ber 16, 1889.

3' Correspondence with Harry A. Drachman, March 14, 1951 .

33 Weekly Citizen, November 16, I 889.

34 Born at Petrikov, Russian Poland, on November 9 , 1837, Samuel H. Drachman was four years his brother Philip's junior. H e spent his childhood and his youth in his native country. In 1875 he married Jenny Migel at San Bernardino. There were four children: Herbert, Lucille (Mrs. Floyd C. Shank), Myrtle (Mrs. J. H. Birnham), and Solomon, an attorney who went to fight in the Spanish-American War, fell off a horse, and then returned to Tucson to die. Samuel H. Drachman himself died on December 26, 191 I , at Tucson, Arizona.

3s See Leslie E. Gregory's biographical sketch of Samuel H. Drachman, Arizona Pioneers' Historical Association, Tucson, Arizona.

36 Samuel H . Drachman's diary, copied by Armand V. Ronstadt. "We have just finished copying the Drachman diary. You know we promised the Drachmans no copy would be made unless the spelling and some parts of the grammar were corrected. I always consider corrections a mistake, but such was our promise. This has taken an extra long time in copying . . . ." (Correspondence with Eleanor B. Sloan, Historical Secretary, May z, 1951.)

On arrival, Samuel apparently remained for a short time in New York, where he had relatives. His diary relates that, after receiving word of his mother's death, he left Charleston, South Carolina, on October 12, 1866. Why and how he came to Charleston,37 the extant records do not disclose. W e can only conjecture that he may have had relatives in Charleston, South Carolina, which shel- tered an old Jewish community, or he may have been attracted by the economic opportunities which this port city afforded. A biographical sketch of Drachman states that "he served through the entire Civil War under General Beauregard and with a creditable military record. . . ."S8 Dr. B. Sacks, however, was unable to find Drachman's name among the Confederate veterans listed at the National Archives.S9

On November 8, I 863 ( I 866), he went to New York to meet his widower father, who had been living in Philadelphia with his late wife.40 A dutiful son, Drachman put his father on the boat for Hamburg. Leaving New York on May 2 I , I 867, he landed in San Francisco on June I 2, I 867. After visiting friends, "Levy, a country- man, Greenbaum, Goshlinski, Cohn, and A. Goldwater," he left San Francisco on June 2 I , 1867, "on board the Pacific." After stops at Santa Barbara and San Pedro, he reached Los Angeles on June 23, 1867, and lefi for San Bernardino by stage the following day. All this time, his diary refers to letters that he had written to his father. In the interim, his brother Philip wrote him that Isaac Gold- berg had left Tucson for San Bernardino, and by July 3rd, Samuel was already at work for Goldberg. Samuel's sister lived in San Bernardino, where he visited her frequently. His diary records that

3 7 For Charleston's Jewish history, see Barnett A. Elzas, The Jews of South Camlina (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1905).

38 Leslie E. Gregory, op. cit.

39 "I looked for Drachman's name on the microfilm index of Confederate Soldiers in the National Archives, but am sorry to report that it does not appear. Although this list is most com rehensive, the possibility exists that there were omissions. . . ." (Cor- respondence wit! Dr. B. Sacks, April 30, 1961.)

"I have been told that Sam Drachman went into the Confederate Army under the name of Sam Harris, which was his father's first name." (Correspondence with George Chambers, A ~ i m Silhouettes, Tucson, Arizona, March I, 1962.)

S. H . Drachman's diary, op. cit.

THE DRACHMANS OF ARIZONA I49

he played the piano, and there are frequent references to his card playing. On August 19, 1867, he left by stage for Tucson, arriving there on September 4, I 8 67.

Samuel was a lighthearted person. He writes that he saw some Mexican minstrels: "very funny, never saw anything like it." Also, during a noon hour, he "watched I. Goldwater and A. Barnum play cards for wine and in the evening play for boots." He ob- viously liked cards himself: "At night after the store was closed, played solo," or "Soon after breakfast showed a trick to Goldtree, won a bottle of wine . . . played with Frenchy a game of pickey for a bottle of wine, after dinner, and lost." All this time he had not seen Philip, then in Prescott. In the interim he worked for Goldberg.

Samuel Drachman had strong religious feelings, and his diary gives us clues as to how Judaism was observed on the frontier. "While ill with a headache and dizziness . . . at night felt very dreary on account of [being sick on] Rosh Ha~hona."4~ "Not better, had to say my prayer in bed."4z "The second day of Rosh Hashona somewhat better . . ."43 and: "At night, which was Kol Nidra night . . ."44; "The 2nd Sukoth, felt better . . ."45; "Yom Kipur Monday, Sept 2 ~th. ' '4~

One might conclude either that Samuel had a religious calendar with him47 or that there were enough Jews in Tucson in 1867 to have public religious services.

dlIbid., September 29, 1867.

Ibid., September 30, 1867.

43 Ibid., October I, 1867.

4 4 Ibid., October 8, 1867.

4 5 Ibid., October 14, 1867.

46 Ibid., September 25, 1871.

47 There was at least one English-language Jewish calendar available during this period: A Jcwish Calendaf for Fifty Years f ~ u m A. M. 5614 to A. M. 5664, covering the years 1854-1904. This book, published at Montreal in 1854, was the work of Jacques Judah Lyons and Abraham de Sola, ministers of the Sephardic congregations in New York and Montreal, respectively.

Drachman may also have carried a prayer book with him. "Pocket" prayer books were printed in Germany: "One of the most interesting editions of the prayer book is that printed in Fuerth, Germany, in 1842. This book is a revealing historical docu- ment since its title page names it as a prayer book for those who may be traveling to America." Herbert C. Zafren, "Printed Rarities in the Hebrew Union College

Samuel's work for Goldberg and Drachman consisted primarily of letter writing, making out statements, writing contracts, and stock control.

By 1873, he had severed his business relation~hips4~ with Isaac Goldberg and Philip Drachman, and had established his own business :

I beg to inform the public of Tucson and vicinity that I have removed to the store formerly occupied by Messrs. H. Lesinsk and Co., where I shall take pleasure to serve one and all to the best o 7 my ability. Always on hand a well selected stock of general merchandise as is needed in Arizona.

S. H. Drachma1149

Samuel followed the pattern of Goldberg and Drachrnan, which meant that he had many business interests. H e bid on government contractsso and gathered dust by buckboard around the surrounding territory; "S. H. Drachman returned early in the week from Apache Pass"sl; he went to Mesilla, New Mexico, to buy applesS2 and visited San Francisco for extensive periods of time.53

Sam was also civic-minded. When, in 1879, the Tenth Legis- lative Assembly authorized the Arizona lottery, he was the agent in Tucson. Unfortunately, the lottery, designed to provide funds to construct capitol buildings and to help support the public schools,54

Library," Studies in Bibliography and Booklore, V (1961), 139 (Library of the Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, Cincinnati, Ohio).

4' "Samuel H. Drachman, an 'old good friend of the Miner,' is about to start business in the building just vacated by Lesinsky and Co." (Arizona Citizen, September 27, 1873, 3 : ~ ) .

49 Ibid., Saturday, March I, 1873.

sa See below, "The Drachmans, Government Contracting and Licensed Indian Traders."

sr Arizona Citizen, July 18, 1874, 3:t.

S2 Ibid., September 5 , 1874, 3 :2.

53 "S. H. Drachman left from San Francisco by stage Thursday, [November ~g th] expecting to be absent about thirty days." (Ibid., November 21, 1874, 3:t.)

54 "Arizona Lottery, under the direction of Governor J. C. Fremont, [Governor from 1878 to 18821 . . . Michael Goldwater. . . Herewith a Lottery will be drawn at Pres- cott, A. T., on Wednesday, June 4, 1879." See Legislative History of Arizona, 1864- 1912, compiled by George H. Kelly, State Historian (Phoenix: Manufacturing Sta- tioners, Inc., 1926), pp. 76-8 I.

THE DRACHMANS OF ARIZONA I S r

failed, and the Eleventh Territorial Legislature repealed the law which had authorized it.

"S. H." was also a director in the Missouri Valley Life In- surance Company.55 As a merchant in Tucson, he was listed in 1874 as a businessman who grossed $50,000 for that year.s6

Bidding for mail contracts was also a source of revenue:

S. H. Drachman will superintend the running of the mail between here and Apache Pass.57 The new buckboards are in use now but they will be replaced by more commodious vehicles just as soon as business will war- rant the additional expense required. Eight buckboards arrived here on Sunday last, and five of them were sent on to Points East and Apache Pass.s8

Apparently mail contracts were lucrative, for there is evidence that he was still bidding on them in 1877.59 Sam, in fact, seems to have experienced no business reverses until 1884, when he had difficulty meeting a government contract.60 Up to that time he did very well,

55 Arizona Citizen, July 17 , 1875, 1 : 7 . (This paper was known at various times as The A r i m a Citizen and The Weekly A r i m a C i t i m . )

56 Trade for I 874 in Tucson:

E. N. Fisk and Co. Tully, Ochoa and Co. Lord and Williams J. H. Archibald L. B. Jacobs and Co. Zeckendorf and Bros. Wood Bros. S. H. Drachman Theo. Welisch D. Velasco

(Ariwna C i t i m , September 25, 1875, 4 : 2 )

5 7 Apache Pass is a deep gorge about four miles long in Cochise County, Arizona. It was reputed "one of the most dangerous locations for encounters with Indians in the whole of Arizona . . . . Apaches took advantage of the heights above. . . to watch the passage of emigrant wagon trains.. ." (Barnes, op. cit., p. 29).

S8 A r i m a Citizen, July 4 , 1874, 3 :3.

59 In 1877, Drachman entered a bid of $659 per annum for the mail contract from Tucson to Greaterville, sixty-five miles and back. This was the low bid, and it was received on January 1 5 , 1877. Later a note attached declared the route unnecessary.

60 See below, "The Drachmans, Government Contracting, [etc.] ."

improving his residence at a cost of $1,500,~' while he and his wife sold a site in Tucson to L. M. Jacobs for $~oo.oo.~'

Politics had a magnetic charm for Samuel, who was a member of Arizona's Eighth Territorial Legi~ la ture .~~ The official returns from Pima County in November, 1874, showed that Sam had received the fourth largest vote - 613 -for election to the Territorial Assembly.'j4 Earlier that year, his name had appeared on a long list of signatories to a petition addressed to the Pima County Board of Supervisors, requesting the appointment of H. B. Jones as justice of the peace for the Tucson

Besides his interest in politics, Sam reached out in other direc- tions. He was a charter member of the Masonic Order in Tucson and of the Pioneers' Society before which, in 1885, he read a paper, "Arizona Pioneers and A p a ~ h e s . " ~ ~ Nor did he forget his faith. A Purim ball which he attended in 1886, held under the auspices of the Hebrew Ladies' Benevolent Society, was described as the most brilliant and successful event ever held in the city of Tucson. Among the costumes receiving special mention was that of Jenny Drach- man, Sam's wife, who attended the ball as a "Tamale gir1."67

Both the Drachman brothers ofien concerned themselves with Government contracts and Indian trading licenses.

On June I, 1876, Samuel, designated by the name of S. H. Drachman, was awarded a license to trade with the Papago Indians on their reservation at St. Xavier, Arizona Territory. He filed a

6' Weekly A r i m a Citizen, January I , 1881, 3 :3.

6 1 Ibid., August to, 1882, 3:3.

63 Legislative History of A r i m , r86q-rgr2, p. 66.

64 A r i m a Citizen, October 10, 1874, t :4.

65 Ibid., July 18, 1874, 3 :t .

66 S. H. Drachman, "Arizona Pioneers and Apaches" (Tucson, May 4, 1885): a handwritten manuscript.

6 7 Arizona Weekly Citizen, March 13, 1886, 4:3.

THE DRACHMANS OF ARIZONA '53

$5,000 bond with J. H. Archibald and Chas. [Charles] N. Etchells as sureties. T h e license was issued for one year.68

Bidding for Government contracts could sometimes involve the bidder in controversy. O n one such occasion, Philip Drachman, Sam's brother, showed himself a man able to defend himself when his honesty was questioned. In a letter to the editor of the Weekly Arizonian, he wrote:

I find in a letter signed C. C. Bean, published in the Miner of December 25 [1869,] a series of statements regarding the letting of a contract at Fort Whipple, and observing therein a species of shadowy allusion to myself and I hope you will permit me, through your columns, to reply . . . . The I st of November I 869 being the day named as that upon which pro- posals to furnish grain to the Q. M. Department at Camp Whipple were to be opened, I handed my bid for 500 tons at 6-1/4$ per pound. Mr. Bean, for the same contract, bid as follows: loo tons at 5-3/4#, 100 tons at 6#, IOO tons at 6-1/8& loo tons at 7 # and loo tons at 7 - I / I ~ # . Now in the statement published by Mr. Bean one of his bids is misstated and one omitted. . . . So soon as it was discovered that Bean, Baker and Co. were defeated in fact, the presence of intrigue became evident.

Unlike the straightforward manner in which the successful bidder is at once made known here [in Tucson], we bidders at Whipple must assemble at 4 P.M. to learn the result. I called but was informed that I could learn nothing before the next morning. Next morning I called again and was informed that the quartermaster had left town and that my informant, the clerk, can give me no information regarding the bids. Upon returning from the quartermaster's office in company with Mr. Parker, likewise a bidder, he remarked, "There's something rotten," and sure enough some- thing was very rotten as I soon afterwards discovered. Not only had the quartermaster left town but so likewise had a special messenger, bearing the bid of Bean, Baker and Co. - ahead of mail - that it might be ap- proved before exposure could be effected. Feeling that it became necessary to act at once and determinedly, if I would defeat this abuse of justice and position, I set out for San Francisco and upon my arrival called upon the Chief Quartermaster, who informed me that strict justice would be done in the affair.

The contract has since been re-let, which fact shows how much honesty has been blended with the proceedings under consideration.

6 a Bureau of Indian Affairs, Miscellaneous Trader's Licenses, Vol. 3 .

The Miner, however, remarks that Gen. Wheaton was present at the opening of the bids, and that, consequently, no injustice could have been practised. Gen. Wheaton, I am aware, was present, and believe the fact may account for the removal of the faighful [sic] Baker.

These are the facts stated calmly and dispassionately. I am represented as feeling sore-headed, yet my statement betrays less heat of brain than does that to which it is intended as a reply. I regret that above my signature any term so rude and meaningless as "hurling stinkpots at people" should appear. I leave this style of explanation with the gentleman who sets it forth; he perhaps is worthy to employ it; I am not.

P. Drachman69

There are six contracts listed between Philip Drachman and the Government, and thirty-five contracts between Samuel H. Drach- man and the Government as suppliers for transportation purposes. They seemed to do well at the beginning. Philip was awarded his first contract on May 30, 1870, to transport supplies from Fort Yurna to Camp M c h w e l l ; Samuel secured his first in November, 1870, to deliver flour to Camp McD0well.7~ Philip, according to the records, stopped as a supplier in 1879, while Samuel continued to 1884, when he found himself in difficulty. Three contracts were involved, all of them signed on May I 5, 1884:

Contract A. T o supply 900,000 pounds of machine-cut gama hay to Fort Huachuca, A. T. [Arizona Territory], at 61.8# per I O O pounds. The sureties for the $3,000 bond were Leo Gold- schmidt and Emil Loewenstein.

Contract B. T o supply 240,000 pounds of machine-cut straw to Fort Huachuca, A. T., at 60.9# per IOO pounds. The sureties for the $1,000 bond were Frederick L. Austin and Emil Loewenstein.

Contract C. T o supply 150,ooo pounds of straw or hay to Fort Bowie, A. T., at 64.444 per IOO pounds. The sureties for the $500 bond were Frederick L. Austin and Ernil Loewen- stein.

69 Weekly Arizonian, January 8, 1870.

r0 Samuel's first contract was, however, subsequently disapproved.

THE DRACHMANS OF ARIZONA ' 5 5

Samuel found himself in trouble with deliveries at Fort Huachuca, but only to a trifling degree at Fort Bowie. H e explained his diffi- culties on August 3oth, in two letters to the quartermaster at Fort Huachuca :

In response to your telegram, I address you regarding the contract ex- isting between the government and myself for the delivery of hay and straw at Fort Huachuca. This season is one of unexampled drought and there has been a total failure in the growth of gamma [sic] grass. The truth of the statement is borne out by my personal observations in Pima and Cochise Counties, for I have made it my business to make a thorough search through said counties with a view of ascertaining whether by any possibilities I should be able to find grass in quantities sufficient to cut under my contracts. Not only have I examined for myself, but have made persistent inquiries from cattlemen and dealers in hay with the same result . . . . . . . . There now remains but one question, when the government upon this showing and under these circumstances will not feel itself justified, in itself cancelling the contract, rather than take advantage of my mis- fortune by declaring a forfeiture on my part and involving myself and sureties in default.

I most certainly feel that the presidence [sic] heretofore established in the class of cases justify the action, which I suggest on the part of the govern- ment.

On July 13, 1885, the Chief Quartermaster of the Military Department of Arizona, Major A. J. McGonnigle, reported to the Quartermaster General of the U. S. Army Samuel Drachman's failure at Fort Huachuca as well as the minor defection at Fort Bowie. Drachman could supply hay for Fort Huachuca to the amount only of $103.98, which meant that the Quartermaster's Department would have to buy hay and straw in the open market to satisfy the fort's requirements. The average cost to the Govern- ment of hay so purchased was $ I .44 per IOO pounds, instead of the contract price of 61.8j and 60.9#, for hay and straw, respectively. Had Drachman been able to supply the required hay and straw to Fort Huachuca, the cost would have been $8,529.39, but now the cost would come instead to $19,980.77 - a loss to the Government of $11,347.44, allowing for the $103.98 hay load delivered by

Drachman. The situation at Fort Bowie was less serious. Drachman was unable to deliver the I 50,000 pounds of hay contracted for, and Government purchases were made in the open market for $975, as compared to the contract price of $966.60. The loss amounted, therefore, to only $8.40.

The Government decided to sue Drachman and his sureties. On October 9, 1885, Leo Goldschmidt had asked for himself

and Emil Loewenstein release from their bond "in penalty of $3,000" on the ground of the prevailing drought in Southern Arizona and the absence of a provision in the contract (Contract A.) to supply any other kind of hay. On the following day, Frederick L. Austin, on behalf of himself and Emil Loewenstein, had made a similar request for release from their obligation under bond of $r,ooo (Contract B.). Both requests were refused, but a compromise was reached in 1887, when Goldschmidt and Loewenstein were re- quired to pay only the court costs of $186.95.

The other two cases dragged on until 1890, when, after much correspondence, the remaining two suits were settled for $too. Thus the Government lost $ I I , 3 55.84, plus the total costs of litigation, minus $386.95 paid in settlement. Austin, in addition to five years of anxiety, suffered because for a time the Government withheld payments due him in connection with contracts of his own. 7I

Following this experience, Samuel Drachman appears to have

Samuel H. Drachman, Consolidated Quartermaster's Contract File (R. G. No. 92, National Archives).

The matter of sureties was, in eneral, often troublesome. The same men provided bonds for many contracts, and o fen for one another. I t is fortunate that they were not often called upon to pay a penalty on these bonds, for if they had been - even assuming that they could pay (as they seldom could) -the losses of these sureties could have been rohibitive.

An example o f t h e inadequate finances of sureties is illustrated by a bond, dated at Las Cruces, New Mexico, December 18, 1869, to guarantee a contract of Henry Lesinsky, dated a t Fort Bayard, New Mexico, the same day. The sureties were W. L. Rynerson and J. F. Bennett, of Las Cruces, and A. Staab, of Santa Fe. The amount of the bond was $~o,ooo. All four men signed the bond, Henry Lesinsky as principal. Although it is stated in the body of the bond that J. F. Bennett is "of Las Guces," as mentioned above, when he appeared before a notary public, Edwin J. Orr, of Las Cruces, on the same day, he was referred to as "of La Mesilla, N. M." Henry Lesinsky, "of Las Cruces," swore that he was worth $3,000 over and above debts and liabilities, and Bennett $2,000.

THE DRACHMANS OF ARIZONA '59

terminated his career as a contractor, for n o record of any agree- ment of his is found after May I 5 , I 884.

T o survive on the frontier, the pioneer had to inure himself to the conditions that he found and to seize upon the opportunities that he discovered. The Jewish pioneer had the impulse not merely to survive, but also to survive as a Jew. And he wanted his children to do so as well. Judaism, however, is not only an inheritance; it is also a maintenance. The solidarity of the Jewish family is de- pendent upon the soil of religious observance, and the Drachman brothers failed at the task of educating their children to keep the Jewish "tree of life" alive.

The soil of Arizona was unlike the soil of their native Peuikov. The Southwest's lack of formal Jewish institutions or even one rabbi before I 899 presented insurmountable obstacles. Many of the newcomer Jewish families could perpetuate their faith at first through the arroyo of marrying into the families of other Jewish settlers, but for those born and bred on the frontier, the waters of faith obtained from the arroyo proved unreliable. Their Jewish identity dried up and became lost in the sands of the desert.

What happened when one of the family married out of his faith is incisively recorded by Moses Drachman. In traditional Judaism, intermarriage is construed as the first step toward apostasy. If a Jew takes nuptial vows with somebody outside of the faith, a breach is opened. And so, as Moses wrote:

M y marriage [to Ethel Edmunds, a non-Jew] did not please the rest of my family. W e were Jews -not very strict Jews, but they thought that I should have married a Jewish girl. Strange as it may seem, not one of them married a Jew and only one of my sisters married a Jewish man . . . . So I decided to locate in Phoenix until the clouds rolled away.

The fears of Philip and Samuel Drachman were well founded. All their descendants were to abjure Judaism.

A pioneer has the advantage of being in a new settlement before others are there in large numbers. The Drachrnans were in many

places before competitors could establish themselves. There were many economic opportunities, but presumably the reins slipped out of their hands and the gold nuggets fell through their fingers. They were persistent in their search, tireless in their efforts, and astute in finding opportunities, but Samuel and Philip Drachman never attained the state which they sought. W e are fortunate, however, that the newspapers of the day, the urge which impelled the Drach- mans to write of their past, and the records of the National Archives could be pieced together to give us a glimpse into this family that played so prominent a part in the history of Arizona.

A CRY FOR HELP

It was no pleasure to be a prisoner of war during the Civil War , and the Union's prisoner of war camp at Fort Delaware, Delaware, must have been a grim place of incarceration. Confederate Jewish soldiers held there, however, could and did appeal for help to their Northern coreligionists.

The following letter is the second or third we have received from the same persons, who are now in Fort Delaware, and were there about a year and a half. Please read the letter and give them such assistance as is in your power. These young men are innocent.

Fort Delaware, Sept. 27, I 864. Rev. Dr. I. M. Wise - Dear Sir. - Refering to our letter from last

year, in which we took the liberty in stating to you our case, we again write you today. We were not fortunate enough in procuring our release, and not seeing any prospects of any change for the benefit of our situation, we appeal through you to your congregation to assist us in our behalf. We are in need of some pecuniary aid or food, especially coffee. Anything you send will be thankfully received. We are not permitted to write but ten lines. Hoping to hear from you, we are

Very respectfully yours,

LOUIS MEYERSBERG MAX NEUGAS A. WATERMAN

Prisoners of War In care of Captain G. W. Ahl.

[The Israelite (Cincinnati), Oct. 14, I 8641

Reviews of Books

BINGHAM, JUNE. Courage to Change. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1961. 414 pp. 87-50

Courage to Change is exactly what its author, June Rossbach (Mrs. Jonathan) Bingham, calls it: "An Introduction to the Life and Thought of Reinhold Niebuhr." Mrs. Bingham alternates the chapters in contrapuntal fashion so that they deal seriatim with biographical facts and theological exposi- tion. The biographical parts are perhaps superior to the theological ex- planations, but both will help persons who are confused by Niebuhr's legion interests in his hyperactive seven decades and are bewildered by his multifaceted thought in a half dozen disciplines.

The title, Courage to Change, was suggested by the prayer written one Sunday morning in 1934 just before Niebuhr entered the pulpit of the little church near his summer home in Heath, Massachusetts:

0 God, give us Serenity to accept what cannot be changed, Courage to change what should be changed, And wisdom to distinguish the one from the other.

A "Courage to Change" is characteristic of Niebuhr's life and thought, for he does not hesitate to shift his position when facts impel him to do so. That is surely one of the reasons why Niebuhr's thought cannot fail to interest Roman Catholics and Jews, as well as Protestants.

T o Protestants, Niebuhr is, along with Karl Barth and Paul Tillich, the most powerful figure in the Reformation tradition since John Calvin and Martin Luther. Primarily he focuses attention on the centrality of Christ, reaffirms the validity of biblical theology, rediscovers the reality of sin, emphasizes anew the necessity for grace and forgiveness, and undergirds his entire system with a classical emphasis on the omnipotence of God. At the same time, he corrects the illusions of the Social Gospel that man is perfectible and that the Kingdom of God may be achieved here on earth. He is critical of the efficacy of organized religion in the social crisis, yet gives impetus to the church and to churchmen by illurnin- ing afresh the prophetic insights of both the Old and the New Testaments.

Roman Catholics, whether friendly or hostile, recognize in him the most trenchant critic of Thomism in our day. He exposes the pretensions of the Catholic concept of The Church which lifts "a historic institution into a transhistoric reality, making the claim of speaking for God, or being a privy to the divine will, and of dispensing divine grace." He has

161

great regard for Catholic thinkers like Jacques Maritain, John Courtney Murray, and Gustave Weigel. They, in turn, accord him profound re- spect and hold him and his critical thought in high esteem, knowing that the wounds of a friend are faithful.

Observant, professing Jews have found Niebuhr to be unique among Christians, for he has made it clear on several occasions - notably in Pims and Secular America (1957) - that Christianity errs in trying to convert Jews because it is virtually impossible to do so and fails to do justice to distinctive ethnic and religious factors in Jewry and Judaism. He echoes his friend Martin Buber by saying: "To the Christian, the Jew is the stubborn fellow who is still waiting for the Messiah; to the Jew, the Christian is the heedless fellow who in an unredeemed world declared that redemption has somehow or other taken place."

Leading rabbis and laymen in Judaism agree with Abraham Joshua Heschel: "Niebuhr's spirituality combines heaven and earth, as it were. His way is an example of one who does justly, loves mercy and walks humbly with his God, an example of the unity of worship and living. He reminds us that evil will be conquered by the One, while he stirs us to help conquer evils one by one."

Jewish leaders are equally aware - some with gratitude and some with regret! -that Niebuhr profoundly influenced Will Herberg and encouraged Herberg to embrace Judaism rather than Christianity after recanting Marxism.

There is, however, another aspect of Niebuhr's relation to the Jewish community which has not been fully recognized. I refer to his deep in- terest in Zionism. He gave leadership to the American Christian Palestine Committee, and has shown a profound understanding of the national aspirations of the Jewish people while at the same time remaining acutely aware of the universal, nonnationalistic implications of Judaism as a faith.

T o secular-minded Jews, Niebuhr is an apostle of religion. Witness the tremendous influence which he has on Felix Frankfurter, James Loeb, and James Wechsler, and on a host of men and women in an organization like the Americans for Democratic Action (which he helped found in 1946). A thoughtful but nonpracticing Jew, now the United States am- bassador in a South American country, says in all seriousness, "Reinie is my rabbi." Saratoga Springs, New York CARL HERMANN VOSS

Dr. Voss, a former Chairman of the Executive Council of the American Christian Palestine Committee, recently edited The Universal God, an interfaith anthology.

REVIEWS O F BOOKS 163

KRANZLER, GEORGE. Williamsburg: A Jewish Community in Transition. New York: Philipp Feldheim, Inc. 1961. 3 10 pp. $6.95

George Kranzler has brought to his study of the Jewish community of Williamsburg an unusual combination of academic background and per- sonal experience. A professional sociologist and educator, he is a leading figure in the Jewish Day School movement. Dr. Kranzler tells us that the data on which his study is based were gathered "in fifteen years of in- tensive and systematic participative observation" of the community itself. The result is an incisive and provocative analysis that poses a challenge to all concerned with the future of American Judaism.

The phenomenon warranting this study is the flourishing Hasidic life of a segment of Brooklyn that seems to defy the usual social and economic trends in urban - and Jewish - life. Dr. Kranzler's hypothesis is that "the basic changes that took place in the major phases of the community life of Jewish Williamsburg were primarily due to changes in the religio- cultural values of its population." According to studies which assumed that the fate of the neighborhood would be determined by the broad eco- nomic and ecological trends evident in New York urban and suburban life, Williamsburg was, in the mid-193o's, doomed to deteriorate into a blighted and, eventually, a slum area. In the late I ~ ~ o ' s , however, a colony of more than I ,500 Hungarian Hasidim moved into the neighborhood and '

established a religio-cultural life that converted the "natives" from norma- tive Orthodoxy to dedicated Hasidism, reversed the socio-economic de- cline of the community, and created a flourishing center of Jewish reli- gious life.

Dr. Kranzler demonstrates his thesis by comparing three phases of Williamsburg's development. Prior to 1938 (Phase I), the Polish and Galician Jews who had remained in Williamsburg after the Depression were officially Orthodox. The rabbi, however, had a very low social status, and the successful businessmen directed community life. Phase I1 (1939-1948) saw the "war prosperity," a diamond trade introduced by Belgian refugees, and the influx of Hasidim led by their world-famous rebbes. Despite the recession at the beginning of Phase I11 (1948-1954)~ the new valuational pattern resulted in an improvement of real estate values and economic life as well as in changes in the social status scale, the family, the synagogue, and educational institutions. The rebbes became the communal leaders. The older kosher butcher stores were forced out of business, as the Hasidim insisted on glatt kosher (strictly kosher), and even

the older residents were willing to "spend more and have a clear con- science." The manufacture of tallesim (prayer shawls) and tejillin (phylac- teries) and Hebrew book publishing became significant. The amounts of money donated for religious and educational institutions represented real sacrifice motivated by religious commitment. The community provided not only its own business and professional men, but also an adequate number of skilled and semiskilled workers. Above all, Dr. Kranzler por- trays an intense communal spirit and a feeling of pride in a remarkable achievement: preserving what the residents considered the authentic Jewish way of life in the heart of Brooklyn.

The description and analysis of social change are fascinating, even though Dr. Kranzler's basic thesis - that the change in values prima~ily caused the change in the major phases of community life - may still be open to question. Certainly, the values of the Hasidim had great impact. This impact, however, was dependent on a variety of material conditions. A social theorist might ask: What conditions gave rise to the values of the emigrants, and what social forces brought them to Brooklyn? What kind of socio-economic conditions "allowed" Hasidism to take root and flourish in Williamsburg? It would not have happened in Scarsdale! Per- haps it is not so startling that a well-organized and dedicated minority whose way of life raised their spirit above the drabness of urban monot- ony could attract members of a larger community who already, because of their life conditions, accepted in theory the values that were being lived by the newcomers. It could even be that the very social decline which was predicted for the neighborhood could have contributed to the atmos- phere that helped the Hasidic way of life to flourish. One might wonder about the prerequisites for such a total Jewish life: What portion of the neighborhood should be Jewish? How much social, economic, and intel- lectual contact with non-Jews could be tolerated? Dr. Kranzler does, of course, recognize other causative factors. Still, it would seem that the Williarnsburg phenomenon raises more questions in the field of social theory than it answers.

Less academic is the normative question of the value of such a "total Jewish life" (not necessarily Hasidic) as a pattern for American Jews. Dr. Kranzler hints at his own view when he writes of the older residents "who did not appreciate" the new Jewish atmosphere, and he sees in the "intense educational efforts" of the yeshivot and all-day schools "the hope of the Orthodox Jewish community to perpetuate such total environments."

One gathers that the in-group feeling of the community must be warm and security-producing. Of particular interest would have been an analy- sis of attitudes towards, and images of, the various out-groups: Reform

REVIEWS OF BOOKS 165

and Conservative Jews; Christians; Negroes, etc. It is conceivable that false stereotypes and hostility might be almost "needed" to preserve such a close-knit community. One also wonders to what degree the Williams- burg residents are concerned with the great humanitarian issues that face the larger society. Finally, this reader would have welcomed a deeper discussion of the reasons given for the preservation of Hasidic life. T o what extent is this life dependent on the conviction that the Halachah is the word of God? Many Jews today envy the Hasidim their commit- ment, but place a higher value on the critical thinking that may destroy the basis of that commitment.

Such thoughts lead us to the crucial question of the relation between higher learning and group loyalty. Is it possible that a way of life which so exalts religious study is dependent for its survival on a high degree of isolation from the major intellectual currents of our time? Specifically, what portion of the children of Williamsburg receive a college education which includes exposure to science or the liberal arts? Of these, what portion return to Williamsburg's way of life? Dr. Kranzler's discussion of such questions seems most impressionistic. He admits that "an im- portant result of the influence of the new (Chassidic) yeshivot is the nega- tive attitude towards college and secular education in general." He adds that a large proportion of the students of the older Orthodox Mesifta Torah Vodaath do attend evening college and that it is "not unusual" for them to "become instructors in the various New York colleges and universities." Unfortunately, this kind of reporting is no substitute for more precise data regarding the relation between higher learning and loyalty to Williamsburg's way of life.

Still, it is easier to question particular values of the Williamsburg com- munity than to face the challenge that it poses to suburban Judaism: Can our faith do something more than reinforce particular aspects of suburban culture (e. g., togetherness, higher education, child-centered living)? Can a prosperous Judaism remain spiritually somewhat apart from the world and ask the critical questions? W e leave Williamsburg - wondering how our kind of Judaism, whatever it might be, can give us a perspective that is not quite of this world.

The questions that Dr. Kranzler has provoked are a tribute to the importance of his work. Williamsburg: A Jewish Community in Transition, is a major contribution to the field of American Jewish sociology. Champaign, Ill. HENRY COHEN

Rabbi Henry Cohen is the spiritual leader of Sinai Temple, in Champaign, Ill. His last contribution to the American Jewish Archives appeared in the November, 1962, issue.

LURIE, HARRY L. A Heritage Afirmed: The Jewish Federation Movement in America. Philadelphia, Pa. : The Jewish Publication Society of America. 1961. xi, 481 pp. $6.00

In 1895 the first formally established Jewish federation in the United States, the Federated Jewish Charities of Boston, raised f I 1,909. By 1960 more than 250 communities had federations; in that year they collectively raised $I 28,000,000.

In 1895 and the next several years the fledgling federations were the fund raising agents for the charitable societies which had been established essentially by the German Jewish groups for the relief of East European immigrants, arriving in ever-increasing numbers on the shores of America. By 1960 the federations (used as a generic term for the central community fund raising and planning agencies) encompassed a network of hospitals, homes for the aged, family counseling, child care and guidance agencies, community centers, educational bureaus and institutions, and community relations agencies, as well as the support of national agencies and of the massive overseas rescue and rehabilitation programs. Paralleling the dra- matic rise of the Jewish Community in America since the turn of the century and especially in the postwar years, the federation movement represents an exciting and significant aspect of the history of American Jewry.

Harry L. Lurie has been very much a part of this history as social worker, teacher, researcher, and executive head of the national associa- tion of federations, the Council of Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds. In A Heritage Afirmed, he plots the growth of federations and their de- velopment as perhaps the most potent expression of voluntary community organization involving all major segments of the Jewish community.

The book is organized in three sections. The first treats the emergence of federations from roots in Jewish tradition and their accommodation to their American environment. The second part brings the history of federa- tions through the post World War I1 years to the present. It was in this period that federations reached their high plateaus in fund raising as well as in community planning and coordination. But the very strength of federations and their involvement in all aspects of Jewish communal services created new problems with respect to their relationship to the other social forces in the Jewish and the general community. The third part of A Heritage Ajirmed deals extensively with these problems. The author analyzes the structure and scope of federations and the function of

REVIEWS OF BOOKS '67

agencies which look to federations for support. But special attention is given to problems of the future in the face of rapidly changing conditions on the national scene as well as within the social structure of the Jewish group itself. Related to this is the impact of the locally oriented federa- tions on the programs and objectives of major national Jewish organiza- tions. Recurrent through the latter part of the book is the theme of national- local relationships. This finds its expression, on the one hand, in the effec- tive cooperation toward astounding philanthropic achievements (i. e., the partnership of the United Jewish Appeal's agencies and the local federa- tions in helping to bring more than one million immigrants to Israel). On the other hand, national-local relations focus on the conflict around over- lapping of national services, or lack of coordination in planning and fund raising, or attempts to create a central national organization for American Jewry along quasi political lines.

Avoiding personal references to his own significant contribution to the federation movement in both its local and national aspects, Harry L. Lurie treats these developments with reportorial objectivity. Throughout the book there is a refreshing absence of polemics, of subjective inter- pretation, and of prophecy of gloom or glory. In tones of understatement so characteristic of all his writings, he assesses the role of federations and their future: ". . .federations have had an eventful and on the whole satisfactory history. They have grown more rather than less important with the years."

It is this measured approach that contributes to making A Heritage Ajirmcd a most valuable and interesting documentation of American Jewry's affirmation of its heritage of social and communal responsibility through voluntary association in the cooperative enterprise of the federa- tion movement. Boston, Mass. BENJAMIN B. ROSENBERG

Dr. Rosenberg is the Executive Director of the Combined Jewish Philanthropies of Greater Boston.

Brief Notices

ALLEN, FREDERICK LEWIS. Since Yesterday. New York: Bantam Books. 1961. xii, 292 pp. 60#

Subtitled "The Nineteen-Thirties in America, September 3, 1929- September 3, 1939,'' this sequel to the author's celebrated Only Yesterday first appeared in 1940. It has been republished as a "Bantam Classic."

ARONOW, SARA SNYDER. Havah Nagilah: Classroom Games in Rhyme. New York: Jewish Education Committee Press. 1963. 82 pp. $ I .so

Pleasantly illustrated by Cecilia G. Waletzky, Havah Nagilah offers fifteen games and rhymes designed to develop oral and reading skills in the teaching of the Hebrew language.

CAMBON, GLAUCO. Recent American Poetry. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 1962. 48 pp. 65#

As Professor Glauco Cambon, of Rutgers University, confesses, "the available harvest" of post-World War I1 American poetry "is so rich that one cannot avoid grievous omissions." Among the poets to escape omission in this essay - Number 16 in the "University of Minnesota Pamphlets on American Writers" series - are Stanley Kunitz, Howard Nemerov, Anthony Hecht, and Jack Hirschman. k selected bibliography supplements the essay.

CRONBACH, ABRAHAM. RefOrm Movements in Judaism. New York: Book- man Associates, Inc. 1963. 138 pp. $3.00

"The only unchanging constant is change itself," writes Jacob Rader Marcus in a preface to Dr. Abraham Cronbach's most recent work. Dr. Cronbach himself tells us that he has designed his book "for people whose lives are actuated by wishes other than that of conformity with the past." He focusses on five past reformations -the Deuteronomic, Pentateuchal, Pharisaic, Karaite, and Hasidic - and includes also a chapter on contemporary Reform Judaism and one on "The Next Reformation," a Judaism whose "dominant emphasis" would rest "not on rituals and not on doctrines but on felicitous human relationships." The book includes an index.

BRIEF NOTICES 1 ~ 9

FREEMAN, GRACE R., and JOAN G. SUGARMAN. Inside the Synagope. New York : Union of American Hebrew Congregations. 1963. Unpaginated.

In an editorial introduction, Rabbi Eugene B. Borowitz rightly calls Inside the Synagogue a "beautiful and informed volume." It is designed "to help the young child appreciate what the synagogue is and has been, what it means and what it evokes." Its text elaborated photographically by Justin E. Kerr and others, with illustrations by Judith Oren, the book should achieve its purpose.

GAMORAN, MAMIE G. Samson Benderly. New York: Jewish Education Committee Press. 1963. 44 pp. $I .oo

The life and career of the man whose work with the New York Kehillah's Bureau of Jewish Education a half-century ago sparked a revolution in American Jewish education are reviewed in this Hebrew book, part of the "Lador Junior Hebrew Library Series." Mrs. Mamie G. Garnoran's English text has been translated and adapted by Elhanan Indelman and illustrated by Siegmund Forst.

GELBART, GERSHON I. Jewish Education in America. New York: Jewish Education Committee Press. 1963. x, 1 32 pp. $3.00

Subtitled "A Manual for Parents and School Board Members," the late Dr. Gershon I. Gelbart's work is "an explanatory and interpretive statement on American Jewish Education." It includes a foreword by Judah Pilch and a biographical sketch of Dr. Gelbart by Sylvan H. Kohn.

GLENN, JACOB B. The Bible and Modern Medicine. New York: Bloch Publishing Company. 1963. 2 2 2 pp. $5.00

Swiss- and Austrian-trained Dr. Jacob B. Glenn, of Brooklyn, offers "an interpretation of the basic principles of the Bible in the light of present day medical thought" and calls for "a return to the God-given precepts of the Torah in the fields of health, hygiene and preventive medicine." His book includes an index and a bibliography, as well as an introduction by Dr. Isaac Rosengarten, late editor of The Jewish Forum.

GOLDEN, HARRY. Forgotten Pioneer. Cleveland : World Publishing Company. 1963. 157 pp. $4.00

The "forgotten pioneer" is "the old-time pack peddler," who "walked the countryside from the earliest beginnings of our country until the mid-1~20s; and walking, . . .made some of the history of

America." Those familiar with Harry Golden's previous books will expect no scholarly tract; they will expect - and in Forgotten Pioneer will find - a colorfully written, popular account. Three peddlers are presented in this book, two of them typical, but imaginary (one is a "Connecticut Yankee," the other a Russian Jewish immigrant in the South), and the third quite genuine: Levi Strauss of denim jeans fame. Forgotten Pioneer also features a bibliography, and attractive illustrations by Leonard Vosburgh.

HECHT, BEN. Gaily, Gaily. Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday & Company, Inc. 1963. 227 pp. $3.95

"When you come to a certain age," Ben Hecht ruminates, "the sun begins to travel backward. It lights the past." Here the author, who came to Chicago in 1910 at the age of sixteen and a half and worked as a reporter for the Chicago Journal, writes of "the five merry years that followed." He himself is the hero of this book.

HERTZ, RICHARD C. What Cmnts Most in Life? New York: Bloch Pub- lishing Company. 1963. x, 72 pp. $2.25

Rabbi of Detroit's Temple Beth El, Dr. Richard C. Hertz offers in this little book "one continuous sermon delivered at the High Holy Days of 5723 (1962)."

HOFFMAN, FREDERICK J. Gertrude Stein. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 1961. 48 pp. 65C

In his study of Gertrude Stein - Number 10 in the "University of Minnesota Pamphlets on American Writers" series - Professor Frederick J. Hoffman, of the University of California at Riverside, says of her that she had "the undoubted strength of the creative person who is able to call upon her powers of imagination to prove what literature might be." Her work, he suggests, "often stands by and for itself. . . . It is tendentious in the most useful and illuminating sense that word might have." A useful bibliography is included.

KAHN, ROBERT I. Lessons for Life. Garden City, N . Y.: Doubleday & Company, Inc. 1963. 2~ pp. $3.95

Rabbi of Houston's Congregation Emanu El, Iowa-born Dr. Robert I. Kahn avows his belief that, "even in a world in which technology is racing into the future with supersonic speed, morality should still be expressed in Biblical formulations. . . . we have yet to catch up with the Bible's ideals." Lessons for Life is based, to a large extent, on Dr.

BRIEF NOTICES I?r

Kahn's sermonettes broadcast by Station KPRC in Houston and on his weekly column for the Houston Chronicle.

KANIUK, YORAM. Mim-metulah li-neyu-york ["From Metulla to New York"]. New York: Jewish Education Committee Press. 1963. 43 pp. $1 .oo

The author has written an appealing fable about an Israeli Ulysses - Dani, a bar mitsvah who finds his way from Israel to Lebanon to New York and back again to Israel. Yorarn Kaniuk himself has illustrated the book very handsomely. Dani's story is part of the "Lador Junior Hebrew Library Series."

KATz, ROBERT L. Empathy: Its Nature and Uses. New York: Free Press of Glencoe. 1963. xii, 210 pp. $4.95

Dr. Robert L. Katz's "goal in this book is to select, focus, and interpret insights from such apparently divergent fields as aesthetics, biology, sociology, and psychoanalysis. . . . M y exposition of the role of empathy is occasionally punctuated with judgmental asides, which represent my own suggestions, as a nonspecialist, concerning the more creative use of empathy." Dr. Katz, Professor of Human Relations at the Hebrew Union College -Jewish Institute of Religion in Cincinnati, has also included references, a bibliography, and an index.

KERTZER, MORRIS N. The Art of Being a Jew. Cleveland: World Publishing Company. 1962. 247 pp. $3.95

Dr. Morris N. Kertzer, rabbi of Larchrnont Temple in New York, sees "the art of being a Jew" as "the ability to perceive in this universe an inherent force that makes for righteousness, an acute awareness that within the very fabric of our being is a moral force which breathes truth and goodness and beauty into man's experience."

LISTER, LOUIS, Compiled and Edited by. The Religious School Assembly Handbook. New York: Union of American Hebrew Congregations. 1963. V, 258 pp. $3.50

Louis Lister, a member of the staff at Temple Sinai in Washington, D. C., has prepared this work to indicate the values and possibilities of religious school assembly programs.

LONGWELL, MARJORIE R. America and Women. Philadelphia: Dorrance & Company. 1962. ix, 205 pp. $3.00

Mrs. Marjorie R. Longwell, of Malibu, California, sets out "to give

the sweep of American History as seen through the eyes of seven women who helped create for us our today." Emma Lazarus, author of the poem engraved at the base of the Statue of Liberty, is one of the seven. Subtitled "Fictionized Biography," the book ranges from a seventeenth-century Marylander to a twentieth-century Negro bank president.

MANNIX, DANIEL P., with MALCOLM COWLEY. Black Cargoes: A History of the Atlantic Slave Trade, zjjz8-z865. New York: Viking Press. 1962. ... xiii, 306 pp. $6.95

Illustrated, indexed, and supplied with a useful bibliography, this book tells the story of "the victims of a forced migration that was more callous, more colorful, and immensely larger, in the end, than any such movement of modem or ancient times." Aaron Lopez, "a great merchant renowned for his benevolence," is duly listed among the Rhode Islanders involved in the trade on the eve of the Revolutionary War.

MARTIN, BERNARD. The Existentialist Theology of Paul Tillich. New York : Bookman Associates. 1963. 2 2 I pp. $5.00

One of contemporary Protestantism's leading theologians, Paul Tillich has also developed anthropological concepts of theological and philosophical distinction. Dr. Bernard Martin, rabbi of St. Paul's Mount Zion Hebrew Congregation, undertakes in this volume to "approach his anthropology primarily from a philosophical point of view and . . . to evaluate its general validity and significance from that perspective." This unusual and valuable study of a Protestant thinker by a Jewish scholar is carefully documented, and includes a bibliography and an index.

MAZAR, BENJAMIN, MOSHE DAVIS, et al., Edited by. The Illustrated History of the Jews. Jerusalem and New York: The Israeli Publishing Institute and Harper & Row. 1963. 414 pp. $30.00

Some two dozen Israeli and American scholars have produced this panoramic volume on Jewish history. Magnificently illustrated - zoo of its 500 illustrations have been reproduced in color - the book in- cludes a sixteen-page chapter on American Jewry by Rabbi Jack Cohen. The editors have also provided an index.

Index

AARONSOHN, MICHAEL, 89 ABLESON, MYER, 3 I Abolitionism, abolitionists, 16 Acculturation, zo Actors and actresses, 6, 37-40, 126 Actors Temple, New York City, 125-

26 Adas Israel Congregation, Washington,

D. C., 87 Adassa Lodge No. 208, B'nai B'rith,

Monroe, La., 88 Addresses, 96, 98; see also Lecturers,

Sermons, Speeches ADLER, CYRUS, "Jacob Henry Schiff,

1847-1920" (ms.), 95 ADLER, HERMANN, 7 Admirals,: 8 3 Adventurn in Synagogue Administration, 95 Advertisements, advertising, 101-3, I 38,

141, 150 Aesthetics; see Esthetics Aged, homes for; see Homes for the aged Aged, the, I 25 Agnostics, 75 Agriculture, 34, 85; see also Farmers AGUILAR, GRACE, 6 AIMEE (actress), 6 Air Force; see United States Akiba; see Temple Akiba Alabama, 80; Department of Archives and

History, 99; see also Mobile, Montgo- mery

Alaska, 32, 86 Albany, N. Y., 9 I ; Penitentiary, 4 Albany, Ore., 86, 98 Albuquerque, N. Mex., 92 ALDEN, JOHN RICHARD, The American Re-

volutiun: 17754783, 82 Aliens ; see Foreigners Allday schools, 165 ALLEN, EBENEZER, 43 ALLEN, FREDERICK LEWIS, Since Yesterday,

I 68 ; o n l y Yesterday, I 68 Allies (Second World War), 56 Almanacs, IOI

ALPERN, MRS. BERNARD, 93

ALTMAN, HAROLD N. (HAL), I o I Amalgamated Clothing Workers Associa-

tion, 35 Ambassadors, 91, 162 America, American life, American people,

Americans, I, 3-4, 9-10, 12-13? 16, 19-37 277 31-32, 37,40.46-471 569 58. 60, 62, 64-65, 67, 6970, 76, 79, 81-83, 96, 100-101, 107-8, 111, 113-15, 120 ,

124-25, 138, 141, 147, 149, 168-69, I 7 I ; see also Colonies, Amencan; Union (American), United States

America: A Litany of Natiuns, 70 America and Women, I 7 I -7 2

American Bill of Rights; see Bill of Rights (United States)

American Christian Palestine Committee, 162

American Council for Judaism, I O I

American Expeditionary Force, First World War, 103

American Federation of Labor, 60 American Indians; see Indians (American) American Jewish Archives, Cincinnati,

Ohio, 12

American Jewish Committee, New York City, 2 , 12, 52, 55-58, 60-61, 63, 70, 97, 1 0 2

American Jewish Congress, 79, I 32 American Jewish Historical Society, New

York City, 10, 12, 16, 87, 9!, I O I

American Jewish history; see H~story American Tewish Historv Center. New

York it;, I 2

American Jewish Joint Distribution Com- mittee, 80, 93, 96-97

American Jewish Per~odical Center, Cin- cinnati, Ohio, I z

American Jewry, American Jews, Ameri- can Jewish community, American Juda- ism, 4. 9-16, 23, 44, 83, 94, IOO-IOI, 103, 111, 120 , 163, 165-67, 169, 172

American Judaism; see American Jewry American Peace Society, 60 American Reform Judaism, American Re-

form Jews, I 20, I 3 2; see also Reform Judaism

American Revolutiun, The: 1775-1783, 82

American Schools of Oriental Research, 9'

American Society for the Suppression of the Jews, 4

"American Synagogues: The Lessons of the Names," I 24-34

American Zionism, 20; see also Zionism Americanization, 9, 16 Americans for Democratic Action, I 62 AMES, JAMES BARR, 73 AMHERST, JEFFREY, 94 Amsterdam, Holland, 47, too Amusement industry, 3 2

Anchorage, Alaska, 86 Ancient Order of United Workmen, 147 Anglo-Saxonism, Anglo-Saxons, 19 Anglo-Sephardic Jewry, 43 Anshe Chesed Congregation, New York

City, 87 Anshe Emeth Congregation (Temple),

Piqua, Ohio, 87, 98 Anthologies, 162 Anthropology, I 72 Anti-immigrants, I 6 Anti-Jewish prejudice; see Anti-Semitism,

Religious prejudice Antiquarians, 4 I Anti-Semitism, anti-Semites, I , 3-4, 9, I 1,

20-21, 74, 89~90 , 97, 101; see also Religious prejudice

Anti-Zionism, anti-Zionists, 95, 97 Antwerp, Belgium, 108 Apache Indians, 143, 152 Apache Pass, Ariz., I 50-5 I

Apologetics, apologists, 14 Apostasy, apostates, 4, I 59 Apparel industry; see Garment industry

ellate Division of the State of New 5,

Arabs, 97 Aragon, Spain, 9 "Ararat" (choral tone poem), 103 Ararat, New York, 94 Archaeology, 9 r ARCHIBALD, J. H., Tucson, Ariz., I 5 I, I 53 Archives, I I , 1 0 2

Argentia Bay, Newfoundland, 5 1

Argentina, 8 5 Aristocracy, 3, 8 Arizona, Arizona Territory, 105, I 3638,

141, 150, 152, 156, 159-60; Eighth Ter- ritorial Legislature, I 52 ; Eleventh Ter- ritorial Legislature, I 5 I ; Fourth Terri- torial Legislature, 147; Historical Foun-

dation, Phoenix, 135-36; House of Representatives, 147 ; Lodge No. I,

Ancient Order of United Workmen, Tucson, 147; Masonic Grand Lodge, 93 ; Pioneers' Historical Society, Tuc- son, 136, 138, 142, 147, 152; Tenth Legislative Assembly, 150; see also Phoenix, Tucson

Arizana Citizen (Tucson, Ariz.), I 50-5 I

Arizona City, Ariz., 142 A r i m Miner (La Paz, Ariz.), I 38, 150,

153-54 "Arizona Pioneers and Apaches," I 52 "Arizona, The Drachmans of," 135-38.

141-57, 15940 Ark, 45-47, 53 ARLEN, HAROLD, 40 ARLEN, JERRY, 40 ARLUCK, HYMAN; see Arlen, Harold ARLUCK, JULIUS; see Arlen, Jerry Armament reduction; see Disarmament Army, 27, 92; see also Military service,

Soldiers, War ARONOW, SARA SNYDER, Havah Nagilah:

Classmom Games in Rhyme, I 68 Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo,

Lisbon, Portugal, 1 0 3 Art, the arts, 7, 118; collections, 99;

see also Artists, Painters Art of Being a Jew, The, I 7 I Artists, 5; see also Art, Painters ARTOM, ISAAC, 5 ASA, HAIM, 96, 98 ASCH, SHOLEM, 82 Ashkenazim, Ashkenazic Jews, 43, 50; see

also Germany A m m e a n (New York City), I O I

Assembly, freedom of; see Freedom Assimilation, I z 3 Assyrians, I 28 Athletics, I 26 Atlanta, Ga., 86, I 34 Atlantic Charter, 5 I , 6 I Atlantic Fleet (United States Navy),

94-5'5 Atlantic Monthly, 55 Atlantic Ocean, 172 Atonement, Day of; see Yom Kippur Attorneys; see Lawyers Auction sales, 145 AUERBACH, BERTHOLD, 6 AUERBACH, JEROLD S., "Human Rights at

San Francisco," 5 1-52, 55-70 AUSTIN, FREDERICK L., I 54, I 56

Austria, 56, 92 Authors, 5, I 3 2; see also Writers Autobiographies, 98-99, 107-20, I 23 Automobiles, 27, I 25 AVIGDOR, ELIM D', 7

BACHER, WILHELM, I 14 BACHMAN, Portland, Ore., 6 BAECK, LEO, I 3 2

Baia's Denunciations, I 03 BAKER, JOSEPHINE; see Drew, Mrs. John BAKER, MR.; see Bean, Baker & Co. BALABAN & KATZ, 40 BALFOUR, ARTHUR JAMES, 90 Balfour Declaration, 90, I O I

BALLIN (family), I 03 Baltimore, Md., 12, 50, 90, IOO

Bankers, banking, banks, 3, 7, 3 I , 109, 119, 172

Bankruptcy, bankrupts, 145 Baptist Joint Conference Committee on

Public Relations, 63 Bar Mitzvah, 83, I I 7 Barbados, West Indies, roo BARBOUR, JAMES, 94 Barnard College, New York City, 63 BARNETT, ROSS R., 86-87 BARNUM, A., Tucson, Ariz., 149 BARRYMORE, ETHEL, 38 BARRYMORE, JOHN, 38 BARRYMORE, LIONEL, 38 BARTH, KARL, I 6 I BARTON, THOMAS A., 145 BARUCH, BERNARD M., 96 Baseball, 24-26, 37 Baton Rouge, La., 6 BAUM, ALBERT G., 93 Bavarian Jews, 32 BEACONSFIELD, EARL OF; see Disraeli,

Benjamin BEALE, JOSEPH HENRY, 73 BEAN, BAKER & CO., Ariz., I 53 BEAN, C. C.; see Bean, Baker & Co. BEAUREGARD, PIERRE G. T., 148 BEHRENDT, H., LOS Angeles County,

Calif., I 37 BEHRMAN, SAMUEL NATHANIEL, 100

BELASCO. DAVID. 10 Belgian ~ e w s , 164 ' BELL. MRS. A. P.: see Drachman. Phvllis

BEN ZEVI, ITZHAK, 92 BENDERLY, SAMSON, 169 Bene Israel Congregation, Cincinnati,

Ohio, 86 Bene Yeshurun Congregation, Cincinnati,

Ohio, 89, I 32 BENJAMIN, JUDAH P., 5, 97 BENJAMIN, HENRY; see Watson, Henry BENNETT, J. F., Las Cruces, N. Mex., 156 BERENSTEIN, Syracuse, N. Y., 24-26, 37;

Baseball Club, 25-26 BERKOWITZ, EMANUEL, 87 BERKOWITZ, HENRY, 95 Berlin, Germany, 107, I 3 2

Berlin, Treaty of, 8 BERLOVE, MRS. LESTER J., 89 Bermuda, 102

BERNARD, SAM, 38 BERNHARDT, SARAH, 6 BEROLZHEIMER, CLARA SEASONGOOD, 103 "Beth Am" (name of Jewish congrega-

tions), I 2 7 Beth Am (Congregation) of the South

Shore, Hingham, Mass., 125 Beth-el (in the Bible), I 27-28 "Beth El" (name of Jewish congregations),

124, 1 2 7 Beth-El S~sterhood, St. Petersburg, Fla., 87 Beth Israel Congregation, Jackson, Miss.,

86 Beth Israel Synagogue, Syracuse, N. Y., 2 2

Beth Sholom Congregation, Anchorage, Alaska, 86

Beth Sholom (Congregation) of Anne Arundel County, Glen Burnie, Md., I 25

Bevis Marks Synagogue, London, England, 42-44

BIAL, MORRISON DAVID, A n Offering of Prayer, 8 2

BIALIK, CHAIM NACHMAN, I 14 Bible, biblical (Old Testament) references,

biblical literature, biblical criticism, 8, 42,46-47, 84, 91, 97, 99-100, 11 2-1 3, 118, 127-31, 133-34, 161, 16970; Bible reading in public schools, 97; see also New Testament, Old Testament, Penta- teuch, Torah

Bible and Modern Medicine, The, I 69 Bibliography, bibliographies, 14, 82-84,

16871 BIEN, JULIUS, 7 Big Four Powers, 56, 58, 66 Bigotry; see Anti-Semitism, Religious

prejudice

Bill of Rights (United States), 56, 58 Bill of rights, international; see Interna-

tionalism BINGHAM, JUNE ROSSBACH (MRS. JONA-

THAN), I 6 I ; Courage to Change (review), 161-62

Binghamton, N. Y., 26, I 34 Biographies, biographers, biography, 14,

80-81, 92-94, 96, 98-99, 147-48, 161, 169

Biology, 171 BIRNHAM, MRS. J. H.; see Drachman,

Myrtle Bisbee Deportation, 75 BISNO, JULIUS, 90, 93 BLACHSCHLEGER, EUGENE, 99 Black Birds, Syracuse, N. Y., z5 Black Hawk War (I 83 z), 89 BLACK, HUGO L., 77 BLAUSTEIN, JACOB, 60-62 BLIVEN, BRUCE, 61 BLOCH, ERNEST, 9 I BLOOM, ISAAC, 93 BLOOM, MRS. JESSIE S., 86 BLOOM, P. IRVING, 96 B'nai B'rith, Independent Order of, 88,98,

147; Adassa Lodge No. 208, Monroe, La., 88; Archives, Washington, D. C., 88; District Grand Lodge No. 7, 88; Hillel Foundations, 84; Joseph Herz (Joachim) Lodge No. 1 8 I , Columbus, Miss., 86; Mexican Bureau, 98; Othniel Lodge No. 274, Memphis, Tenn., 88; Tucson, Ariz., Lodge, 147

B'nai Israel Congregation, Galveston, Tex., 82-83

B'nai Sholom Congregation, Harlan, Ky., 86; Sisterhood, 86

B'nai Yeshumn Congregation, Cincinnati, Ohio; see Bene Yeshurun Congregation

Board of Jewish Ministers, New York City, 1 2 3

Bohemia, I 3 2 ; Jews of, I 3 2

Bolshevism, Bolshevists, 75 Bonds; see Sureties Books, 14, zo, 73-85, 92, 94, 102, 111,

114-15, 161-72 Borah Jewish Bait?, I O I

BOROWITZ, EUGENE B., 169 Boston, Mass., 39, .46, 50, 88, 92, 103,

I 32 , 166-67; Publ~c Library, West End Branch, 92

Boys; see Children Bradford, Pa., 97

BRANDEIS, LOUIS D., 73-75? 90 Brandeis University, Waltham, Mass., 5 I ;

Library, 9 I BRANDES, GEORGE, 96 BRANN, MARCUS, I I I

BRAUDE, WILLIAM G., 102

Brazil, Brazilians, 83, 103; see also Dutch Brazil

BRENTANO, AUGUST, 7 Breslau, Germany, 107, I I I BRESLAUER, B., San Bernardino, Calif., I 37 BRESLAUER, MRS. SOLOMON; see Drachman,

Rebecca2 Bresloff, Ethel, Fund; see Ethel Bresloff

Fund Brick Market, Newport, R. I., 46 British, British Government; see England,

Great Britain British Museum, London, England, 90-91 British National Peace Council, 52 Broadway, New York City, 39 Bronx, The, N. Y., I I 3 Brookline, Mass., 82, 103 Brooklyn, N. Y., I I 3, I 63-64, I 69 Brotherhood (in names of Jewish congre-

gations), I 3 3 Brotherhood Synagogue, New York City,

'34 BROWN, EDMUND G., 101

BROWN, J. S., Washington, D. C., 97 BROWN, JOE E., 40 BROWNE, EDWARD B. M., 90 BROWNSTONE, EZEKIEL, Fun Eign Hoyz, 82 Briinn, Moravia, 107 BUBER, MARTIN, 96, 162 BUCHALTER, AUBREY, 93 BUCK & COOK, La Paz, Ariz., I 38 BUCKMASTER, GEORGE, 49 BUDGE, HENRY, 109 Buffalo, N. Y., 15, 3 I , 34, 89 Bulgaria, 56 Bunker Hill Monument, I 3 z Bureau of Jewish Education of the New

York Kehillah, I 69 Burials; see Funerals Burlesque, 3 8 Burlingame, Calif., I z 5 Burying grounds; see Cemeteries Busses, 3 z BUSH, FRANK, 38 Bushnell, Ill., 6 Business; see Economic life, Trade Businessmen, 48-49, 80, 93, 104, 135,

150-5 I, 163-64; see also Merchants,

INDEX

Retail trade, Storekeepers, Trade, Wholesalers

Butchers, I 14-15, 164 Butte City, Montana Territory, 6 BYRD, ROBERT C., 96

CADBURY, HENRY J., 95 Cairo, Egypt, 94 Calder v s . Bull (lawsuit), 76 Calendar, Jewish, 149 California, 32, 136, 142, 145; see also

Hollywood, Los Angeles, Sacramento, San Diego, San Francisco

CALISCHER, HARRIS M., I 37 CALISCHER, JACOB, I 3 7 Calvary Gospel Tabernacle, New Castle,

Pa., 97 CALVIN, JOHN, 161 CAMBON, GLAUCO, Recent American Poetry,

168 Cambridge, Mass., 46 Camp Grant, Ariz., 143 Camp McDowell, Arizona Territory, I 54 CAMPANAL, MORDECAI, 41 Campus; see Colleges, Universities Canada, 3 I Canada del Oro, Ariz., 143 Cantor; see Chazan CANTOR, EDDIE, 40 Cape Town, South Africa, 93 Capitol's Who's Who for Oregon, 99 Caps; see Yarmelkes Card playing, 149 CARDOZO, BENJAMIN N., 7 3 7 4 , 9 0 Caribbean Sea, 44 CARLTON, MAJOR J. H., I 37 Cartoons, 92 Casino Theatre, New York City, 39 CASS, FREDERICK M., 90 Catalina Mountains, Ariz., 143 Catholicism, Catholics, 55, 63, 161-62,

I 78; see also Christianity CATTELL, J. MCKEEN, 93 Cemeteries, 41-42, 86-87, loo, 147 Census (Arizona Territory, 1864), I 37-38 "Center" (designation for Jewish con-

gregations), I 26 Center of Jewish Science, New York City,

128-29 Central Conference of American Rabbis,

Central Europe, 50, 107 Central Synagogue of Nassau County,

Rockville Centre, New York, I 25 Ceremonies; see Religious obsemance Chaplains, chaplaincy, 90, 92-93, 97, 107 CHAPMAN, MR., Syracuse, N. Y., 24 CHAPMAN, SANDY, 29 Charity; see Philanthropy Charleston, Ariz., 142 Charleston, S. C., 10, 15, 50, 88, 93, 103,

148; Library Society, 88 Charter Revision Committee, New York

City, 55 Chasidim; see Hasidim CHATFIELD, COUNSELLOR, 5 Chattanooga, Tenn., I 3 3 Chauvinism, 8 I CHAYEFSKY, PADDY, 96; Gidem, 96 Chazan, zz, 47, 119 Chemistry, 95 Chestnut Hill, Mass., 92 Chicago, Ill., 15, 22, 95, 97, 101, 105,

110-11, 170 Child care and guiding agencies, 166 Children, 7, 16, 25, 32 , 44, 85, 88, loo,

117-18, 131, 159, 165, 169 Children of Israel Congregation, Fort

Wayne, Ind., 86 China, 58 Christ Church, Cambridge, Mass., 46 CHRIST, JESUS; see Jesus of Nazareth CHRISTIAN (King of Denmark), 89 Christian Science, I 29 Christianity, Christians, 3-5, 7-8, I I , 13,

20, 48-49, 83-84, 87, 101-2, 113, 125, 128-29, 132, 159, 162, 165; see also Catholicism, Christian Science, Congre- gationalists, Episcopalianism, Mennon- ites, Mormons, Protestants, Puritans

Chronicle (Houston, Tex.) , I 7 I Chronology, 8 3 Church and state, z I , 78, 90 Church, the, 161 Churches, 99 CHURCHILL, WINSTON, 51, 56 Churchmen, 84, 161 CHYET, STANLEY F., 93, 103; "A Syna-

gogue in Newport," 41-50 Cigars; see Tobacco trade Cincinnati, Ohio, 3, 50, 79, 86, 88-90,

92-97, 99, 101, 103, 126, 132-34, 171; National Council of Jewish Women, 94; City Council, 9 I ; Museum Associa- tion, 92

C. I. 0 . ; see Congress of Industrial Organi- zations

Circumcision, circumcisers, I O I

Cities; see Urban areas Citizens, citizenship, civic life, 56, 62, 66,

76, 837 89, 1 3 2 9 137-38, 1419 1449 150 Citizens Union of New York, 52, 55 Civil law; see Law Civil liberties, civil rights, civil defense,

14, 20-21, 52, 76-77? 79, 81, 89-90. 97 Civil War (United States), 15-16, 80, 97,

99, 148, 160 Civilization, 9, 58 Claibome, Ala., 86 Class, 52 Classes, the; see Labor, Middle class,

White collar class, Workers Classical Reform. I 20

Cler y clergymen, 46-47. 83; see also ~ a t b i s

Cleveland, Ohio, 32, 97 Cleveland Heights, Ohio, I 33 CLINE, MAGGIE, 38 Cloth trade, 3 I Clothing business; see Garment industry Clubs, 5, 126 Cochise County, Arizona Territory, 142,

151. I55 COHEN (member of the New York Board

of Education), 6 COHEN, MRS. CHARLES T., 96 COHEN, HARRY, 30 COHEN, HENRY^, 82-83 COHEN, HENRY= (grandson of Henry

Cohenl), review of Williamsburg: A Jewish Community in Transitian, 163-66

COHEN, HERMANN, I 20-2 I

COHEN, ISADORE, I 37 COHEN, ISIDOR, 98 COHEN, MRS. JEROME B., 100

COHEN, MORRIS RAPHAEL, 73 COHEN, SOL CALVIN, 83 COHEN, WILLIAM C., 88 COHN, San Francisco, Calif., 148 COHN, ISADOR, I 37 COHN, JACOB, 137 COHN. WERNER, 100

COHN; WOLF, I i7 COHON, BERYL D., M y King and M y God,

8 2

COHONS, JACOB J., 102

Cold War, 81 Colleges, I 35, 165; see also Universities Colonia Clara, Argentina, 85

Colonial New Spain; see New Spain Colonialism, 5 I Colonies, agricultural, 85 Colonies, American (Colonial America,

Colonial period, colonials), 14-15. 43, 46, 103, 1 3 2

Colonization, 9, 85 Colorado River, 137; Farming and Stock

Raising Association, I 37 Columbia College, Columbia University,

New York City, 51-52; Law School, 52, 73, 81, 90, 129

COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER, 9-10 Columbus, Miss., 86 Columbus, Ohio, 97 Combined Jewish Philanthropies of

Greater Boston, Boston, Mass., 167 Comedians, 37-38 Comedies; see Drama COMMAGER, HENRY STEELE, 82 Commentary (New York City), I 2

Commerce, commercial life; see Economic life

Commercial (Cincinnati, Ohio), 3 Commission on Human Rights, United

Nations, 65 Commission on Synagogue Administration

of the Union of American Hebrew Con- gregations, 84

Committee to Study the Organization of Peace (C. S. 0. P.), 52, 56, 58

Commodores, 5, 83 Community centers, 166 Community, Jewish; see Jewish commu-

nity Community relations, community service,

communal life, 16, 20; see also Jewish community

Composers, 6,40,99 Conductors, 108 Coney Island, New York City, 3 Confederacy (Southern), Confederate

States of America, 80, 99, I 37; .Army, soldiers, 99, 148

Canference an "The Future of the Jews in G m m y , " 92

Confirmation, 89, I I 7, 129 Congregation Isaiah, Chicago, Ill., 130 Congregation Jeremiah, Wimetka, ill.,

130 Congregation Micah, Denver, Colo., I 30 Congregation New Hope, Cincinnati,

Ohio, 134 Congregationalists, 46

Congregations, 82, 86-89, 92, 101, 105, 108, 112, 116-17, 124-28, 130-34, 149; see also Synagogues

Congress (of the United States), Congress- men, 5. 51. 79. 83, 90; see also Senate (of the United States)

Congress of Industrial Organizations (C. I. O.), 60-61, 65

Cmzgressiunal Record, 86 Connecticut, 3 I ; see also Hartford Conservative Judaism, Conse~ativeJewry,

I 19-20, 165 Constitution (of the United States), 60,

7 5-79 Constitutional law; see Law CONTENT, SIMON, 87 Continental Congress, 14 Conversion, converts, 4, 34, 84,93, 101-2,

162 Convicts, 4 COOK (family), I 03 COOLER, GEORGE, 146 COOLIDGE, CALVIN, 74 COOPER, CHARLES I., 103 COOPER, EDWARD, 6 COOPER, WILLIAM, I 0 2

COPELAND, CHARLES TOWNSEND, 74 CORBIN, AUSTIN, 3-4, 8 CORBIN, DANIEL CHASE, 5 Coroners, 6 Corsican Brothers, 3 7 Cortland Carriage Company, 30 Cotton, 80 COUGHLIN, CHARLES E., I o I Council of Jewish Federations and Wel-

fare Funds, 166 Courage to Change (review), I 6 1-62 Courts, 75, 79, 102; see also Supreme

Court (of the United States), Supreme Court of the State of New York, Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts

"Covenant of Peace" (name of Jewish congregation), I 3 3

Covina, Calif., r z 5 COWLEY, MALCOLM, and DANIEL P.

MANNIX, Black Cargoes: A History of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1518-1865, I 7 2

Craney Island, Va., 94 Creed, 52, 59-60, 62; see also Doctrines CR~MIEUX, ISAAC ADOLPHE, 5 Criminality, criminals, 8 Critics, criticism, 84, IOO

CROMWELL, OLIVER, I 3 CRONBACH, ABRAHAM, "American Syna-

gogues: The Lessons of the Names," 124-34; Reform Movements in Judaism, I 68

Cross Town Railroad, New York City, 7 Cry for Help, A, I 60 Culture, cultural life, 10,13,16,58, 66, I I I Culver City, Calif., I 3 I CUNNINGHAM, CHARLES O., I 37 Cura~ao, Netherlands West Indies, 14,

48-49, 86, IOO

Currency, 43, 108; see also Money

Dachau, Germany, 89 DAILEY, DAN, 38 Daily Telegraph (London, England), 7 Dallas, Tex., 9 I Dancers, dances, 38, I 26, 152 DANIELS, FRANK, 37 DARBY, WILLIAM A. (E.) , 145 DAVID, HARRY W., I 0 3

D'AVIGDOR, ELIM; see Avigdor, Elim D' DAVIS, JAMES J., 2 2

DAVIS, MOSHE, The Illustrated History of the Jews, 172

DAWISON, BOGUMIL, 6 Day of Atonement; see Yom Kippur DE BLOCH, JEAN; see Bloch, Jean de DE CORDOVA, RAPHAEL J., 90 DE HAAS, JACOB, 90 DE HIRSCH, MAURICE; see Hirsch, Maurice

de DE SAPIO, CARMINE, 8 I DE SOLA, ABRAHAM, 149 DE WIT, FREDERICK, 48-49 Dearborn Indepmdent (Dearborn, Mich.),

I01

Dearborn, Mich., I O I

Declaration of Human Rights, 58-59, 69 Declaration of Independence, 8 2

Decorum (in the synagogue), 87 Delaware [, Lackawanna & Western]

Railroad, 34 Demagogues, 8 I Democracy, 51, 66, 76, 78 Democratic Convention, New York City

(1924) 55 Democratic Party, Democrats, 80, 97,

I o I ; see also Southern Democrats Demographers, 2 r Demopolis, Ala., IOO

Denmark, 89 DENNY, REGINALD, 40

Denver, Colo., 85, 88, 130 DENZIG, CHARLES, I 37 Department of State (United States) ; see

State Department (United States) Department of the Navy (United States) ;

see Navy De artment (United States) ! Department o War (United States); see War Department (United States)

Department stores, 27, 3 I Depression, The Great (of rgzg-193z),

X I , 163 Depressions, 48, 80 Des Moines, Iowa, 15 Desegregation, I oz DESSAR, LEO C., 6 Detroit, Mich., 12, 83-84, 90, 170 Deuteronomic reformation, I 68 Diamond industry, I 63-64 Diaries, 92, 95,9899, 147-49 DICKEY, JOHN, 62 DICKINSON, MEYER L., 89 Diligence (in names of Jewish congrega-

tions), I 3 3 DIMOV, OSSIP, 104 Disabilities, 9 Disarmament, 5 I Disobedience, civil; see Civil disobedience Displaced persons, 96 DISRAELI, BENJAMIN, 5-6, I O Z

District Grand Lodge No. 7, B'nai B'rith, 88

DITTENHOEFER, ABRAHAM JESSE, 6 Divine Call to that Highly Favoured People

the Jews, Justice and Mercy Opening N o w the W a y for Their Restoratimz, 1 0 2

DOCKSTADER, LEW, 3 8 Doctrines, 168; see also Creed Documents, 13-14, 89,93, 95-97, 100

Donaldsonville, La., 6 "Door of Hope" (name of Jewish congre-

gations), I 34 Dorchster (ship), 92 DOUGLAS, WILLIAM O., 77, 96 Dover, N. H., 99 "Down with the Jews!," 3-8 DOWNER, ANNA, I42 Downtown Vaad Synagogue, Cincinnati,

Ohio, 126 D r . Jekyll and M r . Hyde, 37 DRACHMAN, ALBERT, I 36 DRACHMAN, EMANUEL, I 36 DRACHMAN, ESTHER, I 3 6 DRACHMAN, HARRIS, I 36, 148 DRACHMAN, HARRY ARIZONA, I 36, 147

DRACHMAN, HERBERT, I47 DRACHMAN, JENNY MIGEL (Mrs. Samuel

H.), 147, 152 DRACHMAN, LILLIE, 136, 141 DRACHMAN, LUCILLE, I47 DRACHMAN, MINNIE, I 36 DRACHMAN, MOSES, I 36, 142, I 59 DRACHMAN, MYRA, I 36 DRACHMAN, MYRTLE, 147 DRACHMAN, P., & CO., 137, 142 DRACHMAN, PHILIP, 105, I 36-38, 141-50,

152-549 15-79 15-9-60 DRACHMAN, PHYLLIS, I 36 DRACHMAN, REBECCA~ (Mrs. Harris),

136, 148 DRACHMAN, REBECCA~, I 36 DRACHMAN, ROSA POSE) K., 136, 141-42,

'45 DRACHMAN, SAMUEL H., 105, 135-36.

147-577 159-607 '75 DRACHMAN, SOLOMON, 147 "Drachmans of Arizona, The," I 3 5-3 8,

141-57, 159-60 Drama, dramatists, 6, 39, IOO

Dred Scott Decision, 97 DREW, JOHN, 38 DREW, MRS. JOHN (nie Josephine Baker),

38 DREW, MRS. JOHN, SR. ( d e Louisa Lane),

3 8 DREYFUS, A. STANLEY, Henry Cohen,

Messenger of the Lord, 82-83 Dry goods business, 3 I , 141 DRYDEN, JOHN, I DUBER, MARCUS A., 90 DUBIN, MAXWELL H., 95 DUBINSKY, DAVID, 19 DUBOFSKY, MELVYN, I 00

Duluth, Minn., 103 Dumbarton Oaks, Dumbarton Conference,

Georgetown, D. C., 58-60, 63, 66-67 Dutch Brazil, 14; see also Brazil Dutch Jews, 47 Dutch, the, I z ; see also Holland Dutch West Indies; see Netherlands West

Indies DWORKIN, FREDERIC S., 96 Dying Jewess, The, I oz

Earlville, N. Y., 26 East European Jews, 23, 80, 166 East Side, New York Gty, 80

Eastern Europe, 15-16, 50, 108, 126 EBAN, ABBA, 9 I EBAN, MRS. ABBA, 9 I Economic life, economics, 5, 7, 10, 16,

19, 21, 23, 48, 51, 58, 66, 77-80, 95, 136, 141, 148, 163-64

EDDY, MARY BAKER, 129 EDEN, ANTHONY, 6 I Editors, 3, 169 EDMONDSON, ROBERT EDWARD, 10 I

EDMUNDS, ETHEL, 159 Education, 20, 32, 44, 78-79, 164-65,

169; see also Allday schools, Hebrew schools, High schools, Public schools, Religious schools, Schools, Secular educa- tion, Sunday schools

Educational Alliance, New York City, 88 Educational bureaus and institutions, 167 Educators, 52; see also Instructors, Pro-

fessors, Teachers EFRON, BENJAMIN, and ALVAN D. RUBIN,

Your Bar Mitzvah, 83 Egypt, 4 EHLBERT, MARKUS, 96 EICHELBERGER, CLARK, 56-57, 63, 65, 68 EICHHORN, DAVID MAX, 96 Eighth Territorial Legislature, Arizona,

152 EINSTEIN, ALBERT, 82, 90-9 I

EINSTEIN, EDWIN, 5, 7 EISENDRATH, MAURICE N., 85, 91 EISENHOWER, DWIGHT DAVID, 2 2

El Paso, Tex., 98, I 35-36 Elementary schools; see Public schools,

Schools Eleventh Territorial Legislature, Arizona,

151 ELIAS (family), IOO

ELIAS, ELEANOR C., 100

Elite, 10

ELLINGER, MORITZ, 6 ELLIS, BARROW, 8 ELSNER, L., New York State, IOI

ELY, JOSEPH B., 75 ELYACHAR, JACOB SAUL, 96 ELZAS, B A R N E ~ A., 10

Emancipation, 8 "Emanuel" (in the Bible), I 27-28 "Emanu-El" (name of Jewish congrega-

tions), I 24, I 27 Emanu-El Conereeation. Houston, Tex.,

170; w i c h i t c ~ i n s . , 88 Emigrants, emigration; see Immigrants EMMANUEL, ISAAC S., 47

Empathy: Its Nature and Uses, I 7 I Emperors, 83 Employees, 19 Employers, 19 Endless Wanderer, The, 104 England, the English, 3, 5, 8, 43, 91, 132;

Anglo-Se~hardic Jewry, 43- Jews of, 3, 82, I 3 2 ; see also Great Britaln

ENGLANDER, HENRY, 9 I, 102

ENGLANDER, MRS. HENRY, 91, IOZ

ENGLANDER, REGINE FRANCES, 9 I ENGLEHART (New York State Assembly-

man), 6 English (language), 27, 109, 112-13, 117,

124, 133-349 149 Entertainment; see Amusement industry,

Theatre Episcopalianism, 10 I

EPSTEIN, GRACE GREENBAUM, 92 EPSTEIN, JUDITH G., 96 Equality, political, 8, 52 Equitable Life Insurance Company, 7 ERLANGER, ABRAHAM L., 39 Essays, 20, 82, 97, 102, 120

Establishment of religion, 78 Esthetics, I 18, 171 ETCHELLS, CHARLES N., I 53 Eulogies, 90, 98, 103 Eureka, Nev., 6 Europe, 8-9, 19, 33-34, 44, 52, 74, 84,

96, 108-9, I r 1-1 2, I 18; see also Central Europe, Eastern Europe

European Jewry, European Jews, 11 , 52, 57996

EVANS, MADGE, 40 Evansville, Ind., 90 "Even in Puritan Boston," 50 Evergreen Cemetery, Tucson, Ariz., I47 Evil, 162 Examiner (London, England), 7 Existentialism, I 72 Existentialist Theology of Paul Tillich, The,

172 EYTINGE, ROSE, 6-7 EZEKIEL (family), 98 EZEKIEL, JACOB, 98 EZEKIEL, MOSES, 7

Factories, 3 I ; see also Manufacturers FAINTER, FRANCIS F., 89 Fairbanks, Alaska, 86 Fairfax Temple (Society for Jewish Cul-

ture), Los Angeles, Calif., 108

Fairmont Hotel, San Francisco, Calif., 63 Faith healing, I 29 FALK, LAWRENCE L., 100

Family, 32-33, 74, 88, 159-60, 164 Family counseling, I 66 Famous Clothing Store, Syracuse, N. Y.,

25 FARJEON, BENJAMIN, 7 FARMER, WILLIAM C., 90 Farmers, farming, 27-28, 3 I, 137; see also

Agriculture Fasclsm, IOO

Feast of Tabernacles; see Sukkoth Federal Council of Churches of Christ in

America, 63 Federated Jewish Charities, Boston,

Mass., 166 Federation movement, Jewish; see Jewish

federation movement Federation of Jewish Philanthropies, New

York City, 55 Federations; see Jewish federation move-

ment FEIN, HARRY H., 88 FEIN, ISAAC M., 92, 96 FELDMAN, ABRAHAM J., 9 I Felix Frankfurter Reminisces: Recorded in

Talks with Dr. Harlan B. Phillips (re- view), 7 3 7 6

Felix Frankfurter: Scholar m the Bmch (review), 7 8 7 9

Festivals; see Jewish holidays FIELD, ARTHUR J., 100

FIELD, WALTER L., A People's Epic: High- lights of Jewish History in Verse, 83

FIELDS, LEWIS M., 37-38 FIERMAN, FLOYD S., "The Drachrnans of

Arizona," 135-38, 141-57, 159-60 FIERMAN, MORTON C., 93 Filiopietism, 10

Financial News (England), 3 Financiers, finance, 3, 5 FINE, ALVIN I., 97, 99 FINKELSTEIN, Syracuse, N. Y., 28-29 FINKLESTEIN, MOTKEY, 2 3 FIREMAN, BERT, I 36 First Amendment (to the United States

Constitution), 76-78 First Hebrew Congregation, Albany,

Ore., 86 First World War, 51, $5, 60, 69, 80,

939 96-97, 103, 107 FISHBACK, HENRY, 142 FISK, E. N., a Co., Tucson, Ariz., 151

FITCH, FRED G., I 37 FITZPATRICK, DONOVAN, and SAUL

SAPHIRE, Navy Maverick: Uriah Phillips Levy, 83

"Five Gates - Casual Notes for an Autobiography," 107-20, I 2 3

Flag (the American), 76, 79 "Flag of Israel" (name of Jewish congre-

gation), I 33 FLORENCE, New York City, 7 Florence, Ariz., 143 Florida, 5 FOLKS, S., San Francisco, Calif., 137 Fondo Nacional de las Artes de la Repfib-

lica Argentina, 85 FORD, HENRY, 97 Foreigners, 144 Forest Hills, N. Y., I 30 Forgiveness, 161 Forgotten Pioneer, I 69-70 Forrest Theatre, Philadelphia, Pa., 38 FORST, SIEGMUND, I 69 Fort Bayard, N. Mex., 156 Fort Bowie, Arizona Territory, 154-56 Fort Delaware, Del., 160 Fort Huachuca, Arizona Territory, I 54-55 Fort Riley, Kans., 93 Fort Wayne, Ind., 86 Fort Whipple, Ariz., 153 Fort Worth, Tex., 89 Fort Yuma, Arizona Territory, 154 Foundries, 3 I Four Freedoms, 5 I Four Powers; see Bi Four Powers Fourteen Points (of woodrow Wilson).

5 1 Fourteenth Amendment (to the United

States Constitution), 78 Fourth Territorial Legislature, Prescott,

Ariz., 147 France, 5, 9, 43, 51 FRANCO, MOSEH DE JACOB, 43 FRANK, MRS. ISADORE, 96 FRANK, LEO M., 9 I FRANKFURTER, FELIX, 7 3-79, I 62 FRANKS, JACOB, 45 FRANKS, MOSES, 9 I "Free Loan Association News," Boston,

Mass., 88 Free Synagogue, New York City, 124, I 32 Free Synagogue of Westchester, Mount

Vernon, N. Y., I 2 5 FREEDMAN, BEN H., 97 Freedom, 58-60, 64, 66-69, 7679; of

INDEX 185

assembly, 76; personal, 78; ~olitical, 5 I ; of the press, 76; religious, 51-52; of speech, 5 I, 77

FREEHOF, SOLOMON B., 89,95, 104 FREEMAN, GRACE R., and JOAN G.

SUGARMAN, Inside the Synagogue, I 69 FREIBERG, JULIUS, 94 Freight, freighting business, 142-43, 146 FR~MONT, JOHN C., I 50 French and Indian War, 48 FREUDENTHAL (family), I 35 FREY, SIGMUND, 9 I Friday, I 10, I 17, I 30 FRIEDMAN, ARTHUR, 2, 106 FRIEDMAN, EDWARD, I 01

FRIEDMAN, JENETTE, 89 FRIEDMAN, LEE M., 3 FRIEDMAN, LEO, 2, 106 FRIEDMAN, LEONARD M.. 98 Friendship (in names of Jewish congre-

gations), I 3 3 FRISCH, DAVID HENRY, 83 FROHMAN, CHARLES, 39 "From Metulla to New York," 17 I Fuerth, Germany, 149 Fun Eign Hoyz, 8 2

Fund raising, I 66-67 Funerals, 94, 96-97, 100

Furriers, 2 2

GADSBY, JOHN, I O Z

Gaily, Gaily, I 70 Galician Jews, 107, 163 Galveston, Tex., 82, 90 GAMBETTA, L ~ o N , 5 GAMORAN, MAMIE G., Samson Bendnly,

169 GARFIELD, JAMES A., 94, 97 Garment industry, 19, 24, 26, 3 I Gary, Ind., I O I

"Gates of Heaven" (name of Jewish congregation), I 3 3

"Gates of Prayer" (name of Jewish con- gregation), I 3 3

GEIGER, ABRAHAM, I 2 3 GELBART, GERSHON I., Jewish Education

in America, I 69 GELMAN, ROBERT L., 88 Genealogy, genealogies, 14, 90, 92, roo,

1'33 Gmcral Adzrcrtiscr (Philadelphia, Pa.), I 03 General Assembly, Maryland, 89

General Services Administration, Wash- ington, D. C., 89

Georgia, 32, 9 I, 99; sce also Atlanta German (language), I 07, I 09, I I I

Germany, 3, 5,9,52,92-93,96, 102, 107, 118, 123, 132, 149; Jewsof, 11, 16,32, 80, 92, 123, 132, 166; Army, 107; (scc also Ashkenazim)

G m d c Stein, I 70 Ghetto, 8 Gidcun, 96 GILDERSLEEVE, VIRGINIA C., 63 GIMBEL, ISAAC, 32 Gimbel Stores, New York City, 32 GINZBERG, ELI, 91 GINZBERG, LOUIS, 91, 105, 114-15;

Legmds of thc Jcws, 1 I 5 Girls; sec Children GITELSON (family), 9 I GITELSON, M. LEO, 90-91,94-95, 100

GIVEN, HERBERT, I 3 5 GLADSTONE, N. H., Ft. Wayne, Ind., 86 GLANZ, RUDOLF, Jcw and M o m :

Historic Grmp Rclatirms and RcligioPls Outlook, 84

Glen Burnie, Md., 1 z 5 GLENN, JACOB B., The Bible and Modem

Mcdicinc, I 69 Glory (in names of Jewish congregations),

I33 GLUECK, NELSON, 89, 91-93, 100

God, 43-44? 49, 110, 129, 161-62, 165, 169

God, Kingdom of; scc Kingdom of God GODCHAUX (member of the Louisiana

Legislature), 6 Gold rush, gold, 3 t GOLDBERG & CO., I42 GOLDBERG & DRACHMAN, 138, 141-45,150 GOLDBERG, AMELIA, 145 GOLDBERG, ARTHUR J., 92 GOLDBERG, DAVID, I 3 5-3 6 GOLDBERG, HYMAN, I 36 GOLDBERG, ISAAC, 105, 136-38, 141-459

148-50 GOLDBURG, ROBERT E., 93-94 GOLDEN, HARRY, 23, 170; Forgotten

Pioneer, I 69-70 Golden wedding anniversaries, 103 GOLDMAN, JOSEPH, 88 GOLDSCHMIDT, LEO, 154, I 56 GOLDSCHMIDT, MEIR AARON, 6 GOLDSMID, ISAAC LYON, 8 GOLDSMID, JULIAN, 5

Goldsmith Directory of 1831 (Charleston, S. C.), 88

GOLDSGIN, ABE, 3 I GOLDSTEIN, FANNY, 92 GOLDSTEIN, HAROLD K., review of Felix

Frankfurter Reminisces; of Justice Frank- furter and Civil Liberties; and of Felix Frankfurter: Scholar on the Bench, 73-79

GOLDTREE, JOSEPH, 145, 149 GOLDWATER, A., San Francisco, Calif., 148 GOLDWATER, I., Tucson, Ariz., 149 GOLDWATER, JOSEPH, 105, I 36-37 GOLDWATER, MICHAEL, 105, 136-37, 145,

150 GOODE, ALEXANDER D., 92 GORDON, CUPKE, 24 GORDON, SOL, 24 GOSHLINSKI, San Francisco, Calif., 148 Government, American; see United States Government contracts, government con-

tracting, 141-43, 150-55, 159; see also Mail contracts

Governors, 5, 80, 83,94, 97 Grace, 161 GRAFMAN, MILTON L., 86 Grand Opera House, Syracuse, N. Y.,

37-39 Grand Union Hotel, Saratoga Springs,

N. Y., 3-4 GRATZ,REBECCA, I 3, I7 GRAU, MAURICE, 6 GRAY, JOHN CHIPMAN, 73 Great Britain, 8, 58, 62, 83; see also

England Great Depression; see Depression, The

Great Greateruille, Ariz., 142, 15 I GREENBAUM, San Francisco, Calif., 148 GREENBAUM, EDWARD S., 92 GREENBAUM, SAMUEL, 92 GREENEBAUM, J. VICTOR, 89,99 Greenhorns, I I I

GREENLEAF, RICHARD E., Z u m h a g a and the Mexican Inquisition, 84

GREENSTEIN, HAROLD C., 92 GREENSTEIN, HARRY, 92 Greenville, Ala., 96 GREGORY, LESLIE E., 147 Grocers, grocery business, 3 2, 141 GROLLMAN, JEROME W., 87 GROSS & CHAPMAN, Syracuse, N. Y., 23-

24 GROSS, MR., Syracuse, N. Y., 23 "Growing Up in Syracuse," 22-34, 36-40

GRUNWALD, HENRY ANATOLE, Salinger: A Critical and Personal Portrait, 84

GUGGENHEIM (family), 80 Guiana, 49 GUMBINER, JOSEPH H., 102

G~~NZBURG, HORACE, 5

Hadassah, 96 HAHN, MAYER, 6 Halachah (rabbinic law), I 65 HAL~VI , JACQUES F. F. E., 6 HALFORD, ELIJAH WALKER, 90 HAMAN, 8 Hamburg, Germany, 105, 107, 109, 120,

123, 148 Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, 97 HAND, AUGUSTUS NOBLE, 75 HAND, LEARNED, 7 3, 75 HANKEY, MAURICE P. A., 90 HARDER, JOSEPH, 90 HARDING, WARREN G.. 97 . . . Harlan, Ky., 86 HARLAN. LOUIS R.. review of Herbert H .

~ e h m 2 and His Era, 80-8 I

Harper's Weekly (New York City), 7 HARRIS, PHIL, 3 I HARRIS, SAM, 148 HARRISON, BENJAMIN, 90 HARRISON, PETER, 46 HARRISON, SCHMAREL, 29 Harrisonburg, Va., I 34 Harry S. Truman Library, Independence,

Mo., 90 HART, ALLAN JUDAH, 92 HART, BENJAMIN, 88 HART, EMANUEL B., 5, 7 HART, ISAAC, 43,49-50 HART, NAPHTALI, 45 HART, SOLOMON A., 7 Hartford, Conn., 9 I , 93 Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.,

169; Law School, 57, 73, 75 Hasidim, Hasidism, 107, 163-65, 168 Hats, prayer; see Yarmelkes Havah Nagilah: Classroom Games in Rhyme,

I 68 Havana, Cuba, 92 HAY, JOHN, 90 HAYDEN, CHARLES TRUMBULL, 143 HAYES, BENJAMIN, I 37 HAYS, DANIEL P., 92

Headin' South, 38 Health, 8, 169 Heath, Mass., 161 HEATH, THOMAS, 38 Hebrew (language and literature), 20, 90,

101, 117, 124, 126, 128, 133-34, 136, 164, 169

"Hebrew" (designation for Jews and Jewish congregations), I r 5

Hebrew American Republican League, New York City and Toledo, Ohio, 90

Hebrew Benevolent Congregation, At- lanta, Ga., 86, I 34

Hebrew Benevolent Society, Cincinnati, Ohio, 88

Hebrew Committee of National Libera- tion, 97

Hebrew Fraternal Order (Sur Israel), Philadelphia, Pa., 94

Hebrew Free Loan Association, Boston, Mass., 88

Hebrew Free School Association, New York City, 88

Hebrew Friendship Congregation, Har- risonburg, Va., I 34

Hebrew Ladies Benevolent Association of the United Hebrew Congregation, St. Louis, Mo., 87

Hebrew Ladies' Benevolent Society, Tucson, Ariz., I 5 2

Hebrew schools, 2 3, 103 Hebrew Union College, Hebrew Union

College -Jewish Institute of Religion, Cincinnati, Ohio, 11-12, 14, 91-93, 95, 102, 124, I 32, 17 I ; Board of Governors, 89; Endowment Fund, 92; Graduate School, 92; J. Leonard Levy Scholar- ship, 91; Library, 98; Biblical and Archaeological School, Jerusalem, Israel, 92-93

Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel, 94 Hebrews; see Jewry Hechal; see Ark HECHT, ANTHONY, 168 HECHT, BEN, Gaily, Gaily, 170 HEILBRONN, musician, 6 HEINE, HEINRICH, 6 Helena, Ark., 6 Help (in names of Jewish congregations), . .

' 3 3 HENRIQUES, M. J., New York City, 90 Henry Cohen, Messenger of the Lord, 8 2-8 3 Henry Street Settlement, New York City,

80

Hemld (New York City), 7 Herald Square Theatre, New York City,

39 Herald-Tribune (New York City), I I 3 HERBERG, WILL, 162 Herbert H . Lehman and His Era (review),

80-8 I

HERBERT, HILARY A., 80 Heritage A@nned, A : The Jewish Federatian

Movement in America (review), I 66-67 HERTZ, RICHARD C., What Counts Most in

Life?, 170 Herzl Press, 163 HERZL, THEODOR, I I I , I 3 r HESCHEL, ABRAHAM JOSHUA, I 62 HESS, JACOB, 6 Hidden Empire, The, I o I High Holy Days, r r , 86, 170 High schools, 20

HILL, GUS, 38 Hillel (name of Jewish congregations), I 3 I HILLMAN, SIDNEY, 19, 3 5 HILTON, HENRY, 3-4, 8 "HiltonSeligman Affair," 3 HINDENBURG, PAUL VON, 107 Hingham, Mass., 125 HIRSCH, EDWARD, 6 HIRSCH, MAURICE DE, 85, 97, 1 3 2

HIRSCHMAN, JACK, 168 Historians, 9, 13, 15-16, 19-21, 52, 81 Historic Landmarks Commission, Sacra-

mento, Calif., I O I

Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio, Cincinnati, Ohio, 86

Historical societies, American Jewish, I z Historiography, I 5-16, 19 History, I , 9-16, 19-2 I , 67, 78-79,s I , 8 3,

103, 118, 129, 172 History of a Heart, 10 I

HITLER, ADOLF, 4, 5 I , 74, I 3 r , I 34 HODGES, FRANCIS M., 145 HOFFMAN, FREDERICK J., Gemude Stein,

170 HOHEIMER, JOSEPH, 88-89 Holbrook, Ariz., I 3 5 Holidays; see Jewish holidays Holiness (in names of Jewish congrega-

tions), I 3 3 Holland, 47, 49; see also Low Countries Hollwood, Calif., 40 HOLMES, OLIVER WENDELL, 73-77 Holy Blossom Congregation, Toronto,

Canada, I 3 3 Holy Office; see Inquisition

"Holy Seed" (name of Jewish congrega- tions), 134

Home Journal (London, England), 7 Homes for the aged, I 66 HOOVER, EARL R., 99 HOOVER, HERBERT, 74 Hope (in names of Jewish congregations),

133 "Hope of Israel" (name of Jewish congre-

gations), I 34 Hope of Israel Congregation, Curagao; see

Mikveh Israel Congregation, Willem- stad, Curagao

HOPRINS, MR., Tucson, Ariz., 142 HOPPER, DEWOLF, 39 Horse trade, 3 I Hos~itds. 166 ~ o t k l s , 3,. 5 House of Commons (of England), 3 "House of Jacob" (name of Jewish congre-

gation), I 3 3 "House of Mordecai" (name of Jewish

congregation), I 3 3 "House of Moses" (name of Jewish con-

gregation), I 3 3 House of Representatives, Arizona Terri-

tory, 147 "House of Samuel" (name of Jewish con-

gregation), I 3 3 "House of the People"; see "Beth Am" Houston, Tex., 170-7 I

HUDSON, MANLEY, 57 Hudson River, I z HULL, CORDELL, 57, 60 Human rights; see Rights, human "Human Rights at San Francisco," 5 1-52,

55-70 Human Rights Commission, United Na-

tions, 66, 68, 70 Humanitarianism, 58 Hungary, 56, 132; Jews of, 107, 112, 132,

163 HUNTER, FRANK, I 3 5 Huntington Park, Calif., 9 I HYAMS, HENRY M., 5 HYAMS, LEILA, 40 Hygiene, 169 HYMAN, MARCUS, 40 HYNEMAN, HEWN NAPHTALI, 7

Idealism, idealists, 19, 67-68, r 3 3-34 IGNATOW, DAVID, 82

ILIOWIZI, HENRY, 101

Illustrated History of t h Jews, T h , 17 2

IIIust~ated History of t h Siaie of Oregon, An, 99

Illustrations Amalgamated Clothing Workers Asso-

ciation leaders, 3 5 Drachman, Philip, I 57 Drachman, Samuel H., I 57 Gram, Rebecca, 17 Hebrew Union College, I 8 Hillman, Sidney, 3 5 Holy Ark, Touro Synagogue, Newport,

R. I., 53 Lehman, Herbert H., 72 Lwin, Shmarya, 122

Potofsky, Jacob S., 35 Proskauer, Joseph M., 7 I S. H. Drachman Store, 175 Shubert's Men's Store, Syracuse, N. Y.,

36 Sonderling, Jacob, I z I Temple Beth El, Akron, Ohio, I 39 Temple Israel, Boston, Mass., 140 Torah Scroll from the Newport Syna-

gogue, 54 "Immanu-El," I 17-18 Immigrants, immigration, I , 9-1 1, 15-16,

19-20, 22-24, 27, 31-34, 479 509 859 909 93,97-98, 105, 107, 113, 134, 136, 138, 147, 164, 166-67, 172

Impersonators, 38 Import trade, importers, 103, 141 INDELMAN, ELHANAN, I 69 Indentures, I 38, 142, 144-45 Independence, political; see Freedom Indiana Legislature, 6 Indians (American), 89, 138, 141, 143-45,

151-52 Individuals, 57-58, 60, 69, 76, 78 Industry, 3 I Innovation, 124 Inquisition, inquisitors, 8, 10, 84, 103 Inside the Synagogue, I 69 Inspector (for Kashruth) ; see Mmhgiach Instituto de Patologia Vegetal, Argentina,

85 Instructors, 165; see also Professors,

Teachers Insurance, insurance companies, 7, r 5 I Intellectual life, intellectuals, 23 Interfaith marriages; see Intermarriage Interfaith relations, 87, r 62 Intermarriage, I 59

INDEX 189

International bill of rights; see Interna- tionalism

Internationalism, international law, 5 I, 55, 57-60, 62-64, 66, 6 8 7 0

Intolerance; see Anti-Semitism, Religious prejudice

Iowa, 3, 170; see also Des Moines Ireland, the Irish, 2 5-26, I I 2

Isaac Goldburg v. The United States and the Apache Indims (lawsuit), 143

Isaac M. Wise Memorial Fund, 92 ISAAC, SAUL, 5 ISAACS, SAMUEL M., 10 I

Isaiah (name of Jewish congregations), I 30 Isaiah-Israel Congregation, Chicago, Ill.,

730 Ishpeming, Mich., I 25 "Israel" (name of Jewish congregations),

124, 129 Israel (people); see Jewry Israel (state), Israelis, 20,91,97, I 27, 167,

I 7 17 2; Masonic Grand Lodge, 93; see also Palestine

Israelite (Cincinnati, Ohio), 97 Israelites; see Jewry Israelitischer Tempe1 Verein, Hamburg,

Germany, 105, 107, 109, 1 2 0

ISRAELS, JOSEPH, 7 ISSERLES, MOSES, Torat Ha-Olah, 120

Italy, Italians, 5, 16, I 12, 132 Ithaca, N. Y., 26

Jackson, Miss., 86-87, 1 0 2

Jacksonville, Ore., 87 Jacob H . Schif (shi ), 93 " ~ a c o b ~ e n r ~ %hi$ 1847-I~ZO'' (ms.), 95 JACOBS, theatrical magnate, Syracuse,

N. Y., 39 JACOBS sr PROCTOR, 37 JACOBS, CLYDE E., Justice Frankfu~ter and

Civil Liberties (review), 7 6-78 JACOBS, MRS. DAVID, 95 JACOBS, L. B., sr Co., Tucson, Ariz., 15 I JACOBS, LIONEL M., 145, 152 JACOBS, MARK, I 37 Jails, 8 Jalapeiios, I 36 Jamaica, Long Island, N. Y., 32 Jamaica, West Indies, 102

JANOWSKY, OSCAR I., 68-69 JASTRIMSKI, LEON, 6 JASTROW, MORRIS, JR., 95

JENICKE, PAUL, 146 Jerusalem, Palestine, and Israel, 4, 26.

91-93, 96; name of Jewish congrega- uons, 132

JESSEL, GEORGE, 5 Jessie James, 30 JESUS OF NAZARETH, 8, I 28, I 61 "Jew" (as name), 125, 129 Jew and M o m , 84 Jewelry, 31 "Jewish" (designation for Jews and Jew-

ish congregations), I 25, I 29 Jewish Advocate (Boston, Mass.), 88 Jewish Calendar for Fijty Years, A , from

A . M . 56r4 to A . M . 5664, 149 "Jewish Cemetery in Newport, The,"

41-42 "Jewish Center" (designation for Jewish

congregations), I 26-27 Jewish-Christian relations; see Interfaith

relations Jewish Colonization Association, 85 Jewish Committee of the Dachau Concen-

uation Camp, 89 Jewish community, 163-64, 166; see also

Community relations "Jewish Community Center" (designation

for Jewish congregations), I 2 6 Jewish Community Relations Committee,

Cincinnati, Ohio, 79 Jewish Day School movement, 163 Jewish education; see Education Jewish Education in America, 169 Jewish Family and Children's Service,

Denver, Colo., 88 Jewish Federation and Council of Greater

Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo., 1 0 2

Jewish federation movement, 166-67 Jewish Forum (New York City), 169 Jewish Historical Society of England,

London, England, 99 "Jewish History Week," I I

Jewish holidays; see High Holy Days, Kol Nidre, New Year, Purim, Sukkoth, Yom ~ i p @ r

Jewish Institute of Religion, New York City, I 1 2

~ e w i i h labor movement, 19 Jewish learning; see Learning, Jewish Jewish Ledger (Hartford, Conn.) , 9 I Jewish life, Jewishness, 14, 74, 80, 105,

107, 120, 124, 163-65 Jewish National and University Library,

Jerusalem, Israel, 94, 1 0 2

Jewish National Fund, I I 3-14 Jewish people; see Jewry Jewish Review, 59 Jewish Science (religious movement),

I 28-29 Jewish secular movement; see Secularism Jewish State; see Israel (state) Jewish Theological Seminary of America,

New York City, I 2, I 14; Library, 95 Jewish Welfare Board, 97 Jewry, Jews, 3-9, 13-14, 16, 19-21, 25-

26, 41-50, 52, 56-57, 74-75, 80, 83-87, 89-90, 96-97, 99-103, 108-9, 112-13, 120, 125, 127-29, 132-34, 148-49, 159, I 6 1-66, 17 1-72; see also American Jewry, AngloSephardic Jewry, Ashkenazim, Bavarian Jews, Belgian Jews, Bohemia, Canada, Dutch Jews, East European Jews, England, European Jewry, Galician Jews, Germany, Hungary, Lithuania, Mexico, Poland, Portuguese Jews, Prussian Jews, Roumania, Russia, Sephardim

"Jews in America, The," 70 "Jews in Public Schools," 8 Jews in Suburbia, 163 Jews in Trmition, I 63 JOACHIM, JOSEPH, 6 JOACHIMSEN, PHILIP J., 6 John Carter Brown Library, Brown Uni-

versity, Providence, R. I., 103 JOHNSON, LYNDON B., 96 Joint Distribution Committee; see Amer-

ican Jewish Joint Distribution Committee JONAS, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, 5 JONES, H. B., Tucson, Ariz., I 5 z JOSEPH, CAROLINE, I 00

JOSEPHS, ETTA C. (MRS. H. Y.), 1 0 3 JOSEPHTHAL (director of Real Estate Trust

Company), 7 JOSEPHUS, FLAVIUS, 82 Journal (Chicago, lll.), 170 Journal of the Virginia House of Delegates,

18r3-r8rq, 94 Journalism, journalists, 83, I 3 z Journals, 99 Judah (country), I 28 JUDAH (family), 92 JUDAH, CHARLES, 92 JUDAH, NOBLE B., 92 JUDAH, SAMUEL, 45 Judaica (Boston, Mass.), 9 z Judaism, 82, 84,93, 102, I 19, 123-24, 149,

I 59, 162, 165-66, 168; see also American Jewry, Conservative Judaism, Jewish

Science, Orthodox Judaism, Reform Ju- daism, Religious observance

Judaizers, Judaizing, 84 Judeophobia; see AntiSemitism Judges, justices, 5-6, 78, 83, 92, 96, 1 0 2 ,

135 Judicial system, 76-79 Juniper House, Prescott, Ariz., 138 Junk dealers, 2 3 JUST, HAL, 8 3 Justice, 51, 56, 61, 66, 74 Justice Frankfurter and Civil Liberties

(review), 76-78

Kaddish, I z 6 KAGANOFF, NATHAN M., 100

KAHN, BERNHARD, 96 KAHN, ROBERT I., Lessons for Life, I 70-7 I

KALISCH, ISADOR, 1 0 3 Kallah, 9 z KALLEN, HORACE M., 92 KANIUK, YORAM, Mim-metulah li-neyu-

york, I 7 I Kansas, 90; see also Wichita Kansas Citv. Mo., 06, 1 0 2 ; Kansas Citr

Survey of ];wish ~ t t i k d e s , The, 1 0 2 *

KAPLAN, MORDECAI M., 92-9 3 Karaites, 168 ash ruth, 9 I , I 14-1 6; see also Kosher food Kashruth, inspector for; see Mushgiach KATZ, IRVING I., 84-85; Successful Syna-

gogue Administration, 84-85 KATZ, JOSEPH, 89 KATZ, ROBERT L., Empathy: Its Nature and

Uses, I 7 I KATZ, SAM, 40 KATZENBERG, (member of New York

Board of Education), 6 KATZENSTEIN, ALBERT, 142 KATZENSTEIN, LULU, I42 KATZENSTEIN, ROSA, I 36, 141 KATZENSTEIN, SAMUEL (SAM), I 36, 142 KAUFMANN, WALTER, 96 Kehillah, New York City, 169 KELLY, GEORGE H., Legislative History of

Arizona, 2864-rprz, I 50 KELLY, JOHN W., 38 KENNEDY, JOHN F., 92-93 Keren Hayesod; see Jewish National Fund KERR, JUSTIN E., 169 KERTZER, MORRIS N., The Art of Being a

Jew, 171

Kctubot (marriage documents), 89 Kindness (name of Jewish congregations),

100

Kingdom of God, 161 King's Chapel, Boston, Mass., 46 Kingston, Jamaica, 44 KIRBY, J., Cincinnati, Ohio, 86 KIRSCHBERG, ELIAS, 93 KIRSCHBERG, MAURICE, 93 Kishinev, Russia, 52 KLAW, MARC, 39 KLEMANN, EMMA, I07 KOCH, JOSEPH, 6 KOHLER, KAUFMANN, 93, 105, I 20, I 2 3 KOHN, SYLVAN H., I 69 Kol Nidre, 149; see also Yom Kippur KOMPERT, LEOPOLD, 6 KORN, BERTRAM W., 16, 94, 97, 99 Kosher food, 9 I , I 16, 164; see also Kashruth KOSOVSKE, HOWARD, 92 Kovacs v . Cooper (lawsuit), 77-78 KRANZLER, GEORGE, Williamsburg: A

Jewish Community in Transition (review), 163-66

KRAUSKOPF, JOSEPH, 92 Ku Klux Klan, 55 KUHN, ABRAHAM, 94-95 KUHN, LOEB, a CO., 93 KUNITZ, STANLEY, I 68

LA GUARDIA, FIORELLO H., 55, 80 La Paz, La Paz District, Ariz., I 37-38, 141 Labor, labor movement, laborers, 19, 100;

see also Jewish labor movement, Workers LAFOLLETTE, ROBERT, SR., 3 I Lampoons, 3 Land, 43, 138, 142, 146, 152; see also Real

estate LANE, LOUISA; see Drew, Mrs. John, Sr. Language, 66 Larchmont, N. Y., 171 Larchmont Temple, Larchmont, N. Y.,

171 LARDNER, NATHANIEL, 47 Las Cruces, N. Mex., 135, 156 LASKER, EDUARD, 5 LASKI, HAROLD, 73 Law, 13, 44, 73, 75, 78-79; Civil, 135;

Constitutional, 76; see also Pentateuch, Scrolls of the Law, Torah

Law, international; see Internationalism Lawsuits, 76-78, 102-3, 143, 156

Lawyers, 5, 21, 52, 73 Laymen, I 36, 162 LAZARON, MORRIS S., 93 LAZARUS (family), I 03 LAZARUS, EMMA, 7, 1 0 2 , 108, I72 LAZRUS, JAKE, 29 League of Nations, 55-56 Learning (in names of Jewish congrega-

tions), 133 Learning, Jewish, 8, 165 Lebanon, I 7 I LEBOWITSCH, JOHANNA, I 07 LEBOWITZ, MENORAH, 9 I Lectern, 46 Lecturers, lectures, 92, I 26, 135; see also

Addresses, Sermons, Speeches LEESER, ISAAC, I 5 Legends, I 14; Legends of the Jews, I 15 Legislative History of Arizona, z864-zgz2,

'5." Legislature, 75-77; see also Congress (of

the United States), Indiana, Louisiana, New York (State), Ohio

LEHMAN (member of the Indiana Legis- lature), 6

LEHMAN, HERBERT H., 72, 80-81 LEHMAN, MAYER, 80 LEIHY, GEORGE W., 141 LEINER, NORBERT, 90 LEIVICK, HALPERN, 8 2

LELY, PETER, I 3 LEONARD, MR., San Bernardino, Calif., I 37 LEONARD, WILLIAM ELLERY, "The Jews

in America," 70 LESINSKY, H., a GI., Tucson, Ariz., I 50 LESINSKY, HENRY, 156 Lessons for Life, I 70-7 I

LEVI, HERMANN, 6 LEVI, NATHAN, 1 0 2

LEVIN, MILTON I., 100

LEVIN, SHMARYA, 105, I I I , I 13, I Z Z

LEVINE, JOSEPH, 86 LEVINE, JOSEPH M., I O Z

LEVINE, SAMUEL, I 0 2

LEVINSKI (actor), 6 LEVINSON, ROBERT E., 86-87, 98-99 LEVITAN, SOLOMON, 3 I LEVY, San Francisco, Calif., 148 LEVY, BENJAMIN, 6 LEVY, F. H., San Bernardino, Calif., 137 LEVY, GERSHOM, 94 LEVY, I. HARRIS, 2 2

LEVY, J. LEONARD, 9 I LEVY, JOSEPH H., 88

LEVY, JOSEPH MOSES, 7 LEVY, LIPMAN, 92 LEVY, MARK (AND LOUIS LEWISSON),

BANKING COMPANY, New York City, I 03 LEVY, MOSES, 43 LEVY, RABBI, Syracuse, N. Y., 22-24, 34 LEVY, URIAH PHILLIPS, 5, 8 3 LEWISOHN (family), 80 LEWISOHN, LUDWIG, 96 LEWISSON, LOUIS; see LEVY, MARK Lexington, Mass., I 30 Liberal arts, 165 Liberal Party, 5 "Liberal Synagogue" (name of Jewish

congregations), I 24 Liberalism, liberals, 75, 80-8 I, 100, I 20

Libertarianism, 76 Liberties, civil; see Civil liberties, Freedom Liberty; see Freedom Librarians, 92 Library of Congress, Washington, D. C.,

899 93-94 LICHTENSTEIN, MORRIS, I 29 LIEBERMANN, Josh, Tierra Soiiada, 85 LIEBMAN, SEYMOUR B., 103 LIEPE, MRS. JACOB, 101

Life, 59, 64, 170-71; see also Jewish life Life, American; see America Life and Letters of Montgomery Pnmguice,

The, 95 Life. lewish: see lewish life . - ~ i f e ; ;eligious; see Jewish life Light (in names of Jewish congregations),

I33 Light opera, 30; see also Opera Lilly Library, Indiana University, Bloom-

ington, Ind., 96 LINCOLN, ABRAHAM, 89, 99; in Black

Hawk War (I 832), 89 LINDEN, HARRY, 86 Lipine, Silesia, 107 LIPPMANN, WALTER, 73 LIPSKY, LOUIS, I I I LIPSTON, MRS. RUTH, 98 Liquor trade, 141 Lisbon, Portugal, 103 LISTER, LOUIS, The ReligwuS School As-

sembly Handbook, I 7 I Literature, literary life, 5, 1 3,. 96, I 29;

see also Hebrew (language and Ilterature), . - - Yiddish

Lithuania, 107, I 2 3; Jews of, 108, I I z Liturgies, 98 Lochnu v. N. Y. (lawsuit), 76

Lodz, Russian Poland, I 36 LOEB, JACQUES, 93 LOEB, JAMES, 162 ~ E W E N S T E I N , EMIL, I 54, I 56 London, England, 3, 42-45, 82, 90, 99,

132 Long Branch, N. J., 7 Long Island, N. Y., 38; Railroad, 3 LONGFELLOW, HENRY WADSWORTH, 41-42 LONGWELL, MARJORIE R., America and

Women, I 7 1-72 Lookout Mountain, near Chattanooga,

Tenn., 133 LOPEZ, AARON, 49-50, 93, I7 2

LOPEZ, MOSES, 45-46, 49 LORD WILLIAMS, Tucson, Ariz., I 5 I LORD, CHARLES H., I43 Los Angeles, Calif., 6, I 2,82,96, 108, I 20,

130, 136, 142; County, 137 Lotos Club, 7 Lotteries, I 50-5 I

Louis Feinberg Synagogue, Cincinnati, Ohio, I 32

LOUIS LEWISSON AND MARK LEVY BANK- ING COMPANY, New York City, 103

Louisiana, 5; Legislature, 6; see also Baton Rouge, Monroe, New Orleans

Love, I 19 "Love of Isaac" (name of Jewish con-

gregation), I 3 3 Low Countries, 5 I ; see also Holland Lower East Side, New York City, I I 6 , - Loyal Order of ~ o o s e , 2 2

Loyalists (Revolutionary War), I 3 LUCCA, PAULINE, 6 Lucius N. Littauer Foundation, 84 LUMBERG (family), 40 LURIE, HARRY L., A Heritage A#rmed

(review), I 66-67 Lusitania (ship), 95 LUTHER, MARTIN, 161 LYNCH, FATTY, Syracuse, N. Y., 34, 37 Lyons, France, 89, 94 LYONS, JACQUES JUDAH, 149 Lyric Theatre, New York City, 39

MACK, JULIAN W., 95 MACICAILL, DOROTHY, 40 MACLEISH, ARCHIBALD, 62, 66 Madison, Wis., 3 I , 96 Madison Square Garden, New York City,

55

MADURO, JOSHUA MOSES LEVY, 86 Magazines; see Periodicals MAHLER, RAPHAEL, 94 Mail contracts, I 5 I Mail order houses, 27 "Major Trends in American Jewish

Historical Research," 9-16, 19-2 1

Majorities, majority groups, 60, 76 Malibu, Calif., 171 Man, mankind, roz, 161, 171 Man, rights of; see Rights, human MANASSEE (MANNASSEE) , HYMN (HEY-

MAN), 137 MANASSEE, J. S., LOS Angeles County,

Calif., I 37 MANASSEE, MOSES, r 3 7 Manchuria (steamship), I 08 Manhattan, New York City, I r 3 Manhattan Beach, N. Y., I 13-14 Manhattan Beach Com~anv. New York . d .

City. 3 Manhattan Beach Hotel, New York City, 8 Manhattan Club, New York City, 7 Manila, Philippines, 93 MANN, LOUIS L., 1 0 2

MANNER, EDNA B., 98, 103 MANNIX, DANIEL P., with MALCOLM

COWLEY, Black Cargoes: A History of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1118-1861, I 7 2

MANSFIELD, RICHARD, 37, !9 Manufacturers, manufacturing, 30-3 I ; see

also Factories Manuscripts, 84, 95, 136, 141 Map engravers, maps, 7 MARCUS, JACOB RADER, 93, 100, 103, 168;

"Major Trends in American Jewish Historical Research," 9-16, 19-2 I

MARITAIN, JACQUES, I 62 MARKENS, ISAAC, r 3 MARKS, B. S. (artist), 7 MARKS, H. S., Hollywood, Fla., 98 MARKS, HARRY HANANEL, I ; "Down with

the Jews!", 3-8 MARKS, MORRIS, 6 MARKS, PHILLIP A., 102-3 MARLOWE, JULIA, 38 MARQUESS, EMANUEL, I03 Marquette, Mich., I 2 5 MARQUSIE, JULIUS, 3 I Marranos, 14, 103 Marriage, marriages, 8, 22,86,89,98, 100,

107, 135-36, 141-42, 147, 159; see also Intermarriage, Ketubot

MARSHALL, CHARLES C., 55

MARSHALL, JOHN, 77 MARSHALL, LOUIS, 93 MARTIN, BERNARD, The Existentialist Theol-

ogy of Paul Tillich, 172 MARX, DAVID, 86 Marxism, 162 Maryland, 3 I, 89, I 7 2 ; General Assembly,

89; Maryland Historical Society, 1 0 2 ;

see also Baltimore Masada-Young Zionists of America, 97 Mascot (light opera), 30 Mashgiach (inspector for Kashruth), r I 5 MASON, GENERAL J. S., I 38 Masonic Order, Masonry, Masons, 41,93,

97, 147, 152; Grand Lodge of Arizona, 93; Grand Lodge of Canada, 97; Grand Lodge of Israel, 93; Tucson, Ariz., 1 ~ 2

Massachusetts, 5, 75; Supreme Judiclal Court, 75; see also Boston

Mathematics, 9 I MATTHEW, A. WENWORTH, 94 Mattoon, Ill., 87 MAY, DAVID, 3 2

MAY, JEAN WISE, 98 MAY, LEWIS, 7 MAYER, CONSTANT, 7 Mayors, 6, 80 MAZAR, BENJAMIN; MOSHE DAVIS; et al.,

The Illustrated History of the Jews, 172 MCCARRAN, PAT, 8 I MCCARTHY, JOSEPH R., 8 I McCollmn v . Board of Education (lawsuit),

78 McCoy, G. L., Los Angeles County,

Calif., I 37 M c k , J. M., Los Angeles County,

Calif., r 37 M c G x . W . W.. Los Aneeles County,

calif.,. I 37 "

McCulloch v. State of Maryland (lawsuit), 77

MCGONNIGLE, MAJOR A. I., 155 MCINTYRE & HEATH (comedians), 38 MCINTYRE, JAMES, 38 MCREYNOLDS, JAMES CLARK, 74 Medicine, 13, 125, 129, 169; see also

Physicians Medieval period, 8 Memoir of Julius Ochs, A , 98 Memoirs, 14, 98-99 Memphis, Tenn., 87-88, 99 MENDELSSOHN, FELIX, 6 Mennonites, 2 2

Mercantile industry; see Merchants

Merchants, 31-32? 48, 132, 136-37, 151, I 7 2 ; see also Businessmen, Department stores, Retail trade, Storekeepers, Trade, Wholesalers

Mesifta Torah Vodaath, New York City, '65

Mesilla, N. Mex., I 50, I 56 Messiah, Messianism, 19, 42, 134, 162 Metro-Goldwyn studios, Hollywood,

Calif., 40 Metulla, Israel, 17 I Mexican Bureau, B'nai B'rith, 98 Mexican Campaign (1916), 90 Mexico, Mexicans, 14, 84, 98, 103, 141,

149; Jews of, 98 Mexico City, Mexico, 98 MEYERBEER, GIACOMO, 6 MEYERSBERG, LOUIS, 160 MEYEROVITZ, JACOB I., 9 1

Miami, Fla., 98 Miami Beach, Fla., I 25 Michigan, 61 ; see also Detroit Michilimackinac Island, 89 Middle Ages; see Medieval period Middle class, z I Midrash, I I 5 Midsummer Night's Dream, 3 7 MIGEL, JENNY; see Drachman, Jenny Migel Migration; see Immigrants Mikado, The, 3 0 Mikveh (Mikve) Israel Congregation,

Willemstad, Curacao, Netherlands An- tilles, 44, 48-49, 86

MILAN, GABRIEL, 89 Military service, I I , 27; see also Army,

Soldiers, War Militia, 89; see also Soldiers Mill Street Synagogue, New York City;

see Shearith Israel Congregation, New York City

MILLER, ARTHUR, 93 MILLER, JUDEA B., 90,93 MILLER, SARAH RUBINOVITZ, 103 Millinery Center Synagogue, New York

City, 126 Milwaukee, Wis., 15, 96 Mim-metulah li-neyu-york, I 7 I Minersville District v. Gobitis (lawsuit), 78 Minhag America, 103 Ministers; see Clergy, Rabbis Minneapolis, Minn., 103 Minnesota, 98, 102-3; Jewish Council,

103; see also Duluth, Minneapolis, St. Paul

[Minnesota] State v. Weiss Sunday Closing Law case, 103

Minorities, minority groups, 56, 60, 69, 76; rights, 76, 81; treaties, 55-56, 60, 69

Minstrels, 38, 149 Minyan (quorum of ten adult males for

religious worship), I 26 Miriam (name of Jewish congregation),

I 3 2; see also Temple Beth Miriam Missionaries, 4, 34, 101-2

Missouri Valley Life Insurance Company, 151

MITCHELL, J. W., 93 Mitzvot, 49, I I o "Mizpah" (biblical name), I 3 3 Mobile, Ala., 52 Modem period, modernism, I z 3 Mohel, 10 I

MO~SE DELEON, Charleston, S. C., 93 Money, 43, 48; see also Currency MONNET, JEAN, 7 3 Monroe, La., 88 MONROE, MARILYN, 93-94 MONTEFIORE, LEONARD, 7 MONTEFIORE, MOSES, 8, 87, 132 Montgomery, Ala., 6, 97 Montreal, Canada, 89, 149 Mooney Report, 75 Morality, I 7 0 7 I Moravia, 107 MORDECAI, ELLEN, I o 1-2

MORDECAI, MOSES &HEN, 94 MORGENTHAU, HENRY, SR., 74 Mormons, Mormonism, 34, 84 Morocco, 1 0 2

MORRIS, RICHARD B., 82 MORRIS, ROBERT, I4 MORROW, ROBERT, 143 MORSE, LEOPOLD, 5 MOSES, 8 MOSES, ABRAHAM, 41 MOSES, B A R ~ T T E E., 97 MOSES, MOSES, 9 I Moss, LUCIEN, 7 Moss, THEODORE, 6 Motion picture industry, motion picture

directors, 40 Mount Sinai, I 29 Mount Vernon, N. Y., I z 5 Mount Zion Hebrew Congregation, St.

Paul, Minn., 172 Mourner's Prayerbook, 98 Mulberry St. Synagogue, Syracuse, N. Y.,

22, 24

INDEX ' 9 5

MURPHY (saloonkeeper), Syracuse, N. Y.. 30

MURPHY, FRANK, 77 MURPHY, LOUIS, 40 MURPHY, RALPH, 40 MURPHY, TOM, 25 Murphy's Shamrocks, Syracuse, N. Y..

a 5-2 6 MURRAY, JOHN COURTNEY, 162 MURRAY, PHILIP, 64-65 Museums of the Peaceful Arts, New

York City, 95 Music, musicians, 6, 13, 103; see also

Light opera, Opera Musical comedy, 38-40 Mutual Life Insurance Company, 7 M y King and M y God, 8 2

MYERS, HYAM, 94 MYERS, MYER, 45 MYERS, NAPHTALY HART, 89 MYERS, THEODORE W., 7

N. A. A, C. P.; see National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

NADICH, ISAAC, 98 NADICH, JUDAH, 98 N. A. M.; see National Association of

Manufacturers Narragansett Bay, R. I., 42 Nashville, Tenn., 96 N A ~ , THOMAS, 7 NATHAN (family), 94 NATHAN, ELI M., 94 NATHAN, FREDERICK, 7 NATHAN, HARMON, 7 NATHAN, HAROLD, 94 NATHAN, JONATHAN, 94 Nathun Levi v . John Gadsby (lawsuit), loz NATHAN MAUD, Once Upon A Time and

Today, 94 NATHAN, P. W.; see Nathan (family) National agencies, 166 National Archives and Records Service,

Washington, D. C., 102, 148, I 60 National Association for the Advancement

of Colored People (N. A. A. C. P.), 61 National Association of Manufacturers

(N. A. M.), 61 National Association of Temple Adminis-

trators, 84 National Cemetery of the Pacific, Hono-

lulu, Hawaii, loo

National Commission on Law and Social Action of the American Jewish Congress,

79. Natlonal Council of Jewish Women, 94 National Jewish Welfare Board, I I

National Union for Social Justice, I O I

Nationalism, 19,68, 70, 78, 127, 134, 162 Nationality, 5 z Naturalization, I 37-38, 144 NAUMBURG, GEORGE W., 99 NAUMBURG, GEORGE W., JR., 99 NAUMBURG, WALTER W., 99 . .

Navigation, 5 I Navv (of the United States); see Navy

~ b a i u n e n t , United States Navy Department (United States), 80 Navy Maverick: Uriah Phillips Lmy, 83 Nazism, Nazis, 52, 81, 89, 92, 94 NEBEL, ABRAHAM L., 90, 94, 97 Nefutst Yisrael Congregation, Newport,

R. I., 42-50; see also Yeshuat Yisrael Congregation, Newport, R. I.

Negaunee, Mich., I 25 Negro Jews, 94 Negroes, 10,25,38,61,112, 163,165,172;

see also Slavery NEILSON, ADELAIDE, 6 NEMEROV, HOWARD, I 68 Neo-Reformers, I zo Netherlands West Indies, 48 Neue Judische Mmatshefe, I Lo, I 2 3 NEUGAS, MAX, 160 NEUMANN (family), 103 Neumann Memorial Publication Fund, 2,

106 NEUMANN, NORBERT, 103 Nevada, 3 2

Nevin Bus Lines, 32 NEVIN, HARRIS, 3 NEVINS, ALLAN, review of Herbert H .

Lehman and His Era, 80-81 New Amsterdam, I z New BastableTheatre, Syracuse, N. Y., 39 New Castle, Pa., 97 New Christians, 103 New Deal, 80 New England, 47 New Hampshire, 3 I New Mexico, I 37; see also Albuquerque,

Las Cruces, Santa Fe New Orleans, La., 50, 88, 132 New Rochelle Post No. 48, Jewish War

Veterans of the United States, New Rochelle, N. Y., 94

1 9 ~ AMERICAN JEWISH ARCHIVES, NOVEMBER, 1964

New Spain, 14 New Testament, 161; see also Jesus of

Nazareth "New Thought Synagogue" (name of

Jewish congregations), I 24 New World, 10, 48 New Year (Rosh Hashanah), 86, 149 New York Bar, 55 New York Central Railroad, 34 New York City, 3,5,8, 10, 15, 32, 34, 37.

39, 44-47, 50, 52, 55, 80, 84, 87-97, 100-101, 103-5, 108-9, 111, 113-14, I 16, I 18-20, 125-26, 132-34, 136, 141, 147-49,. 1-63, 169, 171; Bar, 55; Board of Charltles and Corrections, 6; Board of Education, 6; Charter Revision Com- mittee, 55, Port of New York, 94; see also East Sde, New York City; Lower East Side, New York City

New York Club, 7 New York County, 55 New York (State), 5-6, 3 1, 40, 80, 101,

126; Appellate Div~slon, 55; Assembly, 6; Supreme Court, 55,92 ; see also Albany, Bronx, The; Brooklyn, Buffalo, New York City, Rochester, Syracuse

N e w York Sun, 10 I

N e w York Times, 6 I , 67,94 Newe Shalom Congregation, Paramaribo,

Surinam, 44 Newport, R. I., 1,7, 15,41-50,53-54,93,

1 3 2 Newsboys, 32-34 Newspapers, 3, 5, 7-8, 13, 24, 28, 32-34.

50, 88, 90, 95-97, 101, 103, 14.1, !47, 15 I , 153, 160, 169-70; see also Penod~cals

NIEBUHR, REINHOLD, I 61-62 ; Pious and Secular America, I 62 ; The Universal God, I 62

Nineteenth Century (London, England), 7 NOAH, MORDECAI M., 5, 94 Nob Hill, San Francisco, Calif., 63 Nobel Prize, 2 I

Nobles, nobility, 8 NOLDE, 0. FREDERICK, 63-64 Nonimportation agreement (I 770), 9 I Non-Jews; see Christianity, Hinduism,

Indians, Islam Non-kosher food; see Treffa Nordicism, Nordic racialism, 16, 19; see

also Racialism Norfolk, Va., 94 North (United States), 16 North America, I 2, 14, 44

Norway, 34, 5 I Norwich, N. Y., 26 Novels, novelists, 83 Nuclear physics, r 3 NUSSBAUM, PERRY E., 86-87

OBERMANN, JULIAN, I I 0-1 I

Obiruaries, 9 I, 94, 97, 146-47 Observance, religious; see Religious ob-

servance Occident (Philadelphia, Pa.), 10 I

OCHOA (of Tully, Ochoa & Co.), Tucson, Ariz., 15 I

OCHS, ADOLPH S., 92 OCHS, JULIUS, 98 O'CONNELL, HUGH, 40 Odessa, Tex., 87 OFFENBACH, JACQUES, 6 Offering o Prayer, An, 82 Ofice o ! Public Affairs, United States

State Department, 62 Oheb Shalom Congregation, Sandusky,

Ohio, 87 Oheb Sholom Congregation, Washington,

D. C., 87 Ohio, 86-87, 133-34, 139; Senate, 6;

Volunteer Infantry, 99; see also Cin- cinnati, Cleveland, Columbus, Piqua, Toledo

Oklahoma City, Okla., 55 OLCOTT, CHAUNCEY, 38 Old age homes; see Homes for the aged Old Testament, 8, 161; see also Bible,

Pentateuch, Torah OLGIN, MOISSAY, 82 Omnipotence (of God), I 6 I Once Upon A Time and Today, 94 Only Yesterday, 168 Opera, 6, I 23 ; see also Light opera Orators, I 3 2

Ordination, 95, 107 Oregon, 6, 99; see also Portland OREN, JUDITH, 169 Organ, I I 7 ORLINSKY, HARRY M., 83 Or~heum Vaudeville Circuit, 40 ORR, EDWIN J., 156 Orthodox Judaism, Orthodox Jews, Ortho-

doxy, 112-14, 116, 119-20, 124, 159, 163, 165

ORTIZ, ANGEL, 143

INDEX '97

Othniel Lodge No. 274, B'nai B'rith, Memphis, Tenn., 88

OTTERBOURG, MARCUS, 6 Out-marriages; see Intermarriage Overseas relief, 166 Oxford, N. Y., 26

PACHECO, MOSES, 41 Pacific (ship), 148 Pacifists, 52 Pack Peddler, The, z 2-2 3 Pack peddlers; see Peddlers Painters, painting, 7, 13; see also Art,

Artists Palestine, I I, 87,90-91,96-97; Orchestra

Fund, 9 I ; Palestine Post, 9 I ; see also Israel (state), Jerusalem

Palm Springs, Calif., I z 3 Papago Indians, Arizona, I 5 z Paramaribo, Surinam, 44, 49-50 Paris, France, 95, 123; Peace Conference

(19'9). 967 99 PARKER, MR., Fort Whipple, Ariz., I 53 Parliament (English), F Partition (of ~&sc&j, 97 Pasquils, I ; see also Satire Passover, 44 Patriarchs, I 28-29 Patriotism, patriots, 14, 82-83 Peace, 5 I-! 2, 64, 67; in names of Jewish

congregations, I 3 3-34 Peace Conference (1919) ; see Paris PEARLSON, JORDAN, 90 Peasants, 34 Pedagogy, zo Peddlers, peddling, 16, 22 , 24, 26-34? 38,

837 '38, 169-70 PEIXOTTO, BENJAMIN F., 94, 98 PEIXOTTO, GEORGE, 94 Peninsula Temple Sholom, Burlingame,

Calif., I z5 Pennsylvania, 5, z z, 3 1-32 ; see also Phila-

delphia, Pittsburgh Pennsvlzlania Grit (Williamsport, Pa.), 24

~ ~. .

Torah People, Jewish; see Jewry People's Epic, A : Highlights of Jewish

History in verse, 83 PERELMUTER, HAYIM GOREN, 92, 97 Periodicals, 3, 7, I z, 59-61, 69,88,94-95,

101, 114, 120, 123, 169; seealso News- papers

Persecution, religious, 5 z Pesach; see Passover Petersburg, Va., 15 Petit v. Minnesota Sunday Closing Law

case, 103 PETRIE, FLINDERS, 9 I Petrikov, Russian Poland; see Piotrkow Pharisees, 168 Philadelphia, Pa., 15-16, 38, 50,83,89,94,

103, 132, 136-37, 148 Philanthropy, philanthropists, 14, 44-45,

80, 87-88, 94-95? "8, 132, 134, 152. 164, 166-67, 172

PHILLIPS, BENJAMIN SAMUEL, 8 PHILLIPS, HARLAN B., 73 PHILLIPS, HENRY M., 5 PHILLIPS, NAPHTALI, I 03 PHILLIPS, ROLLIE T., JR., 92 Philosophers, philosophy, I 18, 120, I 35,

162, I72 Phoenix, Ariz., 93, 135, 159 Photography, photographers, photographs,

7,9495,997 103, 147-9 169 Phylacter~es; see Tefillln Physicians, 4, 3 z, 98 PICARD (family), loo PICARD, MORRIS D., 100

Pierce City, Mo., 6 Pietism, 107 PILCH, JUDAH, 169 Pima County, Arizona Territory, 144-45,

'47, 152, '55 PIMENTEL, SAMUEL RODRIGUES, 48 Pinafore, 30 PINSKI, DAVID, 82 Pioneer Brewery, Tucson, Ariz., 142 Pioneers, 41,98, 105, I 59, 169-70 Piotrkow (Petrikov), Russian Poland, I 36,

147, I59 Pious and Secular America, I 62 Piqua, Ohio, 87, 98 Pirates, 83 Pittsburgh, Pa., 27, 39, 91 PLACZECK,BARUCHJACOB, 107 Plantations, lanters, 103 PLAUT, W. ~ U N T H E R , 98 Plays, playwrights, 38, 96, 104; see also

Drama Plum Street Temple, Cincinnati, Ohio; see

Bene Yeshurun Congregation, Cincin- nati, Ohio

PLUMMER, MR., Rochester, N. Y., 37

PODET; ALLEN, 87 Poetry, poets, 41-42,83,96, 101, 103, 168,

172 Pogroms, 52 Poland, 22, 51-52, 56,93, 123, 132; Jews

of, 22, 105, 132, 136, 163; seealsoRussian Poland

Political freedom; see Freedom Political reform; see Reform, political Politics, political life, politicians, 5, 19, 2 I ,

55, 58, 80, 83, 93, 96, 100, 136, 152 Poor Will's Pocket Almanack, 10 I

Portland, Ore., 6, 15 Portsmouth, N. H., 99 Portugal, 103 Portuguese Congregation, Amsterdam,

Holland, 47 Portuguese Jews, 50 POSTAL, BERNARD, IOZ

Postmasters, 142 Postoffice Exchange, Tucson, Ariz., 146 POTOFSKY, JACOB S., 19, 35 POUND, ROSCOE, 74 Prayer, prayers, 43, 82, 98, 126-27, 136,

149, 161, 180; books, 98, 101, 103, 123, 149; garment, I I 7; in names of Jewish congregations, I 3 3; special, 86

Prayer caps; see Yarmelkes Prayer shawls; see Tallis Prejudice, religious; see Religious prejudice Prescott, Ariz., 138, 141. 146-47, 149-

50 Press; see Journalism, Newspapers, Period-

icals Press Club, 7 Press, freedom of; see Freedom Princeton, N . J., 90 Prisoners of war, 160 PRITZKER (family), too; Pritzker Book, The,

I00

PRITZKER, LEE, 100

Processions, 46 PROCTOR, FREDERICK F., 39 Producers, 38, 40 Professions, professional life, professional

men, 5, I 64 Professors, 3 , 3 ~ , ~ 2 , 5 7 , 6 8 , 7 3 - 7 4 , 8 1 - 8 3 ,

I 10, 124, 168, 17071 Progressive Era, too "Progressive Synagogue" (name of Jewish

congregations), I 24 Progressives, 80 Prohibition, 108 Proletariat, proletarians, 19

Prmised Seed, The, A Sermon Preached to God's Ancient Israel, the Jews, 1 0 2

Proof of Plot, I 0 I

Proof of the Jewish Conspiracy to C m m u n i u America and Rule the World, The, 101

Property, 77 Prophets, 127-28, I 30-3 I

PROSKAUER, JOSEPH M., 2, 52, 55-67, 69- 7 I

Prospectors, I 36 Protestantism, Protestants, 161 Proverbs, Book of, 85 Providence, R. I . , ~ I , roo, 102, 105, I 16-18 PROVOL, ANNA, 2 2

PROVOL, FANNY, 2 2

PROVOL, GEORGE J., 2 2-2 3 PROVOL, WILLIAM LEE, 22-23; "Growing

Up in Syracuse," 22-34, 37-40 PROVOLSKY (family), 2 2

Prussian Jews, 3 I Psalms, 6, I I 3 Psychoanalysis, I 7 I Psychology, I 29 Public Archives of Canada, Ottawa,

Canada, 88 Public education; see Education Public life, public service, 52, 73-74, 80 Public office, 5-6, 3 I, 80, 83, 94, 98, 101,

142, 147, 152, 162; see also Statesmen Public Records Office, London, England,

87, 89, 102 Public schools, 8, 20-21, 33, 97, 103, 150;

religion in, 97; see also Education, High schools, Schools

"Public Schools, Jews in," 8 Publications of the American Jewish Histor-

ical Society, I 6 Publishing, I 64 Publix movie houses, 40 Pueblo, Colo., 87 Pulpit, I 19; see also Sermons Pupils, 8 Purim, I 52 Puritans, Puritanism, 50, 80 "Pursuer of Peace" (name of Jewish

congregation), I 3 3

Q

RAAP (E~PHAEL) , DAVID, 89 Rabbinical law; see Halachah Rabbinical Pension Plan, 98

INDEX I99

Rabbinical seminaries, I 3 2

Rabbis, rabbinate, 3, 15, 47, 82-83, 90, 95-98, 103, 107-9, 111-14, 116, 119, 123-26, 129-307 1327 135-369 1499 159, 162-63, 17072; see also Rebbes

RABINOWICZ, OSKAR, 90 Race, 8, 52, 59-60, 62, 66 RACHEL, LISA F ~ L I X , 6 Racialism, 9, 16; see also Nordicism Radio, radios, 28, 17 I RADZINSKI, EVA, 87 Railroads, 3, 7, 16, 28-30, 34, 146 RAMOS, JACOB, 10

RANDOLPH, JENNINGS, 96 RAPHAEL (family), 89 RAPHAEL, ISAAC, 89 Rapid City, S. Dak., I 3 3 Rassenlunde, 3 ; see also Racialism Rationalism, I z 3 Reactionaries, reactionism, 8 I Real estate, 32, 43, 102-3, 142, 146, 164;

see also Land Real Estate Trust Company, 7 Realpolitik, 68 Rebbes (Hasidic rabbis), 164 Recent Americm Poetry, I 68 Recession, 164 Reconstructionist Foundation, 163 Recreation, r 26-27 Redemption, I 62 Redwood Library, Newport, R. I., 46 Reform Judaism, Reform Jews, Reformers,

18, 82-83, 107, 109, 119-to, 123, 165, I 68 ; see also American Reform Judaism, Classical Reform, Neo-Reformers

Reform, judicial, 75 Reform Movements in Judaism, 168 Reform, political, 52, 55, 89, too Reformat~on (European), 16 I Reformations (in Judaism), I 68 Reformed Society of Israelites, Charleston,

S. C., 88 Reformer and Jewish Times (New York

City), 3 Refugees, I 34 Rehabilitation, 80, I 3 2, 166 Relief, 80, 98, 166 Religio-therapy, I 29 Religion, 44, 66, 74, 76, 119, 123, 125-26,

130, 161 Religion, establishment of; see Establish-

ment of religion Religious freedom; see Freedom Religious life; see Jewish life

Religious observance, ++,74, 10 I, I 36, I 59 Religious prejudice, 9, 55; see also Anti-

Semitism Religious School A s s m b l y Handbook, I 7 I Religious schools, I 7 I ; see also Education,

Schools, Sunday schools Religious services; see Worship Reminiscmces of a Lung Life, 99 "Reminiscences of Grandmother Drach-

man," 141 "Remnant of Israel" (name of Jewish

congregations), I 34 "Remnant of Judah" (name of Jewish

congregations), r 34 Report o j The Royal Commissiun of Inquiry

Respecting the Arrest and Detentiun of Rabbi Norbert Leiner b y T h e Metro- politan Torunto Police Force, The, 90

Report on the Bisbee Deportation, 75 Report on the Sacco-Vanzetti Case, 75 Reporters, 170 Republican Party, Republicans, 6 I, 90 Researchers, I 66 Restaurants, I 38 RESTON, JAMES, 61 Retail trade, retailers, 22 , 141; see also

Businessmen, Department stores, Mer- chants, Storekeepers, Trade

Revolutionary War (American), 13-14. 82, 132, I72

Rhode Island, r,q1,43,45,49,172; see also Newport, Providence

RHODES, IRWIN S., 102-3 RHODES, MRS. IRWIN S., 101, 103 RICHMOND, HARRY R., 88 Richmond, Va., I 2, 98 RIESEL, VICTOR, 63 Righteousness (in names of Jewish con-

gregations), I 3 3 Rights, human, 51-52. 55-70 Rights, political; see Equality, ~olitical Rip Van Winkle, 30 Rites; see Religious observance, Ritual Ritual, rituals, ++, 129, I 36, 168 RIVERA, JACOB RODRIGUEZ, 43,48 Roads, 27, 3 I ROBERTS, B., I 37 ROBERTSON, MRS. PHIL; see Drachman,

Minnie Rochester, N. Y., IS, 3 I Rockville Centre, N. Y., I 25 RODELL, FRED, 73 Roman Catholicism, Roman Catholics; see

Catholicism

RONSTADT, ARMAND V., 147 ROONEY, PAT, 3 8 ROOSEVELT, ELEANOR, 9 1,95 ROOSEVELT, FRANKLIN D., 51, 55, 58,

60-61, 73-75, 80,95 ROOSEVELT, THEODORE, 73, 75 ROSE, MRS. NISSEL A., 86 ROSEMAN, NATHAN, 103 ROSENBAUM (family), 98 ROSENBAUM (director of Real Estate Trust

Company), 7 ROSENBAUM, BELLA WERETINKOW, 98 ROSENBERG, BENJAWN B., review Of A

Hcritagc Affirmed, r 66-67 ROSENGARTEN, ISAAC, 169 ROSENTHAL, ROBERT, 98 ROSENTHAL, SAMUEL, 99 ROSENWALD, JULIUS, 3 z ROSENZWEIG, FRANZ, 108 Rosh Hashanah; scc New Year ROSVALLY, MAX L., 4 ROSWALD, JACOB, 99 ROSWALD, SIMON, 99 ROTH, PHILIP, 96 ROTHENBERG, MRS. ROBERT, 88 ROTHENHEIM, WOLF, I03 ROTHSCHILD (family), 8 ROTHSCHILD, CAROLA WARBURG, 99 ROTHSCHILD, JACOB M., 86 ROTHSCHILD, JAMES DE, 6-7 ROTHSCHILD, NATHANIEL MAYER, 5 ROTHSCHILD, WALTER, 90 Roumania, 8, 98; Jews of, 98 ROWE, JOHN J., 93 RUBENSTEIN, ANTON, 6 RUBIN, ALVAN D., and BENJAMIN EFRON,

Yovr Bar Mitzvah, 83 RUBIN, BOB, 40 RUSSELL BROTHERS, 38 RUSSELL, LILLIAN, 38-39 Russia, 5, 52, 58, 62, 75, 102 , 113. 123,

169; Jews of, 11, 15-16, 19, 32,85, 170; scc also Russian Poland, Soviet Russia

Russian Poland, r 36 Rutgers University, New Brunswick,

N. J., 17 I ; Library, IOI

RUTLEDGE, WILEY BLOUNT, 77 RYNERSON, W. L., Las Cruces, N. Mex.,

156 S

Saar haSamayim Congregation, London, England; scc Bwis Marks Synagogue, London, England

Sabbatarians, 90 Sabbath, 29, I 10, "5, 117 Sacco-Vanzetti case, 75 Sachs School, 80 SACKS, B., Phoenix, Ariz., 135, 148 Sacramento, Calif., 98, rot; City Council,

r o I ; Historic Landmarks Commission, 101

Sacrifices, sacrificial system, I zo, r 30 St. Benedict's College Library, Atchison,

Kans., I O I

St. Eustatius, Netherlands West Indies, IOO

St. John's College Library, Collegeville, Minn., 101

St. Louis, Mo., 87 ST. MATTHEW, JOHN H., I 3 7 St. Paul, Minn., 15, 172 St. Petersburg, Fla., 87 St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, 89 St. Xavier, Arizona Territory, I 5 z SALINGER, JEROME DAVID, 84; Salingcr:

A Critical and Pcrsonal Portrait, 84 SALOMON, HAYM, 14, I 3 2

SALOMONS, DAVID, 8 Saloonkeepers, saloons, 30, 146; scc also

"Jewish saloons" Salt Lake City, Utah, 2 2

Salvation of Israel Congregation, Newport, R. I.; scc Yeshuat Yisrael Congregation, Newport, R. I.

SAMPSON & CO., 146 Sa~nsun Bmdc~ly , I 69 SAMUEL, I. N., New York City, 87 SAMUEL, MAURICE, I I I

San Bernardino, Calif., I 37, 147-48 San Diego, Calif., 142 San Francisco, Calif., z, z z , 55, 61, 67-68,

70, 87. 97, 141, 148, 150, 153; Opera House, 63

San Pedro, Calif., 148 San Pedro Valley, Arizona, 143 Sanburgh (ship), 93 SANCHEZ, GABRIEL, 9-10 SANDMEL, SAMUEL, 9 ~ ~ 9 5 Sandusky, Ohio, 87 Sandwich, Mass., 43 Santa Ana, Calif., I z5 Santa Barbara, Calif., 148 Santa Fe, N. Mex., I 35 SANTANGEL, LOUIS, 9-10 SANZER REBBE, I07 SAPHIRE, SAUL, and DONOVAN FITZ-

PATRICK, N a v y Maverick: Uriah Phillips Levy, 8 3

SAPIRO, AARON, 95 Saratoga Springs, N. Y., 3-4 SARGENT, CHRISTOPHER S., 90 SARONY (photographer), 7 SASPORTAS, HANNAH, 48 SASSOON, ALBERT, 8 Satire, I ; see also Pasquils Saturday, 24, 29-30 Saved from the Storm, 30 SAWYER, COMMANDER F. L., 95 Scattered of Israel Congregation, Newport,

R. I.; see NefutsC Yisrael Congregation, Newport, R. I.

SCHAFER (family), 103 SCHECHTER, SOLOMON, I 20

SCHEIDEMAN, B., San Francisco, Calif., 87 Schenk v . U. S. (lawsuit), 77 SCHIFF (family), 99 SCHIFF, JACOB H., 91-95 SCHIFF, JOHN M., 93 SCHIFF, MORTIMER L., 94-95 SCHILLER, M., LOS Angeles County,

Calif., I 37 SCHLAGER, MILTON I., 99 SCHNEIDER (actor), 6 SCHOEN, MYRON E., 84; Successful Syna-

gogue Administration, 84-85 Scholars, scholarship, 19-20, 73, 107, 129,

131, 172 SCHONBACH, MORRIS, 100

Schools, 7, 20, 33, 7879; see also Allday schools, Education, Hebrew schools, High schools, Public schools, Reli- gious schools, Sunday schools, Yeshivot

SCHWAB, JULIAN G., 94 SCHWARZ, JACOB D., 95; Adventures in

Synagogue Administration, 95; The Life and Letters of Montgomery Prun juice, 95

SCHWEITZER, BERNARD, 6 Science, 10, 165 "Science of Judaism"; see Wissenschaft des

Judenthumr Scientific merhod, I 29 Scottsdale, Ariz., 87 Scrap iron industry, 3 I Scriptures; see Bible, New Tesrament,

Penrateuch, Torah Scrolls of the Law, 46-47, 54, 87 SEARS, ROEBUCK Co., Chicago, Ill., 32 SEASONGOOD, LEWIS, 6, 103 SEASONGOOD, MRS. LEWIS, I03 Secession (Civil War), 97 Second World War, I I , 16, 51-52, 56, 59,

68, 92, 100, 167-68

Secondary schools; see High schools, Public schools, Schools

Secular education, I 65 Secularism, secular movements, 19 Security, 5 1-52; see also World security SEEBACHER (New York State Assembly-

man), 6 Segregation, 93, 1 0 2

SEIGEL, ROBERT ALAN, 89 Self-determination, 5 I SELIGMAN (family), 7, 80 SELIGMAN & CO., 7 SELIGMAN, EDWIN R. A., 95 SELIGMAN, JOSEPH, 3, 7 Seminaries, I 07 ; see also Rabbinical

seminaries Senate (of the United States), senators,

5, 22, 61, 67, 81, 96; see also Congress (of the United States)

SENDERS, ALBERT G., 98-99 SENDERS, MRS. ALBERT G., 98 SENDERS, JACOB G., 99 Senior Cir~zens Congregation, Miami

Beach, Fla., I 25 SENIOR, EMMA K., 95 SENIOR, JAMES KUHN, 95-96 SENIOR, MARY, 95 SENIOR, MAX, 95-96 SENIOR, ROSE, 95 Separation of church and state; see Church

and state Separatism, 50 Sephardim, 10,43,45, 50, 96, 149; see also

Anglo-Sephardic Jewry, Spanish-Porn- guese Jews

Sermons, sermonettes, 82, 86, 92-93, 95-98, 100, 102, 118, 17071; see also Addresses, Lecturers, Speeches

Service (in names of Jewish congregations). - -

'3! Serv~ces, religious; see Worship Settlers, 4 I Setuket, Long Island, N. Y., 38 Sex, 66 Shaar Hashamayim Congregation, Kings-

ton, Jamaica, qq SHAINES (family), 99 Shakespeare Hall, Syracuse, N. Y., 30 SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM, 37 S h a h (in names of Jewish congregations),

I34 SHANE, MRS. GERTRUDE SIEGEL, 87 SHANK, MRS. FLOYD C.; see Drachman,

Lucille

SHAPIRO, EVELYN KATZ, 96 SHAPIRO, KARL, 96 SHAPIRO, MANHEIM S., I O Z

SHAW, ABRAHAM D., 100

SHEARER, NORMA, 40 Shearith Israel Congregation, New York

City, 10,4.4-45, 87 Shearith Jacob Congregation, New York

City, 87 SHER, ARNOLD, 87 Sheriffs, 5 Sherith Israel Congregation, San Francisco,

Calif., 87 SHIMBERG, Syracuse, N. Y., 27, 30 SHINEDLING, ABRAHAM I., 87,99, 103 SHINEDLING, MOSES, 99 SHIPERO, Syracuse, N. Y., 29 SHIPERO, MAX, 3 I Shippers, 3 I , 89 Ships, 89, 91-93, 95, 108, 148 Shipwright (ship), 9 I Sholom of East Gabriel Valley (congre-

gation), Covina, Calif., I z 5 Short stories, 85; see also Novels SHOSTECK, ROBERT, 88,98 SHOTWELL, JAMES T., 52, 57, 62-63, 65,

67, 69 Show business; see Theatre SHUBERT (family), 33, 37-38, 40 SHUBERT, JACK, 40 SHUBERT, LEE, 40 Shubert Men's Store, Syracuse, N. Y., 36 SHUBERT, SAM (SAMMY), 3 3-34, 37-40 SHUCHAT, JOSEPH J., 87 SHWAYDER, NELLIE WEITZ (MRS. JESSE),

Five Stories, 85 SIEGEL, BENJAMIN M., 103 Silver King, 3 o SILVER, SAMUEL M., 96 SILVERMAN, Syracuse, N. Y., 27, 30 SILVERMAN, MARTIN I., 88 SIMON, ERASMUS H., 94 SIMON, JOHN, 5 SIMON, JULES FRAN~OIS, 5 SIMSON, JOSEPH, 45 SIMSON, NATHAN, 87 Sin, 161 "Sinai" (name of Jewish congregations),

129 Sinai (Mount) ; see Mount Sinai Since Yesterday, I 68 SINCLAIR, UPTON, 96 Singers, 38 Sisterhoods, 92

Skullcap; see Yarmelkes Slave trade, 172 Slaveholding, 97 Slavery, slaves, 10, 16, 80 Slavs, 16 SLOAN, ELEANOR B., 147 SMALL, IRWIN L., 96 SMITH, ALFRED E., 55, 80 SOBEL, SAMUEL, 100

SOBERKROP, HENRY, I 37 Sobriety, 8 Social gospel, 161 Social justice, 19, 67 Social Justice, I o I Social life, 4, 7-8, 21, 51, 58, 66, 75-76,

78-79, 161, 163-64, 167 Social welfare, 20

Social workers, 21, 166 Socialism, Socialists, 19 Society; see Social life Society for Jewish Culture (Fairfax

Temple), Los Angeles, Calif., 108 Society of Arizona Pioneers, Tucson,

Ariz., 147 Society of Biblical Literature, 95 Society of Concord, Syracuse, N. Y.,

I34 Sociology, sociologists, 16, 19, 21, 163,

166, 171 SOKOLOFF, BENJAMIN A., 96 Soldiers, 89,97,gg-100, 108, 143, 147-48,

160; see also Military service, Militia SOLINS, SAMUEL, 96 SOLOMON (family), I 35 SOLOMON, ADOLPH, 13 5 SOLOMON, EVA, I 3 5 SOLOMON, EZEKIEL, 89 SOLOMON, HANNAH G., 94 SOLOMON, ISIDOR ELKAN, I 3 5 SOLOMON, ROSA A., I 3 5 Solomonville, Ariz., I 35 Some Burning Questions, 97 SONDERLING, EGMONT, 107 SONDERLING, FRED, I 07 SONDERLING, JACOB, 105, I z I ; "Five

Gates -Casual Notes for an Auto- biography," 107-20, I 23

SONDERLING, MRS. JACOB, 107, I I 7 SONDERLING, JOHANNA LEBOWITSCH, I07 SONDERLING, PAUL, 107 SONDERLING, WILHELM, 107 Song writers, 99 "Sons of Aaron" (name of Jewish con-

gregation), I 3 3

"Sons of Abraham" (name of Jewish congregation), I 3 3

"Sons of David" (name of Jewish con- gregation), 1 3 3

"Sons of Isaac" (name of Jewish con- gregation), I 3 3

"Sons of Jacob" (name of Jewish con- gregation), I 3 3

"Sons of Joshua" (name of Jewish con- gregation), 1 3 3

"Sons of Judah" (name of Jewish con- gregation), I 3 3

SOTHERN, EDWARD HUGH, 38 South (United States), Southerners, I 6, 3 2,

949 137, 170 South Amenca, 49-50, 85, 162 South Carolina, 10, 94, 99; see also

Charleston, S. C. Southampton, N. Y., 38 Southern Democrats, 80 Southwest, I 35-36, I 59 Soviet Russia, Soviets, 62; see also Russia Spain; set New Spain Spanish (language), 48 Spanish-American War, 96, 147 Spanish-Portuguese Jews, 10; set also . Portuguese Jews, Sephardim SPARKS, Q. S., San Bernardino, Calif., I 37 Speech, freedom of; see Freedom Speeches, 95, 102-3; see also Addresses,

Lecturers, Sermons SPINGARN, JOEL ELIAS, 100

STAAB, A., Santa Fe, N. Mex., 156 Stage; see Theatre Standard (Syracuse, N. Y.), 24, 34 STARKOFF, BERNARD, 2, 106 STASSEN, HAROLD E., 62 State Department (United States), 56, 59,

62, 65 State rights, states, 58, 60, 68, 79 Statesmen, 5-6, 32; see also Public office Statistics, 43-44, 47-48? 50, 100, I 37-38,

142-46, 15 1-56, 166, Statue of Liberty, New York Harbor, 7,

172 STEIN, GERTRUDE, I 70 Steinberg Shul, Syracuse, N. Y., 2 2

STEINERT (New York State Assembly- man), 6

STEINFELD, ALBERT, 142 STEINFELD, FREDA, 142 STEINFELD, HAROLD, 142 "Stella" (niece of Edwin R. A. Seligman's

brother), 95

Stephen S. Wise Free Synagogue, New York City, 84

STERN, MALCOLM H., 94, 100

STERN, MYER, 6 STERNBERGER (family), 7 STETTINIUS, EDWARD R., JR., 60-67, 69 Stewardship, 80 STILES, EZRA, 42, 46-47 STIMSON, HENRY L., 7 3-75 Stock companies, 39 Stock raising, I 37 STOLZ, JOSEPH H., 96-97 STOLZ, MRS. JOSEPH H., 96 STONE, HARLAN F., 7778 Storekeepers, 3 2 , 138, 141-42, 175; see

also Businessmen, Department stores, Merchants, Retail trade, Trade

STRAKOSCH, MORITZ, 6 STRAUS, NATHAN, 32

STRAUS, OSCAR S., 9-10 Straus Store, New York City, 3 2

STRAUSS, JOHANN, 6 STRAUSS, LEVI, I70 Strike Me Pink, 40 STROUSE, SAMUEL S., 89 Students, 13, 52, 1 0 2

Study; see Learning, Jewish Suburbs, suburbia, 21, 163, 165 Successful Synagogue Administration, 84-85 SUGARMAN, JOAN G., and GRACE R. FREE-

MAN, Inside tht Synagogue-, I 69 Sukkoth (Feast of Tabernacles), 149 SULZBERGER, MRS. ARTHUR HAYS, 89, 98 Sun (New York City), 8 Sunday, 30, 34, I 18; Closing Law bill,

Kansas, 90; Closing Law cases, Minne- sota, 103

Sunday schools, I 17-18, I 28-29, I 3 I Sunday Times (Syracuse, N. Y.); see Times

(Syracuse. N. Y.) suppliers, 1s4 '

Supreme Court (of the United States), 2 3, 74-75? 77-79? 102

Supreme Court of the State of New York, j5, 92

Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, 7 5

Sur Israel mebrew Fraternal Order), Philadelphia, Pa., 94

Sureties (bonds), 153-54, I 56 Surinam, 49-50 Survival, I 59 SUSSKIND, DAVID J., 87 Sweden, 22, 27, 34

204 AMERIC

Swedish (language), 34 Symbolism, symbols, 79 "Synagogue in Newport, A," 41-50 Synagogue of the Hills, Rapid City, S.

Dak., 133 Synagogues, the synagogue, I, I I , 29-30,

41-50, 53-54, 74, 84-85, 93, 105, 110, 113, 115, 124-34, 164, 169; see &so Congregations, Temples

"Synagogues, American, The Lessons of the Names," I 24-34

Syracuse, N. Y., r, 22-34, 36-40, 92, I 34 Syracuse Herald (Syracuse, N. Y.), 24, 34 SZOLD (family), 96 SZOLD, HENRIETTA, 96

Tabernacles, Feast of; see Sukkoth TAFT, WILLIAM HOWARD, 73-74 Tallis, Taleisim, Tallesim (prayer shawls),

109, I 26, 164; Tallis Karm, I 17 .. . .. Talmud, I 3 r Talmud Torah, Duluth. Mim.. 103

Tammany, amm man^ 'Hall, ~ e w York City, 80-8 I

TAVEL, HENRY, 96 Taxation, 79 Teachers, 22, 73, 118, 166; see also

Instructors, Professors, Rabbis Tebah; see Lectern Technology, I 70 Tefl l in (phylacteries), I I 7, I 26, I 64 Tel Aviv, Israel, 93 Telephones, 28 TEMKIN, SEFTON D., I O Z

Tempe, Ariz., 143 Temple (of Jerusalem), I 20

Temple Aaron, Trinidad, Colo., I 3 2

Temple Akiba, Culver City, Calif., 13 I Temple Albert, Albuquerque, N. Mex.,

132 Temple Beth El, Akron, Ohio, 139;

Detroit, Mich., 84, I 7 3 ; Elizabeth, N. J., 178; Odessa, Tex., 87

Temple Beth-El, St. Petersburg, Fla., 87 Temple Beth Israel, New York City, 103 Temple Beth Miriam, Elberon, N. J., I 3 2

Temple Beth Sholom, Ish~eming, Mich., 125; of Orange County, Santa Ana, Calif., I z 5

Temple B'nai Israel, Columbus, Miss., 86 Temple Concord, Bingharnton, N. Y., I 34

Temple Emanuel, Curafao, Netherlands Antilles, 86; Honolulu, Hawaii, roo; Newton, Mass., 163

Temple Emanu-El, New York City, 93, 109, 125; San Francisco, Calif., 97; Scottsdale, Ariz., 87

Temple Isaiah, Forest Hills, New York City, 130; Lexington, Mass., 130; Los Angeles, Calif., I 30

Temple Isaiah Israel, Chicago, Ill., 92 Temple Israel, Boston, Mass., 140; Mem-

phis, Tenn., 87 Temple Miriam; see Temple Beth Miriam Temple Mizpah, Chattanooga, Tenn., r 33 Temple Mount Sinai, El Paso, Tex., 135 Temple on the Heights, Cleveland Heights,

Ohio, 133 Temple Sinai, Brookline, Mass., 82; Sum-

mit, N. J., 82; Washington, D. C., 171 Temples; see Congregations, Synagogues Ten Commandments, 8 "Ten Year Chronological Sketch of

Isidor Cohen, Leading Jewish Pioneer of Early Miami, Florida," 98

Tennessee, 99; see also Chattanooga, Memphis, Nashville

Tenth Legislative Assembly, Arizona, I 50 Tercentenary (of Jewish settlement in

America), 12, 15 Territorial integrity, 5 I Terrorism, 97 Texas, 82-83; see also Dallas, El Paso,

Fort Worth, Galveston, Houston Texas Western College, El Paso, Tex., r 35 Thalheimer's Wholesale Grocery, Syra-

cuse, N. Y., 32-34 THALMESSINGER, MEYER, 7 THAYER, JAMES BRADLEY, 75 Theatre, theatres, 5-6, 30, 37-40, 126;

Yiddish theatre, 104; see also Drama, Musical comedy

Theatrical managers, 37-39 Theatrical producers; see Producers Theological seminaries; see Rabbinical

seminaries Theology, theologians, 93, 96, 161, 172 THOMAS, HELEN SHIRLEY, Felix F r d -

f u r t ~ r : Scholar m the Bmch (review), 7879

Thom~sm, 161 Three Rivers, Canada, 88 Through Morocco to Minnesota, Sketches of

Life in Three Cmtinmts, 1 0 2

Timra W d a : Episodios de la Colmimcih

INDEX 2 0 5

Agraria Judfa en la Argentina, 1889-1959, 85

TiIim; see Psalms TILLICH, PAUL, 161, 172 TILLY, V E S T A , . ~ ~ . Times, Sunday Times (Syracuse, N. Y.),

24, 34 Tinplate industry, 27 T o Judrrt Iscariot, I o I Tobacco trade, 3 I, 146 TOBIAS, THOMAS J., 103 Toledo, Ohio, 90 Tombstone, Ariz., 142 Tombstones, 87 TOPEL, JOSEPH, 103-4 Torah, I 7 2 ; see also Bible, Pentateuch Torah scrolls; see Scrolls of the Law Torat Ha-Olah, I 2 o Tories, I-j Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 90, I 3 3 TORQUEMADA, TOMAS DE, 8 Tortillas, r 36 TOURO, ISAAC, 47 TOURO, JUDAH, 7, I 32 Touro Synagogue, Newport, R. I., 1,

5 3-54 Trade, traders, trading, 4, 13, 3 I, 48,

I 5 I -53 ; see also Economic life Tradition, I 20, 166 Traditional Judaism; see Orthodox Judaism Trans-Jordan, 9 r Translations, translators, 104, 169 Transportation, I 54 Travel, travelers, 91, 95, 108 Treaty of Berlin; see Berlin, Treaty of "Tree of Life" (name of Jewish congrega-

tion), I33 Trcffa (non-kosher food), r 14 Trinidad, Colo., I 04 TROTSKY, LEON, 75 TRUMAN, HARRY S., 89-90, 96-97; Li-

brary, Independence, Mo., 90 Tucson, Ariz., 135, 141, 143, 145-53;

Masonic Order, I 52 Tudescos; see Ashkenazim TULLY, OCHOA CO., Tucson, Ariz., I 5 I Turkey, 56 TURNER, JUSTIN G., 94 Tuscaloosa, Ala., 93 Tweed Ring, New York City, 3

Union (American), 50; see also America, United States

Union Club, 7 Union, congregational (proposed), 10 I

Union League Club, 7 Union of American Hebrew Congrega-

tions, 84, 89, 92-93, 95, 97-98, 132 Unions, 19 United Booking Office, 40 United Hebrew Congregation, St. Louis,

Mo., 87 United Jewish Appeal, I 67 United Nations, United Nations Charter,

United Nations Organization, United Nations Conference on International Organization, 2, 56, 58, 60-62, 64, 66-69, 97; Commission on Human lb hts, 56; Conference, San Francisco, Cafif., 55; Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) , 8 I

United Palestine Appeal, 97 United States, 5, 7, 12, 19, 27, 3 I, 409

50-52, 55-56, 58, 66-67? 74, 909 93-94, roo-101,113,137-38,141, 144-45, 147, 154-56, 162, 166; Army, 92, 143; Atlant~c Fleet, United States Navy, 94-95; Bill of Rights, 56; Navy, 5, 83, 94-95; see also America, North (United States), South (United States), West (United States)

Universalism, 19, I 62 Universities, 13, 51,81-82,86-87,97, 107,

r 10, r 18, 129, 165, 170; seealso Colleges University of Breslau, 107 University of California, Riverside, Calif.,

170 University of California Library, 97;

Jacob Voorsanger Memorial Collection,

97 Umversity of Cincinnati, 81 ; of Missis-

sippi, 86; of Nebraska, 82; of North Carolina Library, Chapel Hill, N. C., 1 0 2 ; of Oregon, 87; of Tiibingen, 107; of Vienna, 107; of Washington, 98

Upper class, 9 Urban areas, 13, 21, 31-32, 163-64 U . S. v. Carolene Prodwts CO. (lawsuit),

77-78 Utah, 34 Utica, N. Y., 15, 94 Utica Saturday Globe (Utica, N. Y.), 24

Vaad Hakashruth, New York City, I 14 Valley Temple, Cincinnati, Ohio, r 3 3 VAN DEUSEN, L. MARSHALL, JR., 100

206 AMERICA

VAN STRAATEN, MINNIE (MRS. JACOB S.) , 87

VANBRUGH, JOHN, 46 VANDENBERG, ARTHUR H., 61, 66-67 VANDERBILT, CORNELIUS, 95 VELASCO, D., Tucson, Ariz., I 5 I Vendome Hotel, El Paso, Tex., I 35 Ventura, Calif., I 25 Ventura County Jewish Council, Ventura,

Calif., I 25 Vermont, 3 I VERVEER, ELCHANON, 7 VERVEER, SALOMON, 7 Victorianism, Victorians, 10-1 I

Vienna, Austria, 107, I 32 VIERECK, GEORGE SYLVESTER, 70 Village Temple, New York City, I 3 3 Virginia, 32, 94; see also Norfolk, Rich-

mond Vistula River, 19 VOGEL, JULIUS, 8 VOLKES (of Ward & Volkes), 38 VOLKMAN, SAMUEL, 89 VOORSANGER, ELKAN C., 97 VOORSANGER, JACOB, 97, 99; Memorial

Collection, University of California Library, 97

VOSBURGH, LEONARD, I 70 Voss, CARL HERMANN, review of Courage

to Change, I 6 1-62

Wabash River, 3 2

WACHOLDER, BEN ZION, 9 I WAGNER, RICHARD, I 2 3 WAISMAN, F., 95 WALETZKY, CECILIA G., 168 WALKER, JAMES J., I 16 WALLACH (director of Real Estate Trust

Company), 7 WALLACK, LESTER, 6 Wallack's Theatre, New York City, 6 WALSH, JOE, 38 WALTER, BRUNO, 108 War, 43, ?9-81; see also Black Hawk

War, Civd War (United States), First World War, French and Indian War, Mexican Cam aign (19162, Second World War, lPanish-~merlcan War, War of 1812

War Department (United States), 80 War of 1 8 1 ~ , 9 4 WARBURG (family), 99

WARBURG, EDWARD M. M., 93, 99 WARBURG, FELIX M., 94-96,99 WARBURG, FRIEDA SCHIFF, 99; Reminis-

cences of a Long Life, 99 WARBURG, R. D., CO., 89 WARD (of Ward & Volkes), 38 Warehouses, 3 I Warsaw, Mo., 88 Washington, D. C., 12, 87, 89-90, 93-97,

I 7 I ; Washington Hebrew Congregation, 87

washington Heights, New York City, 114-15

WASSERMAN, MRS. SIDNEY, 87 WATSON, BILLY, 3 8 WATERMAN, A., 160 WATSON, HENRY (alias Henry Benjamin),

90 WAX, JAMES A., 87,99 "Way of Pleasantness" (name of Jewish

congregation), I 3 3 Wealth, 80 WEBER, JOSEPH M., 37-38 WECHSLER, JAMES, 162 Weddings; see Marriage Weekly Ariwna Citizen (Tucson, Ariz.),

'47, '5' Weekly Arizonian (Tucson, Ariz.) , 142,

'53 WEHLE, BERTHA (MRS. ELKAN), 99 WEIGEL, GUSTAVE, 162 WEIL, JOSIAH, 97 WEIL, LEOPOLD JACOB, 97 Weimar, Germany, ror WEINSTEIN, JACOB J., 90 WEISS, LOUIS, 97; Some Burning Questions,

97 WEISS, LOUIS R., 87 Weiss, State [Minnesota] v., Sunday Closing

Law case (lawsuit), 103 WEIZMANN, CHAIM, 7 3 7 4 Welch, W . Va., 96 Welfare, 80 WELISCH, THEODORE, I 5 I Welsh, the, 27 WERETINKOW (family), 98 WERETINKOW, BELLA, 98 West (United States), I 37 West Shore Railroad, 34 West Virginia State Board of Education V .

Barnette (lawsuit), 76 WESTERMANN, EMMA, 95 WETZLER, JULIUS, I 35 What C a n t s Most in Lije?, I 70

INDEX

WHEATON, GENERAL, Ft. Whipple, Ariz., I54

White collar class, 2 I

White House, Washington, D. C., 95 WHITEMAN, PAUL, 40 Wholesalers, 27, 3 1-32, 141 Wichita, Kans., 6, 88, 90 WIENIAWSKI, HENRI, 6 Willemstad, Cura@o, 44 WILLIAMS (of Lord & Williams), Tucson,

Ariz., 151 Williams College, 80 WILLIAMS, WHEELER W., 143 Williamsburg (Brooklyn), N. Y., I 63-66;

Williamsburg: A Jewish Community in T m i t i u n , I 63-66

Williamsport, Pa., 24 WILLISTON, SAMUEL, 7 3 Wills, 90 Wilmington, Del., 96 Wilmington, N. C., 6 WILSON, WOODROW, 51,73-74,83 Wine, I I 3 Winnetka, Ill., 130 WINSTON, JOHN C., COMPANY, z z WINTER, M. M., Gary, Ind., IOI

Wisconsin, 3 I ; see also Madison, Mil- waukee

WISE, CARRIE, 95 WISE, IPHIGENE, 89 WISE, ISAAC MAYER, 3, 89, 97, 103, 132,

I 60; Memorial Fund, 92 WISE, JONAH B., 96 WISE, STEPHEN S., 83, 96-97, 105, I I I,

114, 124-28, 132 Wissenschaft des Judenthums, I 07, I 29 Wizard of Oz, The, 37 WOLF, FREDERICK, 99 WOLF, LUCIEN, 99 WOLF, MORRIS, I 37 WOLF, SIMON, 97-98 Women, 4, 13, 95, 109, 115, 152, 174,

'77 Women's clothing industry; see Garment

industry WOOD BROS., Tucson, Ariz., I 5 I Woodbine, N. J., 134; Woodbine Brother-

hood Synagogue, I 34 Wool trade, 3 I WOOLF, MICHAEL A., 7 Work Projects Administration (WPA),

11

Workers, 19, 27, 34; semiskilled, 164; skilled, I 64; see also Labor

WORKUM (family), 99 World Affairs, 60, 69 World Jewish Congress, 56 World security, 52; see also Security World War I; see First World War World War 11; see Second World War Worship, 10, 24, 29-30, 46-47, 86, I 17,

125-27, 130-31, 134, 162 Worship, freedom of; see Freedom WPA; see Work Projects Administration Writers, 84, 96, 98; see also Authors

Yale College, Yale University, New Haven, Conn., 46, I 10; Yale Law School, 73

Yarmelkes (prayer caps), 109, I 26 Yeshivot, I 64 Yeshuat Yisrael Congregation, Newport,

R. I., 42-50; see also NehtsC Yisrael Congregation, Newport, R. I.

Yiddish, Yiddish literature, 19, 82, 108 Yiddish Marionette Theatre, New York 97, 104

Ylddlsh Scientific Institute (YIVO), New York City; see YIVO Institute for Jewish Research

Yiddish theatre; see Theatre YISMACH MOSHEH, I07 Y i v o Annual of Jewish Social Scirnce, I z YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, New

York City, 11-12, 88, 92 Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement), 43, 149 York, Pa., 103 Young Men's Hebrew Association, Cin-

cinnati, Ohio, 88; Literary Circle, 88 Young Men's-Young Women's Hebrew

Association, New York City! 55 Young People's Branch Committee of the

Educational Alliance, New York City, 8 8

Your Bar Mitzvah, 83 Youth, 83, 95, 123, 133 YULEE, DAVID S., error for David Levy

Yulee, 5 Yuma, Ariz., 146 Yuma County, Ariz., I 37

ZECKENDORF BROS., Tucson, Ariz., I 5 I ZEISLER, ERNEST B., 90-9 I ZEPIN, GEORGE, 9 I, 98

Z I E L O ~ , MARTIN, 98 "Zionism and the Future of Palestine," "Zion" (name o f Jewish congregations), 95

1 3 1 Zionist Organization of America, I I I

Zionism, Zionists, Zionist movement, Zurnhraga and t h Mexican Inquisition, 84 19-20,90,95,111,132, 162 Z U M ~ R A G A , JUAN DE, 84

The editors of the American Jewish Archives have learned, and believe others will wish to be informed, that individual issues and volumes, along with a few complete sets, of Th Menorah Journal (191 5-1961 ) are avail- able for purchase by institutions and private collectors. Inquiries may be addressed to Kraus Periodicals, Inc,, 16 East 46th Street, New York, N. Y., 10017.

The American Jewish Archives is eager to secure for its collection, letters, papers, and other material dealing with the late American Jewish writer, Ludwig Lewisohn. The Archives will gladly accept originals, but if holders of Lewisohniana wish to retain the originals in their own posses- sion, the Archives is able to photoduplicate such items for its collection and return the original to their owners.

Pllt:!TE.KI 1 5 'PI1F. U?IlTEU S7h'FPS LIV A M E R I C A