American Industrial Hygiene Conference Atlanta, Georgia

American Industrial Hygiene American Industrial Hygiene ConferenceConference

Atlanta, GeorgiaAtlanta, Georgia

PO135 Exposure Assessment PO135 Exposure Assessment Strategies IIStrategies II

May 13, 2004May 13, 2004

AIHce, May 13, 2004AIHce, May 13, 2004 22

The Relationship Between The Relationship Between Several Variables and Several Variables and

Benzene Exposures in the Benzene Exposures in the Maritime IndustryMaritime Industry

Frank M Parker, III, CIHFrank M Parker, III, CIHT Gerry Luther, OHSTT Gerry Luther, OHSTRonald G Conrad, CIH (1936-1997)Ronald G Conrad, CIH (1936-1997)

Environmental, Health and Safety Management www.calicheltd.comMagnolia,Texas [email protected]

http://www.calicheltd.com/


Benzene Exposures vs. VariablesBenzene Exposures vs. Variables

US Coast Guard RegulationsUS Coast Guard Regulations ““No personNo person may be subject to a may be subject to a

personal exposure in excess of the personal exposure in excess of the permissible exposure limits unless permissible exposure limits unless respiratory protection is used”.[46 CFR respiratory protection is used”.[46 CFR 197.520]197.520]



USCG Permissible Exposure Limits USCG Permissible Exposure Limits Action Level [AL]:Action Level [AL]:

0.5 ppm [8 hr. TWA];0.5 ppm [8 hr. TWA]; Time Weighted Average [TWA]:Time Weighted Average [TWA]:

1 ppm [8 hr. TWA]1 ppm [8 hr. TWA] ; and ; and

Short Term Exposure Level [STEL]:Short Term Exposure Level [STEL]: 5 ppm [15 min].5 ppm [15 min].



US Coast Guard Monitoring CriteriaUS Coast Guard Monitoring Criteria Applies to US registered vessels only;Applies to US registered vessels only; Cargos containing less than 0.5% benzene are Cargos containing less than 0.5% benzene are

exempt from monitoring;exempt from monitoring; For Cargos containing For Cargos containing >0.5%>0.5% [5,000 ppm]: [5,000 ppm]:

Repeat Monitoring each Repeat Monitoring each July or AugustJuly or August; ; andand

““monitoring must be conducted under those monitoring must be conducted under those weather conditions that will maximize weather conditions that will maximize benzene exposure such as benzene exposure such as low windlow wind, , stable airstable air, and , and high temperaturehigh temperature” ”



Hypotheses:Hypotheses: Transferring cargos:Transferring cargos:

containing containing <0.5%<0.5% does not result in does not result in exposures > PEL;exposures > PEL;

containing containing >0.5%>0.5% results in exposures > results in exposures > PEL;PEL;

In In July & AugustJuly & August results in exposures > results in exposures > PEL; andPEL; and

During During low windlow wind, , stable airstable air, and , and high high temperaturestemperatures results in exposures > results in exposures > PEL.PEL.



Simply PutSimply Put:: Is there any correlation between:Is there any correlation between:

Benzene concentration in the cargo Benzene concentration in the cargo [%];[%];

Low wind [mph];Low wind [mph]; Stable air [?];Stable air [?]; High Temperature [High Temperature [00F]F]

And employee exposure And employee exposure concentrations?concentrations?



Database Summary:Database Summary: 1992 – 20031992 – 2003

50 ships & 14 barges50 ships & 14 barges 64 loading and 32 off loading 64 loading and 32 off loading

operations;operations; Location:Location:

Gulf of Mexico [59]Gulf of Mexico [59] Atlantic [14]Atlantic [14] Pacific [21]Pacific [21] Red Sea [1]Red Sea [1] North Sea [1]North Sea [1]



Database Summary [Cont.]Database Summary [Cont.] Number of SamplesNumber of Samples::

TWA – 1494TWA – 1494 STEL – 542STEL – 542 Cargo - 132Cargo - 132

MethodologyMethodology Air: 3M-3500 OVM Badges / NIOSH Air: 3M-3500 OVM Badges / NIOSH

1500/15011500/1501 Liquid: GCLiquid: GC



GasGas

RegRegGasGas

MidMid

GasGas

PrePremm

JetJet DieseDiesell

FueFuel Oill Oil CrudeCrude B’nkB’nk

rrAlkyAlky SlopSlop

# #

Samp.Samp.4747 22 3535 1010 2424 22 44 22 22 22

MaxMax 2.82.8 0.70.7 3.73.7 0.30.3 0.40.4 0.010.01 0.080.08 0.010.01 0.40.4 0.40.4

AveAve 1.31.3 0.60.6 11 0.090.09 0.090.09 0.00.011

0.040.04 0.010.01 0.30.3 0.30.3

MinMin 0.090.09 0.540.54 0.090.09 0.010.01 0.0000.00011

0.010.01 0.0000.00022

0.010.01 0.10.1 0.20.2

<0.5<0.5%%

55 00 1515 1010 2424 22 44 22 22 22

>0.5>0.5%%

4242 22 2020 00 00 00 00 00 00 00

Benzene Concentrations in Cargos [%]



MONTH vs MAX TWA (ppm)

0

5

10

15

20

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

MONTH

TW

A M

AX

(p

pm

)



STEL MAX v MONTH

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Month

ST

EL

MA

X (

pp

m)



MAX CARGO <0.5%BENZENE vs TWA-MAX (ppm)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

0 5 10

TWA-MAX(ppm)

MA

X B

EN

ZE

NE

in

CA

RG

O (

pp

m)

Correlation= -0.32



MAX BENZENE in CARGO <0.5% vs MAX STEL(ppm)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

0 5 10 15

STEL-MAX (ppm)

BE

NZ

EN

E i

n C

AR

GO

(p

pm

)

Correlation= -0.41



MAX BENZENE (ppm) in CARGO vs TWA-MAX (ppm)

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

0 5 10

MAX TWA (ppm)

MA

X B

EN

ZE

NE

(p

pm

)

Correlation = 0.05



MAX BENZENE in CARGO (ppm) vs STEL-MAX (ppm)

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

0 20 40 60

STEL-MAX (ppm)

MA

X B

EN

ZE

NE

(p

pm

)

Correlation = 0.11



AVERAGE BENZENE CARGO (ppm) vs TWA-MAX (ppm)

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

0 5 10

TWA-MAX (ppm)

AV

E B

EN

ZE

NE

(p

pm

)

Correlation = -0.01



AVERAGE CARGO BENZENE (ppm) vs STEL-MAX (ppm)

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

STEL-MAX (ppm)

AV

E. B

EN

ZE

NE

(p

pm

)

Correlation = 0.07



TWA-MAX (ppm) v AVERAGE TEMPERATURE (F)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 5 10 15 20

TWA-MAX (ppm)

AV

ER

AG

E T

EM

PE

RA

TU

RE

(F

)

Correlation = -0.14



STEL-MAX (ppm) v AVERAGE TEMPERATURE (F)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

STEL-MAX (ppm)

AV

ER

AG

E T

EM

PE

RA

TU

RE

(F

)

Correlation = 0.01



TWA-MAX (ppm) v AVERAGE WIND SPEED (mph)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 5 10 15 20

TWA-MAX (ppm)

AV

ER

AG

E W

IND

SP

EE

D (

mp

h)

Correlation = 0.003



STEL-MAX (ppm) v AVERAGE WIND SPEED (mph)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

STEL-MAX (ppm)

AV

ER

AG

E W

IND

SP

EE

D (

mp

h)

Correlation = 0.02



CORRELATION of VARIABLES

-0.50

-0.40

-0.30

-0.20

-0.10

0.00

0.10

0.20

MaxTWA v<0.5%

MaxSTEL v<0.5%

MaxTWA vMax %

MaxSTEL vMax %

MaxTWA vAve %

MaxSTEL vAve %

MaxTWA vTemp

MaxSTEL vTemp

MaxTWA vWind

MaxSTEL vWind

VARIABLES

CO

RR

EL

AT

ION



Conclusions:Conclusions: There is substantially There is substantially no correlationno correlation

between benzene content of cargo, between benzene content of cargo, July and August, wind speed, stable July and August, wind speed, stable air, or temperature and worker air, or temperature and worker benzene exposure concentrations.benzene exposure concentrations.

% Transfers Exceeding Standards:% Transfers Exceeding Standards: USCG – TWA = 15.6%; STEL = 20.8%USCG – TWA = 15.6%; STEL = 20.8% ACGIH TLV – TWA = 31.2%; STEL = ACGIH TLV – TWA = 31.2%; STEL =

41.7%41.7%



Research Needs:Research Needs: OVM, or other simple technology, that OVM, or other simple technology, that

will allow us to perform STEL (15 will allow us to perform STEL (15 minutes) measurements at a minutes) measurements at a 1ppm1ppm detection level.detection level.

A hand held, real time monitoring A hand held, real time monitoring instrument, that will measure benzene instrument, that will measure benzene in a multi chemical environment. in a multi chemical environment.

American Industrial Hygiene Conference Atlanta, Georgia

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