American History U4

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The Founding



What were America’s first four colonies?



America’s Founding

! Roanoke, established in 1584! July 4th" by Walter Raleigh

! Purpose was for privateering

! In 1587, 115 colonists arrived

! They had skirmishes with localnatives

! Later that year, the ship left forEngland for supplies

! When returned, the colony haddisappeared




! In 1607, a new colony wasestablished at Jamestown

! Its purpose was corporate, toclaim land and make profit

! Most of the colonists were wealthy and did not prepare for

winter

! Only 61 of 500 colonistssurvived the winter of 1609




! The colony was saved by theleadership of John Smith

!

Later, John Rolfe made thecolony prosperous bycultivating tobacco

! With the Natives driven o# andthe cultivation of tobacco,

Jamestown grew into theVirginia Colony

! Royal governors arrived fromEngland to manage the a # airs




! The Virginians had no voice intheir government

! They therefore established theHouse of Burgesses

! It was a group ofrepresentatives whose purpose

was to provide voice in governance

! It gave the first colonists anunderstanding of British Law




! In 1620, the Pilgrims set forthfrom England to America

! Pilgrims were separatists andleft to escape religiouspersecution

! The sailed aboard theMayflower and were led byWilliam Bradford

! They established a covenantcommunity




! The Pilgrims faced harshchallenges, as they were allalone

! They were saved by the PatuxetIndians and Sqanto

! The Pilgrims ruled themselvesand sought religion as a guide to

government

! Today, Thanksgiving holidayhonors the Pilgrims and theirbelief of divine intervention




! Another colony was establishedto the south of Plymouth Rock,the Massachusetts Bay Colony

! They were led by JohnWinthrop, a Puritan

! The Puritans the Church of

England needed to be reformed

! Their colony was both acovenant and corporate




! The Puritans believed in the value of hard work

! If you lived righteously and worked hard, God would bless you

! America would be built on

Puritan ideals

! God’s elect, Christian Calling,and, Moral Self Governance



America’s Founding ! For the next century and a half,

things went well between thecolonies and Great Britain

! Then, in 1754, a conflict erupted

in North America betweenEngland and France

! It was called the French andIndian War

! In the war, George Washingtonreceived critical militaryexperience

! His legend grew as his coat was

found with 7 bullet holes



The Founding



America’s Founding ! Following the French and

Indian War, the British saw thecolonies in a di# erent light

! The British had spent vastresources on the War and

wanted their money back

! They began to tax the colonies

! They instated a tax on stampsand another on tea

! The US fought back claimingthey had no means to protestsuch taxes




! When Parliament failed toprovide the colonies voice, thecolonies began to unite

! They formed the firstContinental Congress

! It was America’s first union

! The British responded with the

Navigation Acts and later, theIntolerable Acts

! These events in turn pushed theUS to declare independence



Declaration of Independence

Highlight

1 Color = Main idea of each portion Write = A gist next to each paragraph1 Color = Things that need more clarification



America’s Founding ! The result was the American

Revolution

! The British Empire was the greatest fighting force in the world

! At first, the US faired poorly

! Washington, the only colonial

with battle experience, led thecontinental army

! After years of fighting, and gaining French Naval support,the US prevailed



The Polite War



The Founding



America’s Founding ! After the victory, the US faced

another struggle

! American soldiers who had foughtduring the war did not get paid as

promised

! Shay’s Rebellion saw formercolonial soldiers join togetheragainst Congress

! Washington had to put them atease

! Everyone realized the Articles ofConfederation and the ContinentalCongress were not enough



America’s Founding ! The Constitutional

Conventional was held inPhiladelphia during the summerof 1787

! Many delegates wanted to

revise the Articles ofConfederation

! They saw no need to create anew government

! Others saw the need for moree# ective government

! The Convention turned into aheated debate amongstdelegates




! As delegates agreed to create aconstitution, another argumentemerged

! Some wanted a simple government, with power in thehands of the states

! Others wanted to see a larger

government

! There were also issues ofrepresentation and balance



Greece and Rome Democracy vs Republicanism




! The Convention stalemated andnearly failed

! Benjamin Franklin urged the

delegates to continue

! He placed them at thejudgement bar of history,stating that future nations

would leave government to war

and conquest

! The delegates continued, andcreated a new idea of

government



Congress: Legislature

House of Representatives Senate

Issues arose over how states would be represented. Some desired equal representation amongst states. Others wanted

it based on population. They decided to keep both.

$Based on population$Serve two year terms$Represent people’s will

$Equal state representation$Serve six year terms$More removed from the

people, more royalist



America’s Founding ! Compromises were made

! A Bill of Rights was promised

! Fearing a loss of the south,

delegates agreed to preserveslavery

! In 20 years, no more slavescould be imported

! Slaves would be counted as 3/5 areal person for representationand taxation

! Freedom was denied to keep

the constitution



America’s Founding ! America had created a republic,

similar to ancient Rome

! Unique to America, was theidea of checks and balances andtwo forms of government: stateand federal

! No one was quite sure how it would work

! It has proven the most e# ectiveand freedom preservinginstitution devised by man

! It has been copied by governments around the world



CH10 $ The Coming of the Civil War



The Coming of the Civil War

! The years that followed theratification of the Constitution,the US continued to grow

! There were di%culties, the Warof 1812, the emergence ofpolitical parties

! On of the worst was thedevelopment of political

machines

! The event that increased thechallenges, and eventually led to

war, was westward expansion



The Coming of the Civil War! Many American’s moved into the

new territories, increasinghostilities and conflicts

! In time, new states were born

! When a territories populationequaled that of smallest easternstate, it could apply for statehood

! Issues arose concerning the new

states admission as a slave stateor a non$slave state

! Other issues fanned the fire of war that would test the new government



The Coming of the Civil War! The North and the South were

very grew as two drasticallydi# erent regions

! The South was an agricultural

center, based around slave labor

! In the North, people grew moreintolerant of slaver

! A massive religious movement

started around the turn of thecentury called the Second Great

Awakening

! Democratic Protestants felt that slavery violated Gods laws




! Stowe was born to Lyman andRoxana Beecher in 1811 inLitchfield Connecticut

! Her parents were deeplyreligious

! In 1836 she married CalvinStowe who was an ardent critic

against slavery

! Together they supported theunderground railroad, helpingslaves to freedom



Harriet Beecher Stowe

“I feel now the time has come when evena woman... can speak a word for freedomand humanity. I hope every woman who

can write will not be silent”




! In 1851, Stowe penned the firstinstallment of what wouldbecome known as, “UncleTom’s Cabin”

! The story was set in the Pre$War South

! It followed the life of a slave by

the name of Eliza Harris whoeventually escaped to freedomalong the underground railroad

! Eliza is not the only character




! Stowe also wrote of Uncle Tom

! Uncle Tom was sold to a newslave owner, Simon Legree

! Legree was everything thatNortherners despised

! He was unmarried, anti$

Christian, heavy drinker and abully

! Legree eventually beat Uncle Tom to death




! Stowe made Legree anortherner

! She did this to show that

anyone could be corruptedunder the sin of slavery

! Apart from the slave issue, thebook is a major work ofprogress for women

! The book takes a powerfulstance where women wouldsway their headstrong men todo what is right



Harriet Beecher Stowe

“I don’t know anything about politics,but I can read my Bible; And there I see

I must feed the hungry, cloth the naked,and comfort the desolate; and that BibleI mean to follow”

$Excerpt from “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”




! In 1850, Congress passed theFugitive Slave Law whichprohibited the assistance ofescaping slaves

! The law allowed southerners tocome north and captureescaped slaves

!

At times, southerners capturedany African American and soldthem into slavery

! It created outrage in the North



The Coming of the Civil War! “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” sold

millions of copies in the US andabroad

! The book also painted a vivid

view of the South

! Northerners became convincedthe book was an accuratedepiction of slavery

! They felt that any of themcould be corrupted as SimonLegree

! They did not want that for thefuture of the US




! Although fiction, the booksimpact was huge

! Lincoln, who met Stoweremarked:

“So this is the little lady who made this big War”




! To people in the South, thebook was a lie

! While they agreed that some

slave abuse did occur, they heldthat most slaves lived as happyfamilies

! Southerners cared for their

slaves as they were importantfor their farms and production

! They called the North the true land of slavery




! Industrialists employed workers whom they did not care for,feed, or treat as family

! A southern writer, GeorgeFitzhugh wrote:

“They who work for you,

who create your income are slaves, slaves withoutthe rights of slaves, slaves

without a master”




! In addition, Southernersclaimed that they were the truefollowers of the AmericanRevolution

! The founding fathers had slaves

! Southerners advocated that they had the true spirit of

liberty

! A spirit and way of living thatthe North would neverunderstand




! Slavery aside, there were otherissues that divided the Northfrom the South

! Since 1790, the North had become vastlyindustrialized

! It was also full of Irish and

German immigrants

! By 1860, 9 out of 10 of thecountries largest cities werefound in the North




! New technology had a greaterimpact on the North than theSouth

! The Railroad began to be theprimary means of transportationof goods in the North

! In 1840, 3000 miles ofRailway existed in the North

! By 1850 it had expanded to 5000miles

! In 1860, over 20,000 miles ofrailway existed




! Railways created an economicboom in the North

! The Transcontinental Railroad

made gateway cities, such asChicago, one of the nations

greatest cities overnight

! By contrast, the South never

kept pace with the North interms of Railways

! Most trade and transportationtook place on waterways




! Like the Railroad, theTelegraph magnified thedi# erences between the Northand South

! Samuel F.B. Morse discoveredin 1844 that communicationcould be sent over wire

! The alphabet was transmitted

electronically by a series of dotsand dashes

! Telegraph wires tended tofollow Railways not waterways



The Coming of the Civil War! With these technologies, the

North developed a muchstronger industrial base

! The South only had 20,000

factories to the North’s 110,000

! Factories in the Northproduced 1.6 billion in goods

while the South only created 155million

! The South only surpassed theNorth in terms of cattle, riceand cotton production andslaves




! While the North and South

were bound together in union,they were in fact very di# erentplaces

! These vivid contrasts served asa dividing gulf that would only

grow wider in the coming years



War with Mexico



American Progress by John Gast



War with Mexico

! New technology allowed Americans to travel like neverbefore

!

1830$1840 time period saw amassive surge of migration west

! These Americans believed thatit was the Divine mission of theUS to spread across the

continent

! New York journalist Jonathan LO’Sullivan coined the phrase“Manifest Destiny ”



War with Mexico

! In the 1840’s, American’sdreamed of a land from sea tosea

!

They would not let anyonestand in their way from this goal

! After winning independencefrom Mexico in 1836, Texas

voted to be annexed into theUS

! Part of the motivation was thatthey feared Mexican retaliation



War with Mexico

! Americans were divided on what to do with Texas

! Southerners accepted the idea

knowing they would become aslave state

! Northerners, Whigs inparticular, opposed it

! They feared a shift of power tothe south

! Both feared that annex ation would bring war with Mexico



War with Mexico! In 1843, Caudillo President of

Mexico, Antonio Lopez deSanta Anna, warned the US thatannexation would bring war

!

James K. Polk was elected USPresident

! He came into o%ce promisingexpansion

! His rise as president causedmany to think that the US

wanted expansion

! In 1845, congress approved theannexation of Texas



War with Mexico

! In response, Mexico broke o# all diplomatic relations

! New arguments emerged over

the placement of the Texasborder

! Americans said that it went asfar south as the Rio GrandeRiver

! Mexico stated that the border was farther north at the NuecesRiver



War with Mexico

! President Polk wanted moreland than just Texas

! He o# ered to purchase New

Mexico and California fromMexico for 30 million

! Mexico refused and would notreceive US delegates to discussthe purchase

! Undeterred, President Polk senta US army across the NuecesRiver to the border of the RioGrande



War with Mexico

! President Polk then pushedcongress to declare war

! Despite some opposition,

congress declared war in May of1846

! The Mexican !American War had begun

! Meanwhile, Polk commanded asecond division of the US Armyto move into California underthe command of General JohnC Fremont



War with Mexico

! Before Fremont arrived inCalifornia, fighting had alreadybroken out

! American settlers attacked thecity of Sonoma

! After taking it, they raised theirown flag, a bear with a loan red

star

! They proclaimed themselvesthe California Republic



War with Mexico! General Fremont arrived and

joined the rebels to his cause

! Together they pushed allMexican forces out of

California

! In July, another American Army,under the command of StephenKearny advanced into NewMexico and took Santa Fe

! Fremont and Kearny joinedtheir forces together to rout thelast Mexican army giving theterritory to the US



War with Mexico

! Back in Texas, General Taylorpushed his army deeper intoMexico

! After winning a series of victories he came upon the bulkof the Mexican army at BuenaVista

! There he fought Santa Anna

and his army of 20,000 fromMexico City

! The battle was hard fought, butthe American’s took the day



War with Mexico! Santa Anna declared the US the

victor and fled back to MexicoCity

! Polk continued to want more

and told General Taylor tocontinue his advance

! The US captured the crucialMexican Port of Vera Cruz in1847

! From there, 10,000 Americansoldiers advanced on MexicoCity, the same route taken byCortez



War with Mexico

! Five years later, the US wantedmore land from Mexico

!

A path was needed for the new Transcontinental Railroad

! There was little Mexico coulddo and they wanted to preventanother war

! They sold the US the land inthe Gadsen Purchase for 10million



War with Mexico

! The Treaty of GuadalupeHidalgo had great repercussions

! It destroyed US/Mexicanrelations

! In Mexico the War was calledthe War of American

Aggression/Intervention

! It opened the door for waves of American settlers

! It also brought back thequestion of slavery



War with Mexico! What was to become of the

new lands?

! Would they be slave lands orfree lands?

! Most were afraid to decide one way or the other

! In 1846, Pennsylvania DemocratDavid Wilmont attached aproviso to a US bill

! The sneaky Wilmont Provisoattempted to establish all newterritories as free lands



War with Mexico

! The proviso was shot down butit continued to show up in

numerous bills

! The proviso showed the greatrift that had been createdbetween the north and south

! This rift was about to tear theUS apart



New Political Parties




! As we have seen, the dividebetween North and South was

growing wider

! The question is, could the Warhave been prevented?

! To understand this, we need tolook at the politics of America

! The War occurred when it didand the way it did becausepoliticians could not solve theissue of slavery



New Political Parties! In 1840, Ralph Waldo Emerson

wrote: “The US will conquerMexico, but it will be as theman swallows arsenic. Mexico

will poison us.”

! The Mexican American Waropened a great deal of newterritory

! As settlers poured into the west, the question over slavery would continue to fester

! What was to become of thesenew lands?




! Congress made its first attempt tomediate the dispute by putting intoe# ect the Missouri Compromise

! It attempted to maintain a tricky

balance through geography

! Anything above 36 degrees NLatitude would be free

! The South was now vast but

balanced

! The North feared the South mightbreak their territory into severalsmall states and upset the balance



New Political Parties! In 1848, a presidential election

took place

! Much like today, candidates wanted to attract as many votes

as possible

! In order to attract voters fromboth sides, candidates avoidedtalking about the slave issue

! Many were upset that the issueof slavery was avoided

! People began to group togetherand a new party was formed



New Political Parties! 4 & Congress would abolish the

sale of slaves but not slavery

! 5 & A Fugitive Slave Act wouldorder Americans to return

escaped slaves and deny them ajury

! Debate over the compromisedragged on for months

! Finally, Sen. John C Calhounfrom South Carolina spoke

! He was frail, sick, and all knewhe was on the brink of death



New Political Parties! Calhoun’s speech was to

preserve the union

! He told that the ability to haveslaves was a liberty the

government could not take

! He argued that the North wasbecoming corrupt and powerful

! The North was taking away

vital rights of the constitution

! He argued that if liberty failed,then it would be better for theSouth to separate



Calhoun’s Speech to Congress

Highlight




New Political Parties! Three days later, Daniel

Webster of Massachusettsspoke

! He surprised all by siding with

the Compromise in order topreserve the union

! As the passing of theCompromise Bill loomed, itappeared President Taylor

would veto it

! However, in a turn of events,President Taylor died andMillard Fillmore took his place



New Political Parties! With the fall of the Whigs, the

battle for a new political partyemerged

! One party that arose in the

wake was the Know $Nothings

! From 1846 to 1854, millions ofimmigrants from Germany andIreland had arrived in the US

! A surge of racism ensued

! Americans lashed out at theIrish and Germans for ruiningtraditions and raising crime



New Political Parties! Nativism : the belief for special

treatment for native born Americans arose

! In 1849, these nativists formed

a secret society

! They were called, “The Orderof the Star Spangled Banner”

! Their purpose was to assure

immigrants would be notallowed into power

! Membership soared to over 1million people




! When asked about theirmeetings and if they weremembers of a secret society,they said, “I know nothing”

! This statement gave them theirnames

! In 1854, the decided to gopublic and proclaimed

themselves the American Party

! They did very well in theelections



New Political Parties! The problem was, making

Kansas and Nebraska intostates would cost him criticalpresidential votes

! Recognition to statehood wouldcreate two free states and costhim the votes of the South

! Therefore, Douglas proposedthe Kansas Nebraska Act

! This would do away with theMissouri Compromise andallow each state popularsovereignty




! Douglas knew this wouldappease the South whileretaining his popularity in theNorth

! Congress passed the Act tomany angry Northerners

! In 1854, upset over the passageof the Kansas Nebraska Act

another party was formed

! Those who opposed it gatheredand proclaimed themselves theRepublican Party



The System Fails



The System Fails! The passing of the Kansas$

Nebraska Act heralded in thenext stage of the slaveryconflict

! In 1854, Kansas and Nebraska were given popular sovereignty

! They were allowed to maketheir own choice regardingslavery

! While the Kansas$Nebraska Act was a victory for Proslavery,advocates against slavery werenot going to leave without afight



The System Fails! The great fight for Kansas was

about to begin

! In New England, Emigrant AideSocieties were formed

! Their purpose was to raise fundsto send settlers to Kansas to voteagainst slavery

! Thousands of anti$slaveadvocates moved in order to winthe fight

! The Anti$Slave advocates becameknown as Free Soilers, just likethe party with the same name

h l



The System Fails

! Meanwhile, the South launcheda similar campaign

! Thousands poured in from the

South to take place in the fightfor Kansas

! Northerners set up in Topeka

! Southerners set up in

Lecompton

! In 1856, tensions in Kansasescalated into acts of violence

h S l



The System Fails! On May 21st, Southerners

looted a newspaper o%ce inLawrence, Kansas

! On the 24th, in response, JohnBrown, a stern evangelistbelieved he was doing Gods willto end slavery

! At a settlement nearPottawatomie Creek, Brown

and his men dragged five menfrom there homes

! As slavers from the south,Brown and his men killed all ofthem in front of their families

Th S F l



The System Fails! This sparked a series of raids

and killings by both sides

! It lead to the name, “BleedingKansas”

! Violence was not just confinedto Kansas, it spread all the wayto the capitol

! Senator Charles Sumner of

Massachusetts gave a fiery anti$slavery speech in congress

! In his speech, he proclaimedthat the goal of slavery was to“rape a virgin”

Th S F l



The System Fails! Two days later, Preston Brooks,

a member of the House came toSumner at his desk

! He denounced the speech andthen took his cane and struck

Sumner repeatedly on the head

! Sumner tried again and again to get up bet eventually fell to thefloor unconscious

! Other senators attempted tostop the action but werethwarted by SC Rep. LaurenceKeitt who waved a pistol yellingto “Leave them be”



Th S F il



The System Fails

! Fighting calmed as the electiondate approached

! The Democrat Party nominated

James Buchanan

! The new Republican Partychose James Fremont, Mexican$

American War hero

! The Know $Nothings choseformer president MillardFillmore

Th S F il



The System Fails! Democrats supported the

Compromise of 1850

! Republicans opposed it,declared the US gov. could

restrict slavery

! Republicans sought to makeKansas a free$state

! Buchanan and the democratic

party won the presidency

! As president, Buchanan vowedto solve the slave issue once andfor all

Th S F il



The System Fails! In March, the supreme court

was in a battle over the issue ofslavery

! Buchanan looked to the

decision as the final answer tothe slave problem

! The case, Dred Scott v.Sandford remains one of themost controversial cases in US

history

! Scott, who had lived free in theNorth filed suite that he wasnow legally free

Th S F il



The System Fails

! The Supreme Court saw theopposite however

! Scott’s case lost 2$7 andtherefore slaves lost all rights to

sue in court

! The court ruled that living in afree state or territory, even formany years, did not free Scott

from slavery

! The court also ruled that theMissouri Compromise wasunconstitutional

Th S F il



The System Fails! The court reasoned that slaves

were property and property was guaranteed as a right under the5th amendment

!

It could therefore not berevoked or taken away

! Northerners were disgusted with the decision

! It meant that congress had nopower to ban slavery anywhere

! President Buchanan felt theissue was at last solved

Th S F il



The System Fails

! In 1857, a small pro$slavery group in Kansas drafted aconstitution for statehood

!

In it, the LecomptonConstitution declared Kansas aslave state

! President Buchanan endorsed it

! The final vote to become a state was shot down however and forthe time being, Kansasremained a slave territory



The Election of 1860 $ A Nation Divided

Li l /D l D b



Lincoln/Douglas Debates! Senator Douglas was known as

the “Little Giant”

! He was a Northerner who felt whites were superior to African

American’s in every way

! He tolerated slavery, believingthat the American People hadthe right to chose their form of

government

! Though Douglas was animportant American Senator, hehas long been overshadowed byhis running mate



Li l /D l D b t



Lincoln/Douglas Debates! Lincoln on the other hand did

not believe in majority rights

! He felt that the majority didnot have the right to denyminority rights

! Especially when it infringedupon the rights of life, libertyand the pursuit of happiness

!

Lincoln hoped that slavery would be confined to theexisting states in the south

! He felt that overtime, it woulddie out on its own



“A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe

this government cannot endure, permanently half slaveand half free. I do not expect the union to be dissolved $ I do not expect the house to fall $ but I do expect it willcease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all

the other.”

$ Abraham Lincoln

Li l /D l D b t



Lincoln/Douglas Debates

! Lincoln gained a large followingbut lost the election

! “I believe I have made somemarks which will tell for the

cause of liberty long after I am gone”

! “The cause of liberty must notbe surrendered at the end of

one, or even 100 defeats”

! Despite the loss, Lincoln earneda great reputation that wouldserve him in the near future

Li l /D l D b t



Lincoln/Douglas Debates!

In 1859, fighting broke out once again

! John Brown hoped to attacked thefederal arsenal, take its weapons, andarm southern slaves

!

US General Robert E Lee was alertedof the attack

! The troops killed half of Brown’s 21men

! He was captured and hanged

! “I John Brown am now quite certainthat the crimes of this guilty land willnever be purged away; but withblood”

A Nation Di ided



A Nation Divided! In 1860, the race was on for the

US Presidency

! The Democrats elected senatorStephen Douglas

! Republicans elected AbrahamLincoln

! They felt the other option,William Seward, was too radical

! The fight had returned, thistime to a national scale

! In the South, the AmericanParty nominated John Bell





! The elections proved there wasno longer a national vote

! In the North, the election wasbetween Lincoln and Douglas

! In the South it was betweenBell and Breckinridge

! Lincoln won the presidency

without a single southern vote

! The North had more electoralcollege votes and Lincoln wassworn in




Lincoln/Douglas Debates! The South was outraged that a

man could become president without any of their votes

! In response to Lincoln’s victory,South Carolina left he Union

permanently in Dec. of 1860

! Six more states followed overthe following weeks

!

In February of 1861, these samestates gathered and formed TheConfederate States of America

! They elected Je# erson Davis astheir president




Lincoln/Douglas Debates!

In early 1861, PresidentBuchanan was in the last days ofo%ce

! He believed it was in the rightof the south to leave

! He spoke against the use offorce to bring them back

! Many last ditch e# orts were

made to preserve the Union, allfailed

! President Lincoln decided tofocus on enforcing AmericanLaw



“We must not be enemies. Though passion may have

strained, it must not break our bonds of a # ection. Themystic chords of memory, stretching from every

battlefield and patriot grave to every living heart...will yet swell the chorus of the Union when again touched,

as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature ”

$ Abraham Lincoln





! As lincoln spoke those words, inattempt to preserve the Union,

the wheels of war were alreadymoving

! The die was cast and the stormclouds of war were gathering

! Fort Sumpter was about toignite the US in Civil War



~The Civil War Begins~

Attack on Fort Sumpter



Attack on Fort Sumpter! South Carolina was the first

state to leave the Union inDecember of 1860

! Federal troops occupied Fort

Sumpter o#

the coast of S.Carolina

! A Union resupply ship was firedupon by Confederate forces in January

! Food was running low, ifLincoln did not resupply theFort by force, it would have tobe abandoned




Attack on Fort Sumpter! Lincoln struggled with the

decision

! He had promised the North would not be the aggressors

! He had also taken an oath todefend government property

! Sending troops to the Fort would make him responsible for

starting a war

! Leaving it would acknowledgethe authority of theConfederate Government




Attack on Fort Sumpter! Lincoln attempted to find a

middle ground

! He contacted the governor ofSouth Carolina and informed himof his intent to send only food

! Je# erson Davis ordered that thefort be surrendered to the South

! An ultimatum was placed on thefort in which it was to besurrendered

! The North refused, and theSouth opened fire




Attack on Fort Sumpter! The fort was bombarded for 34

hours

! With few supplies, the fort wassurrendered to the Confederacy

! As a defender of theconstitution, Lincoln had nochoice but to respond to theattack

! He put out the call to assemblethe army

! Southerners saw this as an actof war




Attack on Fort Sumpter! Within days, the States of Virginia,

North Carolina, Tennessee and Arkansas joined the Confederates! upper south "

! For the time being, the border

states remained uncommitted toeither side

! 84 years after the United States hadbeen founded it had come apart

! Fighting at Fort Sumpter hadrevealed that the Union could notbe preserved by peace

! Could it be brought back by force?

The Civil War Begins




! In response to the attack atFort Sumpter, volunteerseagerly joined the army on bothsides

! Both sides felt the war would beshort lived

! By July, 35,000 soldiers weretraining in Washington D.C.

! The North thought that a quickand decisive battle against theSouthern Capital of Richmond,Virginia would decide the War



The Civil War Begins! Opposing him was Confederate

General P.G.T Beauregard, thesame who had captured FortSumpter

!

The Confederates were campedalong Bull Run, a stream thatpassed 4 miles north ofManassas

! Union General McDowell’s

March was incredibly slow

! Soldiers were not disciplined,stopping to pick berries, get

water and relax





! In addition, McDowell’s march was followed and reported onby the media

! Beauregard knew exactly where

McDowell was and preparedcarefully

! Confederate troops had packedinto rail cars and reinforcedBeauregard

! Fighting broke out on July 21st,1861 $ The First Battle of BullRun $




The Civil War Begins!

After hours of hard fighting, itappeared as though McDowell’sUnion forces were prevailing

! However, Virginia soldierscommanded by General

Thomas Jackson refused to give up

! Seeing Jackson’s men holdingfirm, retreating Confederatesoldiers yelled, “Look! There is Jackson standing like a stone wall!”

! The Confederates rallied underStonewall Jackson’s stand




The Civil War Begins! Growing tired and discouraged,

Union soldiers began to fallback

! Late in the afternoon,

Confederates were reinforcedby new troops arriving by train

! With fresh troops, acounterattack was launched andUnion troops were put to flight

! Soldiers dropped weapons andstampeded into sightseers whohad gathered to watch thebattle





! Union soldiers and civiliansalike ran all the way back to thesafety of Washington D.C.

!

The first battle of the Civil Warhad been fought and lost by theNorth

! The battle was relatively small

! The Union army experienced2,900 casualties

! The Confederates 2,0000



The Civil War Begins! The Confederate War plan was

to prepare and wait

! Many hoped that after manyfierce fought battles, Lincoln

would just let the South go

! Je# erson Davis planned for adefensive war

! This kind of defensive strategy

is known as a war of attrition

! One side inflicts continuouslosses on the other in order to

wear down its will to fight




The Civil War Begins! The problem with this strategy was

that the North had far more men andresources

! The South had 75' of the worldscotton

! Confederate leaders convincedSoutherners to stop exporting cotton

! They figured that the loss of cottonto Europe would cause France andBritain to assist them in the war

! This strategy backfired

! Europe turned to India and Egypt which crippled the Souths flow ofmoney for arms



~Strategies and Battles~

The Civil War



The Civil War! In several ways, the North was more

prepared for war than the South

! The North had twice as muchrailroad

! This allowed quick movement of

troops and supplies

! There were twice as many factoriesin the North

! They were in a much better position

to produce supplies, munitions, foodand other items for soldiers

! The North had more money, banksand a balanced economy

The Civil War



The Civil War! Even more, the North already had a

functioning army and navy

! 2/3 of the population lived in theNorth

! These would all be major factors in

the conflict ahead

! Confederates did have someadvantages

! Most of the nations top military

o%cers lived in the South

! The South did not need to advance,only hold their positions

! The South had greater motivation

The Civil War



The Civil War! As we have seen, the North’s

strategy was based around an Anaconda tactic

! Cut o# ports and strangle themout

! This plan was put forth byMexican American War hero,Winfield Scott

! Scott knew it would take a long

time to train an army capable ofinvading the South

! Better to lay siege and seek peace without a lot of bloodshed

The Civil War



! Most of the technology and strategyin the War cam from two earlier

conflicts in history

! The first was the Napoleonic Wars inEurope

! That conflict had developed

numerous fighting systems andstrategies

! Field medics, communication lines,field tactics, canned foods

!

Most of the Confederacy evenadopted the French Zouave uniform

! The other conflict from whichknowledge was derived was theMexican American War




The Civil War



The Civil War

! In Europe, generals and politicians viewed the American Civil War asprimitive

! However, by the Wars end, there wasno doubt that the US had developed

one of the worlds greatest fightingforces

! It is speculated that it could havematched any major European power

! Many tactics and technologies that were developed during the AmericanCivil War were later used in the FirstWorld War

The Civil War



The Civil War! Over the previous centuries, armor

and sword had given way to musketand ball

! While these were major advances inthe 17th century, little had beenchanged since

! Canons and Muskets were unreliableand very inaccurate

! The primary method of winning abattle still depended on

concentrating forces against enemylines

! Massive charge in rank and file linesremained the best way of attack

The Civil War



e C v Wa! During the Civil War, new

technologies came about that slowlybegan to change the way fightingtook place

! Bullet shaped balls !mini ball" madeshot much more accurate

! Ri(ing the barrel of a gun alsoimproved accuracy

! Old musket type guns were accurateat 100 yards, new guns remained

accurate for 500

! In addition, they could be fired morerapidly with factory made powderpackets, cartridge shells

The Civil WarF ll h F B l f B ll



! Following the First Battle of BullRun, Lincoln put together a new

army and put it under the commandof General McClellan

! While that training was going on,Union forces invaded theConfederacy in the West

! The main objective was to takecontrol of the Mississippi River

! The most successful of the UnionForces were those led by Ulysses S

Grant

! Grant’s success in organizing,training and fighting with a group ofIllinois volunteers earned him therank of General

The Civil War



! In February of 1862, Grant advancedSouth along the Tennessee River with15,000 soldiers and gunboats

! Grants objectives were to capturetwo Forts, Fort Henry and FortDonelson

! These forts protected the Tennesseeand Cumberland Rivers, importanttrade and transportation waterways

! On February 6th, gunboats pounded

Fort Henry into surrender

! General Grant marched his landarmy along the Cumberland Riverand attacked Fort Donelson

The Civil War



! Following three days of attack and

constant shelling, Fort Donelson alsosurrendered

! The Battles created a sensation inthe North

! The Union had at last won adefinitive victory

! With its critical Forts lost, Tennessee was prime for the taking

! Soon after, Nashville fell under theUnion Army’s control

! Grant then started his march, with42,000 soldiers towards Alabama

The Civil War



! In March, General Grant approachedCorinth, Mississippi

! Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnson gathered troops to preventGrants advance

! Johnson’s army was also of aconsiderable size, 40,000

! Grant stopped in order to bolster hisarmy with more troops before

continuing to the fight

! Johnson decided to attack beforereinforcements came

The Civil War



! On April 6, 1862 Johnson’s forces

surprised Grants troops by attackingnear Shiloh Church outside PittsburgLanding

! Fighting quickly spread across rankand file lines that were six miles long

! By the end of the first day,Southerners had driven Grants armyback, nearly into the Tennessee River

! During the night, some of Grants

o%

cers advised a retreat during thecover of night

! To this Grant replied, “Retreat?”“No, I propose we attack at daylightand whip them”

The Civil War



! Grant’s reinforcements arrived just in

time

! The following day, with freshreinforcements, Grant counterattacked

! The Union, under Grants leadership won the day

! Casualties were high on both sides

! The Battle of Shiloh claimed 13,000

Union deaths and 11,000Confederates

! The Battle was the bloodiest conflicton North American soil to that date

The Civil War



! While Grant continued his marchsouth, the Union Navy advancednorth along this Mississippi

! It was under the control of DavidFarragut

! Farragut destroyed two forts alongthe Mississippi and captured NewOrleans

! He then sailed up and took BatonRouge, Natchez

! The South was reeling under thecontinuous defeats inflicted by Grantand Farragut

The Civil War



! By June, only two ports were leftalong the Mississippi, Vicksburg andPort Hudson

! If the North could seize those, they would cut the South of from tradealong the Mississippi

! The Confederates were secretlybuilding a weapon they believedcould change the war

! Union Navy ships were engaged in a

blockade of Virginia

! In March of 1862, a massiveConfederate warship lumbered out ofthe James River

The Civil War



! The best ships of the Union Navyopened fire on it

! Strangely, all shots bounced o#

! The Confederate ship was made

completely of iron

! The Merrimack was the pinnacle ofnaval innovation

! It was the first Ironclad warship in

history

! The Merrimack engaged the UnionNavy at Virginia, sunk three of itsbest and sent the rest to flight



The Civil War



! Not long after the Merrimack hadmade its appearance known, theMonitor was put to sea

! On March 9th, the Monitor and

Merrimack fought o# the coast ofVirginia

! Neither ship, after hours of fighting, was able to deliver substantialdamage

! Finally, the Merrimack withdrew andthe two never again met in battle

The Civil War



! In May, Union forces marched intoNorfolk Virginia

! Confederate soldiers decided toscuttle the Merrimack rather than

allow it to fall into Union hands

! In December, the Monitor sank in astorm at sea

! Their battle forever changed the world

! In a single day, the wooden navies ofthe world were rendered obsolete

Merrimack vs Monitor



Merrimack vs Monitor




The Civil War



! In May of 1862, Union GeneralGeorge McClellan would attempt toachieve what General McDowellcould not

! McClellan landed his army atNorfolk Virginia, in an attempt to

seize the Confederate capital ofRichmond

! At 36 years old, McClellan was youngfor a general, but he was anoutstanding organizer, strategist and

was well liked by the troops

! His weakness was that he was overlycautious and seemed never quiteready to fight



The Civil War



! Lee understood strategy and good

planning but he also realized theimportance of taking chances

! Lee’s army consisted of 55,000 men

! He divided his force and sent half of

them to reinforce Stonewall Jackson

! Lee gambled knowing that the evercautious McClellan would not attackuntil he had his reinforcements

! General Jackson then began abrilliant act of deception

! He began preparation for an attackon Washington



The Civil War



! Although the Confederates lost more

men than the North, McClellandecided to retreat

! Furious with McClellan’s cowardice,Lincoln demanded him to return toWashington

! The plan was to replace him withGeneral John Pope

! Pope already had an army andcombining it with McClellan's men

would create an overwhelming force

! Lee knew he must prevent McClellanfrom returning to Washington andjoining forces

The Civil War



! Pope began to march his army southto join with McClellan’s force andtake command

! Again, Lee and Jackson split theirarmies

! Jackson swept wide and smashedinto the unsuspecting General Pope

! Jackson then destroyed many of theUnion’s supplies

! Enraged at being caught o# guard,Pope sent his 62,000 men into actionagainst Jackson

The Civil War



! While Pope and Jackson were

engaged, General Lee arrived atjoined the fight

! The battle took place in nearly thesame spot as the First Battle of BullRun

! General Pope’s force met the samefate

! After the Second Battle of Bull Run,and another Union defeat, McClellan was returned to command

! “We must make use of what tools wehave.” “If he can’t fight himself, heexcels at making others ready tofight” $Lincoln



The Civil War



! Unlucky for Lee, McClellan’s menfound Lee’s plans at an abandonedcamp

! A map was wrapped around a bunchof cigars

! McClellan figured he had Lee now

! True to his nature though, McClellandecided to wait another 16 hoursbefore marching on Lee

! This gave Lee the opportunity toprepare, as he had discovered that hisplans had fallen into enemy hands

The Civil War



! The two armies met and AntietamCreek, near Sharpsburg, Maryland

! General Lee had 40,000 under hiscommand

! General McClellan had 75,000 with25,000 in reserve

! Union troops attacked throughoutthe day

! Losses were heavy on both sides

! In the first three hours alone, 12,000soldiers from both sides were killed

The Civil War



! By the end of the first day, the Union

had lost 12,000 men and theConfederacy 14,000

! The next day, Confederates retreatedback to Virginia

! Lincoln telegraphed McClellan,“Destroy the rebel army if possible”

! The ever cautious McClellan howeverdelayed yet again and lost a criticalopportunity

! The Battle of Antietam became thebloodiest day of the Civil War

! A soldier wrote: “God grant thesethings may soon end...of this War I amheartily sick and tired”



~The Home Front~

Antietam



The Emancipation Proclamation

Highlight


The Civil War



! It created fear in the North

! Many worried that free slaves wouldcompete and take American jobs

! Frederick Douglas was elated, “Weshout for joy that we live to record this

righteous decree”

! Even if the proclamation did not freeslaves, it promised that enslaved people would be free at wars end

! Perhaps the greatest e# ect occurred in

England

! It was praised by abolitionist abroadand meant Europe would not aid theSouth

The Civil War



! The proclamation had two immediatee# ects

! It caused slaves in the South to flee andjoin protection under Union troops

!

It also caused many to join the army

! During time of war, items from theopposing side could be taken

! This capture of goods is referred to asContraband

! Escaping slaves were taken by Unionsoldiers and fell to their property underContraband laws

The Civil War



! Union soldiers, as the new owners of these goods, could set them free at will

! In 1862, following McClellan’s victoryat Antietam Lincoln accepted African

Americans into the military

! By 1895, 180,000 African American’shad joined the Union

! More than half of that number wereslaves that had escaped the south to

freedom

! Many of the soldiers felt a strong desireto fight and were highly motivated

The Civil War! All Af i A i ldi d



! All African American soldiers served

under the command of white o%cers

! Until June of 1864, African Americansoldiers earned less pay than whitesoldiers

! In July of 1863, the 54th all Black

regiment went into action against FortWagner at Charleston South Carolina

! The Regiment was led by ColonelRobert Gould Shaw

!

The regiments charge over a narrowbeach of sand cost 1/2 their lives

! Sergeant William Carney became thefirst African American to earn theCongressional Medal of Honor

The Civil War



! The Emancipation and the welcomingof black troops into the armydrastically changed the economy of theSouth

! Slaves who were unable to escape to theNorth refused to work or destroyed

farm equipment

! These developments weakened theSouth’s economy and gave the North a greater numerical advantage

! Among the problems the Confederacy

faced as the war went on was foodshortages

! Invading armies and fleeing slaves alsodisrupted cotton production

The Civil War! Confederate drafts pulled large



! Confederate drafts pulled large

numbers of men out of the workplace

! Southern women had to work the landand tried to keep farms and plantationsoperating

! Food riots began to break out

! In April of 1863, 1000 women lootedbakeries for food

! As bad as it was, the Southern economyactually grew during the War

! Many factories emerged to buildammunition, railroad and equipmentfor soldiers

! Most were run by women

The Civil War



! Some men defected from the army and

returned home to help their strugglingfamilies

! “We are poor men and are willing todefend our country but our familiescome first” $Confederate Soldier

! In the North, industries struggled asmany depended on Southern cotton

! Overall however the North was farbetter o#

! The North had farms and factories

! Food was never an issue and civilians worked hard to keep soldiers wellprepared

The Civil War! As in the South, women filled many of



, ythe jobs vacated by men fighting in the

War

! Many factory owners favored womenbecause they were paid less than men

! Some Union manufactures made

healthy profits selling inferior productsto the army

! Rusty rifles, boats that leaked, hats thatdissolved in rain, uniforms made fromcompressed rags

! Soles came o# of boots after only a fewmiles

! Many shameful manufactures madekillings of their own without seeing abattlefield

The Civil War



! During the war, both sides employedthe use of prison camps

! The North used penitentiariesthroughout the states

!

The South put their prisoners whereverthere was room

! Andersonville was nothing more that afield in Georgia

! Both sides treated prisoners about the

same

! O%cers were always treated better thancommon soldiers

The Civil War



! Andersonville was the exception to good treatment

! It was built to house 10,000 men butsoon swelled to over 35,000

!

All of these prisoners were fenced into26 acres

! About 100 prisoners a day died ofstarvation or exposure

! The Southern overseer of the camp was

the only person tried and convicted of war crimes after the War was over

! He was hanged

The Civil Ward l bl f b h d



! Medical care was terrible for both sides

! One in Four soldiers wounded died

! Most died of disease

! Poor nutrition, contaminated food,

typhoid fever, malaria and pneumoniaclaimed the most lives

! A Union soldier was 3 times more likelyto die in camp than on the battlefield

! While most doctors understood the

need for clean equipment, most did notknow how to sterilize it

! Surgeons sometimes went days without washing their instruments



~The Tide Changes~

The Civil War



! During the War, Congress reformed thenation’s banking system

! Since 1832, each US state was issued itsown form of currency

! Congress passed an act that created anational currency system

! This new currency was called“greenbacks” because of their color

! This paper money was not backed by goldbut was declared by Congress to be a legalform of tender

The Civil War



!

As the War drug on, and more and morelives were claimed, the need for a draftbecame paramount

! General Lee was the first to call for adraft for his army

!

The draft was not instituted easily

! Many claimed that by starting a draft, theSouth was betraying the very thing they

were fighting for

! However, the draft law was passed and

required all men between the ages of 18 $ 35 to serve two years in the military

! After Antietam, duty was moved to 5 years

The Civil War



! Like the South, the North also started adraft

! Riots broke out in New York City whenthe draft law was passed in 1863

!

More than 100 people died in 4 days

! In congress, a new antiwar group wasformed

! They were called the Copperheads afterthe poisonous snake

! Radical Copperheads tried to persuadeUnion soldiers to desert the army andresist the draft

The Civil War



! Border states remained a critical problem

! Four states were slave states but were partof the North

! Because of their location, Kentucky,Maryland, Delaware and Missouri were

critical

! In Maryland, many supported Lee’stroops during his invasion

! Lincoln ordered all disloyal members inMaryland arrested

! Kentucky and Missouri were critical forcontrol of the Ohio and MississippiRivers

The Civil War! I Mi i Li l t d



! In Missouri, Lincoln supported an

uprising aimed at overthrowing pro$confederates in the state government

! In Kentucky, Lincoln declared a state ofMartial Law

! The military assumed control and the Bill

or Rights was suspended

! Lincoln was the only president in UShistory to declare martial law

! In some regions he suspended the writ ofhabeas corpus which gave a person rightto a fair trial

! More than 13,000 Americans whoobjected to government policies wereimprisoned

The Civil War



! Following the battle of Antietam,McClellan refused to destroy Lee’s army

! That action caused Lincoln to once againremove him from control

! Lincoln turned to General Ambrose

Burnside

! Burnside had thick whiskers on the sidesof his head and gave name to the word“sideburns”

! He was not as good a general as

McClellan

! Knowing that McClellan had beenrelieved for being slow to act, Burnsidesprang into action

The Civil War



! He marched 122,000 Union men intoVirginia towards Richmond

! In response, Lee massed 79,000 men anddecided to cross directly in front ofBurnside

!

Armies clashed at Fredericksburg,Virginia

! Burnside decided to head straight for Lee

! His lack of planning proved his demise

! He sent rank and rank of troops to theirdeaths

! Union soldiers lost over 13,000 while theConfederacy only lost 5,000

The Civil War



! The following day, General Burnsideasked to be relieved of command

! Lincoln then turned to a new general, Joseph “Fighting Joe” Hooker

! General Hooker sought to swing theUnion army South and attack theConfederates from the rear rather thanhead on

! Lee became aware of Hooker’s plan

! He divided his forces and in the night hadhis soldiers build many fires to hide thatthey had moved

The Civil War



! As General Hooker awoke and began hismarch to attack Lee from behind, he wassurprised to find Lee in front of him

! The Battle of Chancellorsville had begun

! After a brief clash, General Hooker

moved his army into a nearby forest tobuild defenses

! The next day, when Lee did not attack,Hooker believed Lee had retreated

! Instead, Lee divided his army and sentStonewall Jackson 12 miles through theforest to attack Hooker’s flank

! Again Hooker was taken by surprise

The Civil War



! If it was not for darkness slowing thebattle, Lee would have destroyed theUnion army

! That night, Jackson and others left campto scout the Union force

!

As they returned to camp, Confederatesoldiers mistook them for Union soldiersand fired

! Jackson was struck by his own men threetimes and his left arm was amputated

! The next day fighting resumed, Hooker’sarmy retreated across the river

! This became Lee’s greatest victory but itcame at a cost

The Civil War



! Stonewall Jackson did not recover fromhis wounds and died

! His death deprived Lee of what he called,“His strong right arm”

!

The crushing defeats of Chancellorsvilleand Fredericksburg were low points forthe Union

! The mood in Washington was dark

! Rumors spread of Lincoln contemplating

resigning as president

! Many in the North grumbled aboutseeking peace



~Gettysburg~

The Civil War



! The North had reached a low point in theWar

! Lincoln was beside himself with the twolosses at Chancellorsville andFredericksburg

! Despite winning two battles, things werenot going well for General Lee either

! He was running low on supplies and hisarmy was growing weak

! He decided upon moving his army Northonce again, thinking his army could foragefor supplies and that one more victory

would mean the end for Union



The Civil War



! Hearing gunfire, both the Union andConfederate Armies rushed to Gettysburg

! Soon, Confederates outnumbered Unionforces

! Among those rushing to the scene was the

new Union General, General GeorgeMeade

! Soon, battle lines stretched across thetops of a series of hills

! At the center of the Union line was a hillcalled Cemetery Ridge

! The Confederate center was at anotherhilltop called Seminary Ridge



The Civil War



! Feeling confidant after his recent victoriesin the South, Lee planned to attack rightat the Union’s strength

!

His new second in command was General James Longstreet

! Longstreet was opposed to attacking sucha strong defensive position but Lee wouldnot listen

! The next day, Confederate forces gathered, ready to assault Cemetery Ridge

The Civil War! L n tr t th C nf d r t r i n



! Longstreet was the Confederate versionof McClellan.

! He was a great general, but slow andindecisive

! As the sun rose, Longstreet waited until

4PM to prepare his lines for attack

! The delay allowed Meade the chance toreinforces his men and position

! Heavy fighting occurred in a peachorchard, a wheat field and a mass of

boulders known as Devil’s Den

! As the fighting continued, Confederatesoldiers noticed an un$protected hillcalled Little Round Top



The Civil War! Confederates thought that if they could



! Confederates thought that if they couldtake the hill they could bombard Unionlines with artillery

! Union solider noticed the hill as well andalso made their way to capture it

!

350 soldiers from Maine, arrived justbefore the Confederates from Alabama

! They held the hill until they ran out ofammunition, at that point, they charged

with bayonets a % xed

! The heroic charge likely saved the Unionfrom total defeat

! At the end of the second day, the Unionlines held firm

The Civil War



! The third day opened with a smallskirmish and then fell silent until theafternoon

! At that point, 150 Confederate canonsbegan a heavy artillery barrage

! Many Union Generals figured the canonfire was sign that the Confederates were

going to retreat

! They were wrong, Lee was planning amassive all out assault right at the front of

the Union lines

! After a two hour artillery duel, the Unionceased fire



The Civil War



! Longstreet and Lee figured the Unioncanons had been destroyed

! Confederates formed lines and began tomarch

! At Cemetery Ridge, Union soldiers weresurprised to see 15,000 Confederatesoldiers marching right at them

! The Confederate Charge is nowremembered as Pickett’s Charge

! The Confederates had to cross a mile ofopen field in order to reach Union lines

The Civil War



! As the charge began, Union soldiersloosed a hail of artillery fire on themarching Confederates

! It tore huge holes in the Union lines

! As they approached the hill, Unionsoldiers then unleashed a wave of rifle fireinto the Confederate ranks

! Only a few hundred Confederates reachedthe Union lines alive

! In about 30 minutes it was over

The Civil War! Confederates retreated back to Seminary



Ridge

! General Meade of the Union armyordered a counter attack

! Lee ordered Pickett to reform his divisionto which Pickett replied “I have no more

division”

! Pickett’s charge ended the bloodiestbattle of the Civil War

! Of a Union Army of 85,000 over 23,000 were killed

! The Confederate Army of 75,000 lost28,000

! Lee once again had to return to the South



~Wars End~



The Civil War!



!

Battles were fought all around Vicksburg

! Once Confederate forces were cut o# within the city, Grant ordered a siege andconstant artillery barrage

! Citizens of Vicksburg huddled in shelters

as Union soldiers fired 2,800 shells a day

! Soon, conditions in the city became dire

! Many had to survive o# eating rats

! On July 4th, Confederates in Vicksburgsurrendered

! The Mississippi River belonged to theNorth

The Civil War



! The year had started with talk of theUnion seeking peace

! However, on the 4th of July, the oppositeheld true

! Massive celebrations took place on thenations holiday

! Free slaves were able to join the festivities

! With Meade’s victory at Gettysburg,Grants at Vicksburg, the Union felt the

War was in hand

! The end finally seemed in sight

The Civil War!



!

On November 19th, 1863, people gatheredat Gettysburg to honor those who hadfallen

! The featured guest speaker was EdwardEverett

! Everett produced a crow pleasing twohour speech

! After he finished, Lincoln arose anddelivered his remarks which are nowrevered as the Gettysburg Address

! Lincoln’s speech took only 2 minutes

! Most did not pay it any attention andthought it too short and simple

The Gettysburg Address



y g

Highlight




~Wars End~

The Civil War!



!

Despite the loss at Gettysburg, the South was determined to hold on

! They felt that if they held out they couldstill prevail

! In 1864, the North would hold a

presidential election

! They figured that Lincoln could bereplaced and the War could end on a highnote

! Lincoln on the other hand became more

aggressive

! He knew that victories on the battlefieldmeant re$election

The Civil War



! In March, Lincoln made yet anotherchange in the military

! He placed General Ulysses S Grant incharge of the Union forces

! His goal was to destroy the Confederatearmy before the upcoming election

! To take his place in the west, TecumsehSherman was placed in charge

! Grant adopted a stance of attrition

! He would use the North’s advantage innumbers to wear down the Confederacy

The Civil War!



!

Grant took his huge force of 115,000 menstraight into Virginia

! He knew that Lee either had to abandonRichmond or fight

! Lee chose the latter, it was exactly what

Grant wanted

! The first conflict occurred on May 5thand was called the Battle of theWilderness

! It took place in the same location as the

previous loss of Chancellorsville

! Fighting soon lead the armies back intothe forests where Jackson had been killed

The Civil War



! Due to the continuous gunfire, the forestcaught fire

! In the confusion, Confederate soldiersfired on their own men

! This time, General Longstreet, Lee’ssecond in command, was killed

! It occurred only 3 miles away from where Jackson was shot

! Grant took massive losses in the

Wilderness campaign

! Grant however, unlike those before him,continued to fight on despite the losses

The Civil War



! Days later, fighting resumed just outsideof Spotsylvannia

! Again Grant took heavy losses

! Grant however continued, undeterred

! He told Lincoln that he would continueto fight the enemy if it took all summer

! In June, Grant attacked Confederatesoldiers just 8 miles from Virginia

! He lost 7,000 soldiers in the first hour

! Despite the heavy loss of life, Grant knewhe was slowly wining the War

The Civil War



! Grant then attempted to attackConfederate supply lines to Virginia

! The attack failed, costing more Unionlives

!

Since the battle had begun, Grant hadsent 65,000 Union soldiers to their graves

! Many of Grants soldiers began to pintheir names and addresses to theiruniforms so their bodies could beidentified

! Grant then laid siege to Petersburg, anarea the Confederates depended on forsupplies

The Civil War! Despite all of the fighting, both Generals



maintained their same strategy

! Lee wanted to hold his ground until theelections, Grant wanted to win before

! Another critical region to theConfederate army was the ShenandoahValley

! It was an area the South depended on forsupplies and food

! Grant gave the order to lay waste to the

region

! He told Union soldiers to tear up railways,burn fields and houses and to leavenothing standing

The Civil War



! This was just the beginning of a new kindof warfare, Scorched Earth

! In the West, General Sherman adoptedthe same philosophy

! He took a massive 98,000 men strongarmy deep into the South

! His target was the city of Atlanta

! Opposing Sherman was General Joseph Johnston

! He hoped to hold Sherman o# , just likeLee, until the political elections

The Civil War



! Sherman marched on Atlanta, the sametime as Grant’s invasion of Richmond

! The Confederates attempted to buildfortifications and hold the city

! Sherman bombarded the city to nearoblivion and prevented any trade or foodfrom getting in

! In early September, tired and destitute,Confederate soldiers fled south leavingthe city to Sherman

! The Union had captured a criticalConfederate outpost

The Civil War

! “ l ” Sh



! “War is cruelty” Sherman once wrote

! “There is no use trying to reform it. Thecrueler it is, the sooner it will be over”

! Many thought Sherman to be partiallyinsane yet Grant stood by him

! In November, Sherman began hisinfamous march to the sea

! Leaving Atlanta, rather than have it fallinto Confederate hands he set the city on

fire

! He then led 62,000 Union soldiers souththrough Georgia

The Civil War!

Af l i A l i i Sh



After leaving Atlanta in ruins, Shermancut a 300 mile long path of destructionacross Georgia

! Everything Sherman came into contact with he destroyed

! Bridges were torn down, cities were set$afire, factories destroyed, railroad linesdug up

! They slaughtered all animals, burned allthe fields

! The terror of Sherman’s army was widespread

! Who could stop his march to the sea

The Civil War



! As Sherman’s army approached Savanna,Georgia its inhabitants came out andsurrendered

! Sherman took the city without a fight

! On December 21st, Sherman sent a letterto Lincoln

! He informed him that he was giving himthe city of Savanna without a fight as aChristmas present

! It was the second bit of good new Lincolnreceived before the elections

The Civil War!

Li l d i h d did



Lincoln, despite the recent good news didnot feel he was going to win re$election

! Not only did he meet fierce oppositionfrom democrats but his own party failedto support him

! They nominated John C Fremont aspresident

! Fremont chose to withdraw so theyelected another

! Democrats nominated General George

McClellan for president

! McClellan was elated at the chance to getback at Lincoln for firing him

The Civil War

! M Cl ll fi d h h d h h d



! McClellan figured he had the upper hand

! He had immense popularity amongst thetroops

! He promised that if elected, he wouldnegotiate and end to the War

! Sherman’s capture of Atlanta had changedthe mood of the North

! The War seemed nearly over and they were not in favor of a negotiated peace

! In November, with the help of Unionsoldiers, Lincoln won 212 electoral votesout of 233

The Civil War! Following the election. Lincoln decided to

k fi d i l



take a firm stand against slavery

! He proposed the 13th Amendment which was ratified by congress

! It ended slavery in the US forever

! As Grant was strangling Richmond,General Sherman moved north fromGeorgia to join him

! Gloom descended upon the South

! Sherman moved on South Carolina

! It was his goal to end the War where ithad started

The Civil War! Sherman had two goals as he moved into

S h C li



South Carolina

! Destroy the Confederates remainingresources

! Crush the Confederate will to fight

! In South Carolina, he did both

! In many ways, Sherman’s march throughSouth Carolina was worse that in Georgia

! By February 17th, Sherman had taken the

capital of South Carolina, Columbia

! He set fire to it and burned nearly theentire city to the ground

The Civil War!

B April th C nf d r t rm ind h



By April, the Confederate army was indire straights

! Mass desertion had reduced the army to35,000 starving men

! They stood defending the capital city of

Richmond

! Lee, realizing they could no longer holdthe city, set it afire and headed south tojoin forces with Johnston

! Grant followed Lee’s retreat at a close

distance

! Anytime they tried to change course,Grant a # ronted them

The Civil War!

As Lee entered the city of AppomattoxG d d hi



As Lee entered the city of Appomattox,Grant surrounded him

! Lee knew he had no chance

! His men and generals suggested theybreak the army into small bands and carry

out continual raids

! Lee knew the war was over however anddecided to meet with General Grant

! They met in a small house and brieflychatted about the weather and their

service in the Mexican American War

! Then Lee asked about the terms ofsurrender

The Civil War! Grant told Lee that he and his soldiers

would not be tried as traitors



! He told them they could take theirsupplies and return home

! He o# ered to feed and take care of theConfederate soldiers

! Lee signed the papers and rode o#

! Union soldiers immediately began amassive celebration

! Grant halted the celebration, telling the

men that the Confederates were theircountryman

! They would not celebrate theirmisfortune

The Civil War!

A few weeks later General Johnstond d G l Sh



A few weeks later, General Johnstonsurrendered to General Sherman

! Slowly but surely, all Confederate forcesbegan to surrender

! Unfortunately, President Lincoln did not

live to see the Wars end

! Throughout the winter of 1864$65 JohnWilkes Booth had plotted with other mento capture Lincoln

! The plan was to use him in an exchange to

free Southern POW’s

! When the War began to change, Boothrevised his plan

The Civil War! He assigned his men to assassinate top

Union generals the vice president andWilk ld kill Li l



Union generals, the vice president andWilkes would kill Lincoln

! Wilkes tracked the President to Ford Theater where he was watching a play

! He entered in behind him, produced a

pistol and shot him in the back of thehead

! The President died shortly later

! Booth screamed out “Sic Semper Tyranis” ) thus always to tyrants & leapt

from the box and onto the stage breakinghis leg

! He then fled into an alley and eludedcapture

The Civil War

! Booth was tracked down to a tobacco



! Booth was tracked down to a tobaccobarn in Virginia

! He was asked to come out and when herefused they set the barn on fire

! In the confusion that followed, Booth

either shot himself or was killed by Unionsolider gunfire

! Both sides loss a great deal in the CivilWar but more was gained

! Slavery was abolished

! Democracy would live on, as would anundivided union



~Presidential Reconstruction~



Reconstruction! Often, Confederate soldiers

homecomings contained as much sorrow



homecomings contained as much sorrowas delight

! Their cause had been defeated

! In many cases, their homes had been

destroyed

! Fields were full of weeds, warehousesbarren, families destitute, wharves rotting

! Between 1865 and 1877 the federal government tried to repair the damage

the War had caused

! This program was known asReconstruction

Reconstruction! At the start of Reconstruction, it was

clear that the nation had been changedf b h W



clear that the nation had been changedforever by the War

! In particular, the South was a far di# erentplace

! War had destroyed 2/3 of the South’s

shipping industry

! 6000 miles of railroad were gone

! Farm land had been burned or left to weeds

! 1/3 of all livestock, bridges, levees and1000’s of miles of road were gone

! The value of the South had plunged 70'

Reconstruction

! In addition, the War had destroyed ai f i h S h



In addition, the War had destroyed a generation of men in the South

! The South lost 260,000 men

! This equated to 1/5 its population

! Those who returned alive were horriblescarred by the e# ects of the War

! Many returned missing limbs, as invalids

! Children were made orphans; brides

became widows

! Beginning again would be a long anddi%cult process



Reconstruction! In 1863, the Captured and Abandoned

Property Act allowed the Federal



Property Act allowed the FederalGovernment to seize 100 million inplantations and cotton

! With worthless Confederate money,owners could not hire workers

! Others had to sell property to cover debts

! The last category consisted of whitelaborers

! Many could not find work because of theliberated freedmen

! Poor whites began migrating to frontierlands such as Mississippi and Texas toseek a new beginning

Reconstruction

! Defeat of the South brought forth many



! Defeat of the South brought forth manyquestions

! Should the South be punished for theiractions? If so, for how long?

! What rights would freed African Americans have?

! Did the Civil War mean the nation wouldturn to a stronger federal government?

! Some of these questions were so powerful

and fought over, many historians call theReconstruction period an extension of theCivil War

Reconstruction! During the winter of 1863, Abraham

Lincoln had begun laying down plans for

Reconstruction



! His plans were very forgiving to the South

! It has been called the 10' plan

! It o# ered pardon to any confederate who would take an oath of allegiance to theUnion and accept federal policy on slavery

! It denied pardon to all Confederatemilitary and government o%cials who hadkilled African America POW’s

! It permitted each state to hold aconvention to create a new stateconstitution only after 10' of voters inthe state had sworn allegiance to theUnion

Reconstruction! Lastly, states could hold elections and

resume full participation in the Union



p p

! Lincoln’s plan did not require newconstitutions to provide voting rights to

African Americans

!

Nor did it “readmit” southern states sincetheir departure had been unconstitutional

! Congress did not like Lincoln’s plan

! They felt that it threatened constitutionalauthority

! He was essentially making the ruleshimself, not allowing Congress to do theirpart

Reconstruction! Much of Lincoln’s opposition came from

Radical Republicans



p

! They wanted a sti# penalty against theSouth for their actions

! They felt the War had been fought over

slavery and wanted African Americans tohave equality

! Their proposal for Reconstruction wasPocket Vetoed by Lincoln

! When Lincoln was assassinated, the

nation descended into political chaos

! What would the future hold for theSouth?

Reconstruction! With Lincoln’s death, Reconstruction fell

into the hands of Andrew Johnson



! Johnson was Lincoln’s vice president

! He was southerner, born in NorthCarolina

!

Johnson was chosen by Republicans inorder to attract southern votes in the 1864election

! He was the only southerner to remain incongress following secession

! When Johnson took o%ce, Congress wasin recess until December

! Johnson used those months to draw uphis own reconstruction plan

Reconstruction! His plan was known as the Presidential

Reconstruction



! It pardoned all southerners who sworeallegiance to the Union

! It permitted each state to holdconstitutional convention, without

Lincoln’s 10'

! States were required to void succession,abolish slavery and repudiate Confederatedebt

! States could hold elections and rejoin theUnion

! It held the same spirit as Lincoln’s planbut was more generous

Reconstruction! As politicians debated, African Americans

enjoyed their new freedoms

! M lk d f l i d



! Many walked away from plantations andsought after sold family members

! Many freed slaves pushed for ownershipof land

! They wanted land redistribution and they wanted the land they and their ancestorshad farmed

! What led to this sentiment was a smallexperiment conducted by GeneralSherman

! He had divided land into 40 acre lots and given it to free slaves

! President Johnson ended it

Reconstruction

! Many freed slaves banded together



! They formed organizations and especiallytheir own churches

! Historians estimate that nearly 90' offreed slaves were illiterate

! As result, when schools were created forfreed slaves, many eagerly joined

! Soon colleges were popping up all overthe South

! To assist freed slaves in their transition tofreedom, the US Government set up theFreedmen’s Bureau

Reconstruction



! The Bureau gave out free clothing,medical supplies and meals

! It was immensely helpful and popular

!

It helped educate over 250,000 African American refugees

! However, it was short lived and waslargely dismantled in 1869

! These batches of educated African

Americans would serve a valuable role inthe future



Reconstruction! Labor Contracts: Freedmen had to sign a

years contract for labor. If they quit in themiddle they lost all wages earned



middle they lost all wages earned

! Land Restrictions: Freedmen could rentland or homes only in rural areas. Thisforced them to remain on plantations

! Southern defiance to reconstructionsinfuriated Republicans

! Most of the blame was placed onPresident Johnson

! Congress used its power to amend theconstitution

! In 1866 they passed the Civil Rights Actthat outlawed Black Codes



Reconstruction! Following the passage of the 14

Amendment, there were still many that

were less than enthusiastic



! Many moderate Republicans favoredfreedom for freedmen but not equality

! They did not want to see African Americans treated as equals, to have

voting rights

! In response to the 14th Amendment, violence towards freedmen broke out allacross the South

! Memphis, New Orleans, New York Cityall saw mass killings, shootings, hangingstake place

! In many cases police o%cers joined themobs

Reconstruction! President Johnson continued to oppose

equal rights for African Americans



! Angry Northern voters decided to voicetheir concern for Johnson by votingRadical Republicans into the senate

! In November, Congress put its ownReconstruction plans into action

! The Reconstruction Act of 1867 becameone of the most radical Acts in US history

! It put the South under military rule

! It ordered the South to create newelections

! It forced all states to allow African Americans the right to vote



Reconstruction! Firing Stanton directly challenged the new

Tenure of O%

ce Act



! Under the Constitution, the President hadto seek Senate approval to fill and firecertain jobs

! Led by Thaddeus Stevens, the House sought

to impeach the President for anunconstitutional action

! If 2/3rds of the Senate voted forimpeachment, Johnson would have becomethe only president ever removed from o%ce

!

When the votes were counted, Johnson hadsurvived by one single vote

! The incident would serve as president thatonly serious crimes could remove a president

Reconstruction! President Johnson served the last

remaining months of his term withoutpower



p

! Johnson left the presidency and wentback to being in the Senate as a democrat

! In 1868, republican candidate Ulysses S

Grant beat democrat Horatio Seymour

! Congress and the President were nowstrong allies

! In the South, freedmen were voicingdemands for equality, for the right to vote

and hold public o%ce

! This led to passage of the 15th Amendment

Reconstruction! Even before the 15th Amendment was

ratified, 735,000 freedmen joined thevoting rolls



voting rolls

! Their electoral power transformedpolitics in the South

! 80' of the newly registered voters wentto the polls

! Whites in the South refused toparticipate

! As a result, 600 African Americans were

elected to state legislatures

! They helped draft new constitutions fortheir states

Reconstruction! The extension of the vote to freedmen led

to the first election of African Americansto the House of Representatives



to the House of Representatives

! By 1875, there were 8 in the House

! Blanche K Bruce became the first African American voted into the senate

! In addition to political debates and re$posturing in the government, people wereon the move

! Many from the North decided to move

into the South

! Some sought new beginnings, otherssought profit

Reconstruction

! Northern Republicans who moved southll d C tb



were called Carpetbaggers

! Southerners gave them the name due tothe cheap suitcases they carried made outof carpet scraps

! Southerners did not like Carpetbaggers asthey saw them as a threat to their ways oflife

! They felt that many came to exploit theirplight following the War

! In the South, it was viewed as treason tobe white and a Republican

Reconstruction

! Southerners had a name for them too,



,Scalawags

! Some were poor farmers seeking a newbeginning

! Others were former Whigs who hadopposed secession

! Seeing carpetbaggers, scalawags and African Americans in high governmentspositions, life was tough on the South

! It led to a great deal of resentmenttowards the government



“We have been faithful in the field...and think that we



$Black Union Soldier

f f fiought to be considered as men, and a ! owed a fair chancein the race of life. It has been said that a black man can not make his own living, but give us opportunities and

we wi ! show the whites that we wi ! not come to them for anything.”



Reconstruction

! Now, under freedom, they had to work formoney to buy food and clothes



money to buy food and clothes

! Many did not earn enough to cloththemselves, feed their families and own ahome

! Changes were coming however

! Plantation owners slowly recovered andsought after good laborers

! Cotton is an increasingly di%cult crop

! Plantation owners soon found that most whites were unwilling to do the labor

Reconstruction

! Many whites preferred working on therailroads or mining which paid better



! Out of the need for cotton workers,sharecropping was born

! Freedman would farm a portion of a

plantation owners land and werepromised a share of the crop at harvesttime

! The owner usually provided some kind ofhousing for the family

! While in many ways, this was a goodsystem, Southerners found ways to exploitfreed slaves

Reconstruction

! Owners fined sharecroppers for missing



! Owners fined sharecroppers for missingeven a single days work

! On other occasions, at the end of the year, owners would charge sharecroppersrent for housing

! Some would fine and charge so much thatsharecroppers would fall into debt and beforced to work at least another year

without pay

!

Thus sharecropping became anotherloophole for slavery to endure



Reconstruction

! If a freedman or sharecropper savedh h h b bl



enough money they might be able toswitch to tenant farming

! Under this system, freedmen would usetheir own money to rent a lot of land

! They could then plant what they wantedand work the land as they chose

! Tenant farmers did well and enjoyedhigher social status that sharecroppers

! Many freedman worked hard and di%cultlives in order to move to tenant farming

Reconstruction! Changes in farming a # ected the long term

economic health of the South



! Sharecropping and Tenant farmingencouraged planters to grow cash crops

! Soon cotton production surpassed pre$ war levels

! Due to growing sugar cane, tobacco andcotton, the South depended on importsfor food

! It created an endless cycle of debt for

many sharecroppers and farmers

! Many worked all year just to pay o# last years debts



Reconstruction

! Southerners who traveled Northfollowing the War were astounded at how



gbig the North had grown

! Small factories had turned into massiveones and had become large scaleproduction facilities

! This led many in the South to desireindustrialization

! If the North could do it, why couldn’t theSouth?

! This new goal led to the term “NewSouth”

Reconstruction! The City of Atlanta in particular sought

to rise from the ashes of Sherman’sdestruction



! Atlanta was rebuilt on modern technology with wide streets and industry

! The movement spread across the South to

the cities of memphis, Nashville,Louisville, Little Rock, Montgomery andCharlotte

! Despite the gains the South made, it isimportant to note they never caught theNorth

! Industry in the South handled the earlyprocesses, such as turning iron into pigiron

Reconstruction

! Their crop was, as it always had been,



p , y ,cotton

! While cotton made a lot of money for theSouth, the North reaped the benefits

! They made more turning the cotton intoclothing and dying it than growing it

! In Congress, industrializing the Southremained the “gospel of prosperity”

!

They continued to fund and seek toindustrialize the South to help it recover

Reconstruction

! Money being poured into the South



y g pduring Reconstruction came from heavytaxes

! These taxes were placed on the South who was, for the most part, destitute

! The system was not very e# ective inending debt but making it worse

! Scandals and fraud was everywhere

!

It was not limited to the South though aseven the government got its hands dirty

Reconstruction

! Late in Grant’s first term, the USgovernment poured enormous amounts of



government poured enormous amounts ofmoney into the Credit Mobilier Company

! This company oversaw the constructionof the Transcontinental Railroad

! Most of this money however went intothe pockets of Union Pacific o%cers

! Politicians were bribed to not notice

! The scandal rocked the nation and

eventually culminated in the collapse ofthe Railroad industry



Reconstruction

! Southern whites found themselves in anawful state



awful state

! They had lost the War

! African American’s now ran freely and

seized state legislatures

! Carpetbaggers from the North hadmoved to the South and purchased formerplantations and land

! In such a plight, many Southerners,

former Confederates, turned toextremism



Reconstruction

!

The Klan chose Nathan Bedford Forrestto be their leader



! He was called “Grand Wizard”

! Forrest was known as a sly ConfederateGeneral during the War

! Forrest had also been a wealthy cottonplantation owner and slave trader

! During the War he captured Fort Pillowand executed all 300 captured BlackUnion soldiers

! He had also been known to kill Black women and children during the War



Reconstruction! The Klans goal was to keep African

Americans in the role of submissivelaborers



! They used acts of terror to intimidate andmanipulate congressmen

! Klans tactics varied from place to place

! They would often appear in the night, with torches, on horseback, encirclinghouses

! The burned crosses in peoples yards,harassed, tortured, kidnapped and

murdered

! Anyone who did not share the Klans goalscould become victims



Reconstruction! President Grant won re$election in 1872

and continued to pursue Reconstruction goals



! Voters however were growing tired withReconstruction

! There were four main factors that caused

a swing of power in Congress

! Grants later term was marked bycorruption, greed and poor government

! Reconstruction taxes and spendingplunged the South into deeper debt

! Federal Troops started to be pulled fromthe South and whites once again seizedpower from freedmen

Reconstruction! A new movement of Southern Democrats

wrenched control away from Republicans

! A series of court cases in the South



! A series of court cases in the Southnarrowly interpreted the 14th and 15thamendments returning power to thestates

!

Reconstruction e# orts took a final sourturn in 1876

! The Presidential election betweenRepublican Rutherford B Hayes andDemocrat Samuel Tilden was very close

! Debate over the election ballots caused arecount declaring Hayes the victor

! The South cried foul

Reconstruction! In order to appease both parties the

Compromise of 1877 was struck

! Th S th d t H th



! The South agreed to name Hayes the victor

! The Presidency came at a cost

! The North had to remove all remainingUnion troops from the South

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