American History Review- Washington to Madison

8/14/2019 American History Review- Washington to Madison

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B y D a n i e l l e H e r n a n d e z

American HistoryAmerican History

ReviewReviewFROM WASHINGTON TO MADISON

References:My notesThe TextbookHistorySage.com

Further Reading on last page!


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Washington Outline

Washingtons Cabinet Thomas Jefferson

Alexander Hamilton

Henry Knox

Hamiltons Financial Plan National Bank

Whiskey Rebellion

Proclamation of Neutrality

Genet Affair Jay Treaty

Pickney Treaty

Washingtons Farewell Address

George Washington is said to have donated some of his own silver spoons and forks whenmake money.

Fun FactsFun Facts
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/George_Washington_Signature.svg


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Hamiltons Financial Plan

After the formation of the United Statesgovernment under the Constitution, one ofthe first tasks of the new administration wasto formulate an economicpolicy.

The United States had amassed a largedebtdue to the Revolutionary War, and was eagerto pay it off and begin the business ofgovernment as well as gain respect fromother countries.

President Washington appointedAlexanderHamilton as the first Secretary of theTreasury. Hamilton quickly devised a

number of plans to make the United Statesfinancially sound.Opposition to his financial plans ultimately

formed to first two political parties-Federalists and Jeffersonians.

Hamilton's Economic Programs

Assumption ofRevolutionary Wardebt

Hamilton wanted to pay offall of the debt of the statesand the old ContinentalCongress. He believed thiswould give the new countryfinancial stability. Congressapproved assumption.

Creation of aNational Bank

Hamilton believed that aNational Bank would gainthe support of the business

community which wouldinvest in the new country.Congress approved theBank in 1791.

Protective Tariff Hamilton wanted to protectU.S. industry from overseascompetition to allow it achance to grow. This initialtariff was rejected byCongress.

Excise Tax As a means of generatingrevenue, Hamiltonproposed a tax on whiskey.Congress approved thistax, which in turn led to theWhiskey Rebellion.


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The National Bank

Jefferson created a National BankIn this bank, he bought back bonds that were used during the

American Revolution and were now worthless.Those who sold them back, received interest on them.They didnt let the people (primarily those in the Northeast)

know that the bank was doing well because, if they knew this,they may stop supporting it. They wanted the people to havesomething to lose, as well, if the National Bank collapsed.

Opposition The Jeffersonians (The Anti-Federalists) were against this National

Bank because they felt it was unconstitutional for the government tohave the power over a bank. They wanted individual state banks.

The Hamiltonians (The Federalists) were all for the National Bankbecause they were the ones who were profiting from it with stocksand bonds.


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The Whiskey Rebellion

One way that Hamilton was going to raise the money forthe National Bank, its shareholders, and the country ingeneral, was through a tariffon whiskey.

For many in the North (especially farmers) whiskey waslike gold! This tariff hit them hard!

Remembering the Stamp Act and Shays Rebellion, theyfigured that they could overthrow the imposition.

This was our countrys first opportunity to show that theirnew government cant be taken advantage of anymore.

Washington sent in troops and the rebellion was crushed. This improved the countrys reputation a bit and straightened out its

citizens.


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The French Revolution

Within weeks of Washington's inauguration in 1789, the FrenchRevolution began.

The French Revolution was the single most important issue separatingFederalists and Jeffersonian-Republicans.

The French had seen and helped America break free from their mothercountry and this concept of a republic became a contagious idea.

The French rose up against their monarchs in this revolution led byNapoleon.

As the revolution intensified and became more bloody, the English sought toexploit the weakness of the French government.

While conflict between the French and English intensified,America wascaught in the middle.

American loyalties were divided between the French who had aided inAmerica's revolution and the English to whom cultural andeconomic ties were greatest.

Washington decided that neutralitywas the best course, thereby avoidingthe war altogether.


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Neutrality Proclamation

The first established foreign policy of the United States was one ofneutralityor non-involvement.

Having just defeated the English and gaining our independence, the US faced thechallenging task of creating a new nation.

In an effort to guard ourselves from involvement in the wider conflicts of the Europeansand focus on domestic affairs, a course of neutrality was followed.

The US was still obligated to France under the Franco-American alliance of 1778so U.S. had pledged to protect French West Indies from enemies Jeffersonians favored this Alliance

However, Washington, Hamilton, and Jefferson all agreed that the US military was stillweak and thatwar should be avoided at all costs.

In 1793, Washington issued the Neutrality Proclamation which told citizens to be

impartial to both France and Britain. The Jeffersonians were enraged, especially by Washington not consulting Congress.

The Federalists supported it. This all led to the Genet Affair

In the Genet Affair, Citizen Genet (who wasnt too bright) came to the US from France to recruitAmerican supporters and bypassed Washingtons Neutrality Proclamation feeling that it did notreflect the feelings of individuals. He was soon deported back to France and Washingtondemanded a newFrench Ambassador. It, like the Whiskey Rebellion, helped show off

Americas power.


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Jay Treaty

This was THE THING which officially created that splitof parties!

In this, Washington sent John Jayto England to try toget them to stop bombarding their ships. Both England and France had been bombarding US ships to stop

them from trading with the other.John Jay was unsuccessful. Britain simply said that the

would pay for the damages but would continuebombardments. Basically this means nothing!

The US decides to side with Britain to temporarily appease

them and make them stop bombarding our ships. This was NOT making it an ally but it did bring around a lot of

controversy!


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Pickney Treaty

This was between the US and Spain.This wasnt a very monumental treaty in American History but

does affect some things later on (i.e. the LouisianaPurchase [below])

Spain saw that, from the Jay Treaty, America was now sided withthe powerful nation of England and so they wanted to makesure that they were on good terms with them.

3 aspects Florida is under clear control of Spain America is free to use the port ofNew Orleans and the Mississippi

River. Both nations can control the other nations population ofIndians. This is when their were attacks on the Seminoles in Florida led by

Andrew Jackson many years later because the tribe was harboringescaped slaves from Georgia.

Later, Spain will take back the port of New Orleans which willmake the Louisiana Purchase a necessary one.


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Washingtons Farewell Address

When Washington left office in 1796 after serving twoterms as president, he delivered a farewell address filled

with advice and cautions to the fledgling nation.Warnings

He warned against the divisive problems ofpolitical parties He called for neutralityand avoiding alliances

This set the course of US foreign policy He cautioned the nation to "steer clear of permanent

alliances", noting that even temporary treaties or allianceswere acceptable only under "extraordinary

emergencies".It was this tone set by Washington's words and his

presidency that established neutrality as the firstforeign policyof the United States.


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Adams Outline

Quasi WarXYZ Affair

Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

John Adams is said to have held the first fireworks display at

Fun FactsFun Facts
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/John_Adams_Sig_2.svg


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The Election of 1796

John Adams, from Massachusetts, was the Federalistcandidate. Hamilton was too controversial to be a candidate in this election.

Democratic-Republicans gathered around Thomas

Jefferson They complained about the crushing of the Whiskey Rebellion and

Jay's Treaty

Adams defeated Jefferson 71 to 66 in the Electoral

CollegeJefferson, as runner-up, became vice president.

This was a lousy idea since they disagreed in so many aspects!


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Quasi War

The French Directory (the Directory, if you rememberfrom Global II, was the government set up for thenew republic by Napoleon) saw the Jay Treaty as an

American movement towards alliance towards

Britain and, therefore, a flagrant violation of theFranco-American Treaty if 1778.

Due to this, the French seized 300 US merchantvessels and put the two countries into an undeclared

naval war or Quasi War.This was one thing that led to the XYZ Affair.


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The XYZ Affair

President Adams sent a delegation to Paris in 1797.He wanted to straighten things out with them after the

Quasi War however, they never even got to broach thetopic to the French foreign affairs minister.

When the delegates arrived, they were approached by 3anonymous secret French agents referred to as X, Y, andZ.

The French demanded a bribe of $250,000 in order tospeak to foreign minister Talleyrand. This was actually customary in Europe but, nonetheless, it pissed off

the Americans and they returned home unsuccessful.Since they were not successful, war hysteria swept the US

as we continued in this undeclared naval warfare.


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Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Jefferson, Madison, and other Democratic-Republicansopposed theAlien and Sedition Acts and felt themunconstitutional.

However, the process of deciding constitutionality of

federal laws was not yet defined.Therefore, Jefferson and Madison secretly created a seriesof resolutions called the Virginia and KentuckyResolutions. These states legislatures decided that the states should be able to

declare an unconstitutional lawnull and void. Nullification principles were still unresolved but they made their

opposition to federal powers clear. This continued to showshades of the Civil War.


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Jefferson Outline

Election of 1800 (a.k.a. Revolution of 1800)

Domestic Changes

Hamilton and Burr

The Judiciary ActsMarbury vs. Madison

Judicial Review

The L0uisiana Purchase

The Leopard-Chesapeake Affair

The Embargo Act of 1807

Thomas Jefferson had a pet mockingbird that flew freely around the White

Fun FactsFun Facts
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Thomas_Jefferson's_signature2.svg


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The Election of 1800

Jefferson becomes the first Democratic-Republican presidentand there will be no more Federalist presidents until Monroe.

He believed in a loose interpretation of the Constitution and was asupporter of the French.

Jefferson defeated Adams in the electoral vote 73 to 65 and tied withAaron Burr.

Since it was a tie, the vote went to the House of Representatives.Federalists were all for Burr and hated Jefferson.They were in a deadlock.Eventually, they chose Jefferson after being swayed byHamilton

(whom Burr now resented).

The significance of this electionwas that peaceful change ofpower was revolutionary. This means that even though a presidentis elected very narrowly, there are no immediate drastic changes.


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Domestic Changes

Adams came into office with a strict agenda of thingsthat he was planning to do for the nation.

Reduces taxesRemoves the whiskey tax from Hamiltons economic

planHe cut the size of

The federal bureaucracy (people with government positions) The army and the navy

This was to resist going to war

The navy was cut more because the army is actually the morethreatening of the two.


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Hamilton and Burr

Back when Burr and Jefferson tied in the Electionof 1800, Hamilton persuaded the House ofRepresentatives to choose Jefferson.

Since this, Burr has resented Hamilton. So in 1804, Burr challenged Jefferson to a duel (a

shoot-out). Hamilton has been the head of the Federalists and

Burr was the Vice President. So who shot Alexander Hamilton? It was Aaron

Burr. Because of this, Burrs already shady reputation

worsened and he ruined his political future.

He was tried and pardoned by the Chief Justice,John Marshall. Marshall was also the distant(I

dont care if she said they were first cousins- she was wrong!)cousin ofJefferson which makes the pardon even more of alow down thing to do.

Click here for that Got Milk? Commercial its an
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t1_s0eWbaYI&feature=PlayList&p=0FCC5E919DC50F95&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&index=29http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Hamilton-burr-duel.jpghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t1_s0eWbaYI&feature=PlayList&p=0FCC5E919DC50F95&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&index=29


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The Judiciary Acts

The Judiciary Act of 1789 Determined the number of members of the Supreme Court (6) Determined the number of lower district courts (13) Determined the idea that the Supreme Court can settle disputes between

states Determined the idea that a decision by the Supreme Court is final.

The Judiciary Act of 1801 This isAdamss but it affected Jeffersons presidency This was also known as the Midnight Judges Act Federalists created 16 new judgeships and other judicial offices This was one of last important laws passed by the outgoing Federalist

Congress. Adams continued on his last day in office signing commissions of the

Federalist "midnight judges. Jeffersonians charged the Federalists of packing the judicial branch.

Jefferson was majorly pissed because all of his judicial branch was a differentparty than he was.

Act repealed by the newly elected Republican Congress in 1802.


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Marbury vs. Madison

This is, perhaps, the most important Supreme Courtdecision in U.S. history

"Midnight judge"William Marburysued (on the behalfof several other judges) for the delivery of hiscommission that was being held up by the new secretary

of state, James Madison. Madison was ordered by Jefferson to withhold Adams'

appointments under the Judiciary Act of 1801.

Marshall knew that the Jefferson administration wouldnot enforce a writ (a summons) by the Court to deliver

the commission to Marbury. The case was dismissed, thus avoiding a direct political showdownbetween the Supreme Court and the Executive branch.


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Judicial Review

Marshall ruled that part of the Judiciary Act of 1789,upon which Marbury had based his appeal in the

Marbury vs. Madison case, was unconstitutional bygiving the Court the right to enforce appointments He argued that only the executive branch can enforce the

law.

Marshall then gave the Supreme Court power to rule alaw by Congress unconstitutional

This reminds you of the Virginia and Kentucky Solutions

of making laws null and void. It did, though contrast with the Kentucky Resolutions whereJefferson had claimed states had that right- not the SupremeCourt!

Thus, the power of Supreme Court was greatly enhanced


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Louisiana Purchase

In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson doubled the size of the United States by purchasing the LouisianaTerritory from the French.

This purchase troubled Jefferson somewhat because he used his presidential treaty-making powers tocraft the agreement. He considered this to be a loose interpretation of these powers, and he believed that the Constitution

should be interpreted strictly. Other Federalists also feared it because of probable Republicanadvantage

How did this offer come about? In 1800, Napoleon got Spain to give up Louisiana region to France The French, in 1802, withdrew the United States right of deposit at New Orleans port which was guaranteed

under the Pinckney Treaty of 1795

Jefferson sent James Monroe to Paris in order to try to buy New Orleans and as much land to the eastin the Floridas as possible for $10 million.

He then met Napoleon at a party where he decided to sell all Louisiana and forego his dream of anAmerican empire.

They jumped at accepting this bargain fearing that if they waited for a reply from Jefferson, hed take

back the offer. Thus, the Louisiana Purchase occurred

Why did Jefferson accept? He promoted an agrarian nation (farms) and this would increase influence from the South. It was a logical investment

Louis and Clark Buying Louisiana Territory was like buying a pig in a bag- they didnt know what they were getting. Therefore, they sent out Louis and Clark to explore. They went as far as Oregon Country and so

America will soon claim that too.


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The Leopard-Chesapeake Affair

This begins Jeffersons bad years at office.British commander of theH.M.S. Leopard, demanded

surrender of four alleged British deserters on the U.S.S.Chesapeake;

American captain refused.

Leopardfired at the Chesapeake 3 dead; 18 wounded

American reaction was the most hostile since the XYZ Affair10 years earlier. British Foreign Office admitted its error

Jefferson, nevertheless, used the incident to incite calls for U.S.action. Forbade British ships to dock at American ports. Ordered state governors to call up as much as 100,000 militiamen.


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The Embargo Act of 1807

What it did: Forbade export of all goods from U.S.

Jefferson got Congress to hastily pass the act Reasoned that a U.S. embargo would force Britain and France to respect its

rights. Loose construction of the Constitution

Congress' power to "regulate commerce" meant it could stop exports. Undermined Jeffersons states rights philosophy

Embargo Act was a disaster to the U.S. economy Smuggling became widespread

Congress repealed the act in March 1, 1809 (3 days beforeJefferson left office)

It had ruined Jeffersons second term and Americans despised himfor it. This created a Federalist Party revival

It was shortly after replaced with the Non-Intercourse Act (noguffawing please)


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Madison Outline

Election of 1808Non-Intercourse Act

Macons Bill No.2

War of 1812

Madison is the smallest of all the presidents thus far, weighing only 100 poun

Fun FactsFun Facts
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/James_Madison_sig.svg


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Election of 1808

Election of 1808 was intensely impacted by theEmbargo Act issue

Federalists gained ground in the presidentialelection although the Democratic-Republican,

James Madison, defeated Charles PinckneyFederalists made significant gains in Congress

(although still in minority) and gained control ofseveral state legislatures.


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Non-Intercourse Act

Reopened trade with all nationsof the world except France andBritain and remained U.S.policy until War of 1812.

The embargo had failed but alsoinadvertently sparked theIndustrial Revolution in

America and also hurt Britain.


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Macons Bill No.2

The Non-Intercourse Act was going to expire in a year andwhichever nation (France or Great Britain) didnt jump atMacons Bill No.2 first would still have an embargo againstthem from the US and wouldnt have trading privileges.

Napoleon jumps at this (secretly hoping that the US would go

to war with Britain) and says that he wont attack themanymore and so the US opens ports to France.

However, Napoleon had lied and continued attackingAmerican vessels.

Madison was hoping that Britain would jump at it first but he

reluctantly accepted Napoleon's commitment and gave theBritish 3 months to end restrictions or the U.S. would restorenon-importation.


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War of 1812 (Mr. Madisons War)

War Hawks Deeply-divided Congress met late in 1811 (Republicans still in control) Differed from past Congresses: new young leaders from South & West

Strongly nationalistic Wanted to prove themselves through a war with Britain;

Sought the same glory their fathers had in the Revolutionary War.

Resentful New Englanders held up the U.S. war effort. They believed that British actions were exaggerated and still disliked France New England merchants were still profitable before the war. Opposed acquisition of Canada which would add agrarian states (Jeffersonian). New England investors probably lent more money to Britain than to U.S. New England farmers sent huge quantities of supplies and foodstuffs to Canada, helping Britain to

invade New York. New England states refused to permit their militias to serve outside their states.

Results

It was a small war and the last war between the US and Britain One of America's most poorly-fought wars on land.

Nation militarilyunprepared for war Attack on Canada a complete failure. Washington, D.C., burnedby British British nearly won large territories in the New York and New England.

National disunity The war ended in a stalemate. Nobody won or lost. Pretty much pointlessbut boosted American

morale and reputation from their few victories.


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The End for now

sorry it took so long!

Danielles Picks for Further Reading!: The Federalist Era: Washington to Adams

Jeffersons Presidency

War of 1812
http://www.historysage.com/BasicsFederalist%20Era.pdfhttp://74.125.113.132/search?q=cache:PGRCdmFIimkJ:media.sfcs.net/mcartier/APUSH/PeriodsofHistory/TheEarlyRepublic/JeffersonianDemocracyNotes.doc+midnight+historysage&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=ushttp://74.125.113.132/search?q=cache:mssuTHasHokJ:www.freewebs.com/maneevone/War%2520of%25201812.doc+macon%27s+bill+no.+2+historysage&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=ushttp://74.125.113.132/search?q=cache:mssuTHasHokJ:www.freewebs.com/maneevone/War%2520of%25201812.doc+macon%27s+bill+no.+2+historysage&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=ushttp://74.125.113.132/search?q=cache:PGRCdmFIimkJ:media.sfcs.net/mcartier/APUSH/PeriodsofHistory/TheEarlyRepublic/JeffersonianDemocracyNotes.doc+midnight+historysage&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=ushttp://www.historysage.com/BasicsFederalist%20Era.pdf

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