American Flag Proven Ancient Egyptian - How Egypt, Sumeria and Mesopotamia Formed Mesoamerica STAR

7/31/2019 American Flag Proven Ancient Egyptian - How Egypt, Sumeria and Mesopotamia Formed Mesoamerica STAR

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Proportion 10:19

AdoptedJune 14, 1777 (original 13-star version)

July 4, 1960 (current 50-star version)

Design

Thirteen horizontal stripes alternating red

and white; in the canton, 50 white stars

on a blue field

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"file:///\\\\upload.wikimedia.org\\wikipedia\\en\\a\\a4\\Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" Full

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File history

Date/Time Thumbnail Dimensions User

current HYPERLINK

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October 2011

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The national flag of the United States of America, often simply referred to as the American

flag, consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white,

with a blue rectangle in the HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local

Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary

Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Flag_terminology"canton (referred to

specifically as the "union") bearing fifty small, white, HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary

Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local

Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Five-pointed_star"five-

pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternating

with rows of five stars. The 50 stars on the flag represent the HYPERLINK "../Local

Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/TemporaryInternet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet

Files/wiki/U.S._state"50 states of the United States of America and the 13 stripes represent the

HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/LocalSettings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary

Internet Files/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies"thirteen British colonies that declared independence from

the HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet

Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local

Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain"Kingdom of Great Britain and

became the first states in the Union. HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_note-0#cite_note-0" [1] Nicknames

for the flag include the "Stars and Stripes", "HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet


Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Old_Glory"Old Glory",

HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_note-1#cite_note-1" [2] and "The Star-Spangled Banner" (also the name of

the HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet


Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner"national anthem).

Width of stripe: L = 0.0769 ( A /13, One thirteenth of the flag width)

Fold Meaning

12 Folds in Total



Fold Eleven

The eleventh fold, in the eyes of a HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet


Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet

Files/wiki/American_Jews"Jewish citizen, represents the lower portion of the HYPERLINK"../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local

Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local

Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Seal_of_Solomon"seal of King David and King

Solomon,

Fold 12 TwelveThe twelfth fold, in the eyes of a HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary

Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet

Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary InternetFiles/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_States"Christian citizen,

represents an emblem of eternity and glorifies, in their eyes,

HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local



Files/wiki/Trinity"God the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost.

When the flag is completely folded, the stars point upwards, which remind the American of his

national motto, "HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary


Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/In_God_We_Trust"In God We Trust". HYPERLINK "" \l

"cite_note-US_Flag_-_Usage-51#cite_note-" [52] HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_note-

American_Legion-53#cite_note-" [54] HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_note-Carlos_Zamorano-

54#cite_note-" [55]

The name of Eric Robert Powell, when the word “GOD” is situated into the letters “DGO”

reveals the following:

4

7



formula 8.6.11.

Width of stripe: L = 0.0769 ( A /13, One thirteenth of the flag width)

The birth-date of one Eric Robert Powell, when reduced to 12.26.56 totals the number

'94' which is further reduced to 9 + 4 = 13 while his full name is reduced to analphanumeric “7”.

These designations (769) form the number 12.26./ 7 – 96. The number 96 is reduced as 9 + 6 =

15 for the formula 12.26.1956. And the number '7' which in our treatise preceding it as we

continue to explain why.

Note again that the American Flag has been modified since 1777 which constitutes Three

Sevens - “777”.

When the flag is completely folded, the stars point upwards, which remind the American of his

national motto, "HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary


Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/In_God_We_Trust"In God We Trust". HYPERLINK "" \l

"cite_note-US_Flag_-_Usage-51#cite_note-" [52] HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_note-

American_Legion-53#cite_note-" [54] HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_note-Carlos_Zamorano-

54#cite_note-" [55]

The flag closely resembles the HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local


Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/British_East_India_Company"British East

India Company flag of the era, as shown below

Flag of the British HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary


Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/East_India_Company" East India Company , 1707–1801

The years of the East India Company being 1701 – 1801 is also a reduced '196' which will



be discussed as we continue in further depth as to the number's precise meaning.

At the time of the HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary


Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence"Declaration of Independence,

the HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary InternetFiles/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local

Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Continental_Congress"Continental Congress would not

legally adopt flags with "stars, white in a blue field" for another year. The flag

contemporaneously known as "the HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local


Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Continental_Colors"Continental Colors"

has historically been referred to as the first national flag.

Below is American Flag using “The Continental Colors”

Authors Note:

The British East Indian Company was the infamous Black British Slave Trading Company.

Below is the Grand Union Flag of Britain

The HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local

Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/LocalSettings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet

Files/wiki/Continental_Colors"Continental Colors

(aka Grand Union Flag)

There were 27 Flags of varying states with 13 Stripes attached for a total of 351 Stripes (a

reduced 315) as well as a series of 882 stars which is a reduced '72' – the exact number of the

Jewish Sahandrein as well as the exact same letters in the name of God worshiped in Judaism

and other religions. The last three series of numbers in this equation, being '202', '358' and '88'

total a '648'. The reader must realize that there are only 86,400 seconds in a day and that the

European Jews were created on Friday the 13, 526 BC.

Despite the 1777 resolution, a number of flags only loosely based on the prescribed design

were used in the early years of American independence. One example may have been the

HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local




Internet Files/wiki/Guilford_Courthouse_flag"Guilford Court House Flag, traditionally believed to

have been carried by the American troops at the HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary

Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/LocalSettings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet

Files/wiki/Battle_of_Guilford_Court_House"Battle of Guilford Court House in 1781. Other

evidence suggests it dates only to the nineteenth century. HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_note-

67#cite_note-67" [68] The original flag is at the North Carolina Historical Museum.

The origin of the stars and stripes design is inadequately documented. The HYPERLINK

"../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/LocalSettings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary

Internet Files/wiki/Apocryphal"apocryphal story credits HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary


Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Betsy_Ross"Betsy Ross

for sewing the first flag from a pencil sketch handed to her by George Washington. Noevidence for this exists; indeed, nearly a century had passed before Ross' grandson, William

Canby, first publicly suggested it. HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_note-68#cite_note-68" [69] Another

woman, HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet


Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Rebecca_Young"Rebecca Young, has also been credited as

having made the first flag by later generations of her family. Young's daughter was


Internet Files/wiki/Mary_Young_Pickersgill"Mary Pickersgill, who made the HYPERLINK "../Local


Files/wiki/Star_Spangled_Banner_Flag"Star Spangled Banner Flag. HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_note-

69#cite_note-69" [70] HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_note-NMAH-making-70#cite_note-NMAH"

[71]

It is likely that HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary


Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Francis_Hopkinson"Francis Hopkinson of HYPERLINK

"../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local


Internet Files/wiki/New_Jersey"New Jersey, a signer of the HYPERLINK "../Local


Files/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence"Declaration of Independence, designed the

1777 flag while he was the Chairman of the Continental Navy Board's Middle Department,

sometime between his appointment to that position in November 1776 and the time that the



flag resolution was adopted in June 1777. This contradicts the Betsy Ross legend, which

suggests that she sewed the first Stars and Stripes flag by request of the government in the

Spring of 1776. HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_note-fcic-64#cite_note-fcic-64" [65] HYPERLINK

"" \l "cite_note-71#cite_note-71" [72] Hopkinson was the only person to have made such a

claim during his own lifetime, when he sent a bill to Congress for his work. He asked for a

"Quarter Cask of the Public Wine" as payment initially. The payment was not made, however,

because it was determined he had already received a salary as a member of Congress, and he

was not the only person to have contributed to the design. HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_note-

72#cite_note-72" [73]

The phrase “American Flag” is an alphanumeric '315'.

There is also 13 Stripes as well as 50 Stars which denotes another '315'. When added together

both 315's total the exact number of the Ancient Egyptian Lunar Calender which contained 30

days per month with 12 months for a perfect '360' lunar day calender.

When the phrase “The American Flag” is used the alphanumeric total is 315 plus 6 which totals

a reduced '196' plus the numbers 2 + 3 = 5 which brings us to the total of the year '1956'.

The name of Eric Robert Powell, and there is only one alive in the world with that name, the

full name is reduced to an 8.6.11 and further reduced to an 8.6.2. The total alphanumeric

number for this name is a '196'. At present there are exactly 196 Countries in the world which

will remain until The New World takes precedence over the present world situation of blind

control of the masses, economic depression, unjust laws which imprison a great majority of the

population unfairly with illegal drugs being supplied mainly through the actions of the State of

Israel and corporations such as Coke – a Cola, whose patented logo script reads; “No

Muhammad, No Mecca” and from right to left reads; No Mecca, No Muhammad” - this

corporation is also heavily involved in the illegal drug trade which consists mainly of opium

and herion, just as their sister corporation Pepsi – Cola does in Afghanistan after the Taliban

wiped out poppy production and at the present time, former Prime Minister of Britain, - Tony

Blair stated publicly that once the Americans, under George Bush invaded Afghanistan, 96 to

98 % of the heroin being produced and entering Britain came from the Americans after the

Taliban wiped out its total production. Also there is much profits to be made in the Armament

Industry as well as banking, Insurance, Private Military Contractors and the like.

One of the final numbers in our last equation concerning '196' plus 2 + 3 equaling 1956 is

12.26.1956, the exact date of birth of Eric Robert Powell as well as his exact time of birth



being 5 AM (GMT) as well as 9 AM (EST). When we carry over the extra number '1' when

adding 315 to the reduced number of '6' we also find the number '403'. Slavery actually began

in America in the exact year of 1609 which is another '196'. When this number is added to the

year 2012 we find the number of years of Black Slavery being precisely 403 years. This is

another Seven, the number of the name of God being a Seven. Eric Robert Powell's full name

is also a reduced “7” and his birth-date of 12.26.1956 is reduced to a 3.8.3 which totals a '14'

the square root of which is another “7” making his last birth-date number Double Sevens ('77)

which is again the number of the date of the American Flag.

When we discussed The American Flag above the number “13” was found within it's

dimensions, written as, - Width of stripe: L = 0.0769 ( A /13, One thirteenth of the flag width).

Third dynasty of Egypt

History of Egypt 3rd Dynasty

Third Dynasty

Name Comments Dates

Sanakhte - 2686-2668

Djoser

Commissioned the Step

Pyramid designed by

Imhotep

2668-2649

Sekhemkhet - 2649-2643

Khaba - 2643-2637

Huni - 2637-2613

http://www.fact-index.com/t/th/third_dynasty_of_egypt.html?vm=r

Notice that the year 2686 is also represented by Eric Robert Powell’s alphanumeric sum total, whenreduced into single digits as 8.6.2 respectively. Also recall that the last two digits in this year of 2686 are

an ‘86’ the same alphanumeric total embedded within the name of IMHOTEP. And lastly that 8 - 6 = 2.

Corresponding Time – Line listing is as follows:



The table below lists the

kings that are placed in the

3rd Dynasty.

Name

Manetho

Kinglists

Dates (*)

INCLUDEPICTURE"../Local

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%20Settings/kings/03/0301_netjerikhet/thumbnail_30.gif" \

* MERGEFORMAT

Netjerikhet

Tosorthros

Djoser / Djoser-It

2650 - 2631

SekhemkhetTyreis

Djoser-Ti / Djoser-Teti

2631 - 2623



Khaba

Hudjefa (?)

2623 - 2619

INCLUDEPICTURE"../Local





%20Settings/kings/03/0304_sanakht/thumbnail_30.gif" \*

MERGEFORMAT

Sanakht

Necherôphês (?)

Nebka (?)

2619 - 2599

Djoser

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Djoser (Netjerikhet)






Files/wiki/Turin_King_List"Turin King List "Dsr-it"




Files/wiki/Manetho"Manetho "Tosarthros"



Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary

Internet Files/wiki/Pharaoh"Pharaoh of HYPERLINK "../Local


Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/TemporaryInternet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet

Files/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"Egypt

HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary

Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary

Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet

Files/wiki/Egyptian_chronology" Reign

29 years HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local

Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/LocalSettings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet

Files/wiki/Manetho"Manetho or 28 years HYPERLINK "../Local



Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Palermo_Stone"Palermo Stone,




Files/wiki/Third_dynasty_of_Egypt"3rd DynastyPredecessor




Files/wiki/Sanakhte"Sanakhte? or HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary





Internet Files/wiki/Khasekhemwy"KhasekhemwySuccessor


Internet Files/wiki/Sekhemkhet"SekhemkhetHYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet



Files/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary"Royal titulary HYPERLINK

"javascript:toggleNavigationBar(1);" [show]


Internet Files/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary%23Horus_name"Horus name: Netjerikhet

Consort(s)




Files/wiki/Hetephernebti"Hetephernebti HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_note-dodson45-

0#cite_note-dodson45" [1]Father

HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/TemporaryInternet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet

Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet

Files/wiki/Khasekhemwy"KhasekhemwyMother

HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/TemporaryInternet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet

Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Nimaethap"NimaethapMonuments


Internet Files/wiki/Pyramid_of_Djoser"Pyramid of Djoser

Netjerikhet[HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/TemporaryInternet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local

Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation" pronunciation?] or

Djoser[HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet


Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation" pronunciation?]

(HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local




Internet Files/wiki/Turin_King_List"Turin King List "Dsr-it"; HYPERLINK "../Local


Files/wiki/Manetho"Manetho "Tosarthros") is the best-known HYPERLINK "../Local


Files/wiki/Pharaoh"pharaoh of the HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local


Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Third_dynasty_of_Egypt"Third dynasty of

Egypt. He commissioned his official, HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet


Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Imhotep"Imhotep, to

build the first of the HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local


Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Pyramid"pyramids, a HYPERLINK


Internet Files/wiki/Pyramid_of_Djoser"step pyramid for him at HYPERLINK "../Local


Files/wiki/Saqqara"Saqqara. Variants of his name include Zoser, Dzoser, Zozer, Dsr, Djeser,

Djésèr, Horus-Netjerikhet, and Horus-Netjerichet. - Authors note: one can easily asceertain

the name “eric” in Djoser's Horus name.

There has been significant controversy about dating the reigns of the Old Kingdom;

radiocarbon dating published in 2010 has indicated that Djoser's reign began sometime

between 2691 to 2625 BC. HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_note-1#cite_note-1" [2]

The painted HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary


Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Limestone"limestone statue of Djoser, now in the


Internet Files/wiki/Egyptian_Museum"Egyptian Museum in HYPERLINK "../Local


Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary InternetFiles/wiki/Cairo"Cairo, is the oldest known life-sized Egyptian statue. Today at the site in

Saqqara where it was found, a plaster copy of the statue stands in place of the original. The

statue was found during the Antiquities Service Excavations of 1924-1925.

In contemporary inscriptions, he is called Netjerikhet, meaning "body of the gods." Later

sources, which include a HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local




Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/New_Kingdom"New Kingdom reference

to his construction, help confirm that Netjerikhet and Djoser are the same person.

While Manetho names Necherophes and the Turin King List names HYPERLINK "../Local


Files/wiki/Nebka"Nebka as the first ruler of the Third dynasty, many HYPERLINK "../LocalSettings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary

Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet

Files/wiki/Egyptologist"Egyptologists now believe Djoser was first king of this HYPERLINK


Internet Files/wiki/Dynasty"dynasty, pointing out that the order in which some predecessors of


Internet Files/wiki/Khufu_(pharaoh)"Khufu are mentioned in the HYPERLINK "../Local


Files/wiki/Papyrus_Westcar"Papyrus Westcar suggests Nebka should be placed between Djoser

and HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet


Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Huni"Huni, not before Djoser. More significantly, the

English Egyptologist HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local


Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Toby_Wilkinson"Toby Wilkinson has

demonstrated that burial seals found at the entrance to HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/TemporaryInternet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local


Files/wiki/Khasekhemwy"Khasekhemwy's tomb in Abydos name only Djoser, rather than Nebka.

This supports the view that it was Djoser who buried, and hence directly succeeded,

Khasekhemwy, rather than Nebka. HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_note-2#cite_note-2" [3]

Reign length

Manetho states Djoser ruled Egypt for twenty-nine years, while the Turin King List states it

was only nineteen years. Because of his many substantial building projects, particularly at

Saqqara, some scholars argue Djoser must have enjoyed a reign of nearly three decades.

Manetho's figure appears to be more accurate, according to Wilkinson's analysis and

reconstruction of the HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local




Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Palermo_Stone" Royal Annals. Wilkinson

reconstructs the Annals as giving Djoser "28 complete or partial years", noting that the cattle

counts recorded on Palermo Stone HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local


Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Register_(sculpture)"register V, and CairoFragment 1 register V, for the beginning and ending of Djoser's reign, would most likely

indicate his regnal Years 1-5 and 19-28. HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_note-3#cite_note-3" [4]

Reign

Djoser dispatched several military expeditions to the HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary


Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula"Sinai

Peninsula, during which the local inhabitants were subdued. He also sent expeditions there to

mine for valuable minerals such as HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local


Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Turquoise"turquoise and HYPERLINK


Internet Files/wiki/Copper"copper. This is known from inscriptions found in the desert there,

sometimes displaying the banner of HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local


Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Set_(mythology)"Seth alongside thesymbols of HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet


Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Horus"Horus, as had been more common under

Khasekhemwy. The Sinai was also strategically important as a buffer between the HYPERLINK


Internet Files/wiki/Nile"Nile valley and Asia.

His most famous monument was his HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local

Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/TemporaryInternet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Step_pyramid"step pyramid, which

entailed the construction of several HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local


Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Mastaba"mastaba tombs one over another.

These forms would eventually lead to the standard pyramid tomb in the later HYPERLINK




Internet Files/wiki/Old_Kingdom"Old Kingdom. Manetho, many centuries later, alludes to

architectural advances of this reign, mentioning that "Tosorthros" discovered how to build with

hewn stone, in addition to being remembered as the physician HYPERLINK "../Local


Files/wiki/Aesculapius"Aesculapius, and for introducing some reforms in the writing system.Modern scholars think that Manetho originally ascribed (or meant to ascribe) these feats to

Imuthes, who was later deified as Aesculapius by the Greeks and Romans, and who

corresponds to HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary


Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Imhotep"Imhotep, the famous minister of Djoser who

engineered the Step Pyramid's construction.

Some fragmentary reliefs found at HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local


Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Heliopolis_(ancient)"Heliopolis andHYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local


Internet Files/wiki/Gebelein"Gebelein mention Djoser's name and suggest he commissioned

construction projects in those cities. Also, he may have fixed the southern boundary of his

kingdom at the HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary


Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/First_Cataract"First Cataract. An inscription known as the


Internet Files/wiki/Famine_Stela"Famine Stela and claiming to date to the reign of Djoser, but

probably created during the HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local


Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Ptolemaic_Dynasty"Ptolemaic Dynasty,

relates how Djoser rebuilt the temple of HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet


Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Khnum"Khnum on the

island of HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet


Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Elephantine"Elephantine at the First Cataract, thus ending a

seven-year famine in Egypt. Some consider this ancient inscription as a legend at the time it

was inscribed. Nonetheless, it does show that more than two millennia after his reign,

Egyptians still remembered Djoser.

Although he seems to have started an unfinished tomb at Abydos (Upper Egypt), Djoser was

eventually buried in his famous pyramid at Saqqara in Lower Egypt. Since Khasekhemwy, a



pharaoh from the 2nd dynasty, was the last pharaoh to be buried at Abydos, some

Egyptologists infer that the shift to a more northerly capital was completed during Djoser's

time.

Family

Because Queen HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary


Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Nimaethap"Nimaethap, the wife of Khasekhemwy, the last

king of the HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet


Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Second_dynasty_of_Egypt"Second dynasty of Egypt, is

mentioned on a jar sealing of Khasekhemwy with the title "Mother of the King's children",

some writers argue she was Djoser's mother and Khasekhemwy was his father. This is also

suggested by another jar sealing, dating to Djoser's reign, calling her "Mother of the King of

the Two Lands". Her cult seems to have still been active in the later reign of HYPERLINK


Internet Files/wiki/Sneferu"Sneferu.


Internet Files/wiki/Hetephernebti"Hetephernebti is identified as one of Djoser's queens "on a series

of boundary stela from the Step Pyramid enclosure (now in various museums) and a fragment

of relief from a building at Hermopolis" currently in the Egyptian museum of Turin.

HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_note-4#cite_note-4" [5]


Internet Files/wiki/Inetkawes"Inetkawes was their only daughter known by name. There was also

a third royal female attested during Djoser's reign, but her name is destroyed. The relationship

between Djoser and his successor, HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local


Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Sekhemkhet"Sekhemkhet, is not known,

and the date of his death is uncertain.

References

HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_ref-dodson45_0-0#cite_ref-dodson45" ^ Aidan Dodson & Dyan Hilton:



The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson, 2004, HYPERLINK


Internet Files/wiki/Special:BookSources/0500051283"ISBN 0-500-05128-3 p.45

HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_ref-1#cite_ref-1" ^ HYPERLINK "http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1189395"

Christopher Bronk Ramsey et al., Radiocarbon-Based Chronology for Dynastic Egypt,HYPERLINK "http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1189395" Science HYPERLINK

"http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1189395" , Vol. 328. no. 5985 (18 June 2010), pp. 1554 - 1557

HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_ref-2#cite_ref-2" ^ Toby Wilkinson, Early Dynastic Egypt, Routledge,

1999, pp.83 & 95

HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_ref-3#cite_ref-3" ^ Toby Wilkinson, Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt,

pp.79 & 258

HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_ref-4#cite_ref-4" ^ Aidan Dodson & Dyan Hilton, The Complete Royal

Families of Ancient Egypt, Thames & Hudson (2004), p.48

Bibliography

Rosanna Pirelli, "Statue of Djoser" in Francesca Tiradriti (editor), The Treasures of the

Egyptian Museum, American University in Cairo Press, 1999, p. 47.

Toby Wilkinson, Early Dynastic Egypt, Routledge, (Routledge:1999), pp. 83 & 95

Toby Wilkinson, Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt: The Palermo Stone and Its AssociatedFragments, (Kegan Paul International), 2000.

HYPERLINK "http://www.ancient-egypt.org/kings/0301_netjerikhet/history.html" A Detailed profile

of Djoser

Djoser's Pyramid (aka 'Step' Pyramid)



Ruler: Djoser (Horus name: Netjerikhet)

Location: Saqqara

Date: ca 2584 – 2565 BC

Dimensions: Stage I (4-step pyramid) – base 71 meters X 71.5 meters; height 8.4 meters

Stage II (6-step pyramid) – base 109 meters X 121 meters; height 62.5 meters

Materials used: limestone

Notice that the height in stage one and two plus the base in meters correspond to an 8.6.2, an

8.6.11 as well as 12.26.1956 with a corresponding 5/9 ratio.

Djoser's Step pyramid in Saqqara

Djoser's Step pyramid in Saqqara

Djoser – Horus name Netjerikhet – was likely the first king of the 3rd dynasty. HYPERLINK

"" \l "cite_note-Dodson-3#cite_note-Dodson-3" [4]

This famous complex in Saqqara was investigated by Napoleon's Egyptian Campaign, the

Prussian General von Minutoli and John Perring. The first thorough excavation was conducted

by Firth in the 1920s. Much of our present knowledge about Djoser's complex is due to Lauer

however.

See also HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet


Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Djoser%2527s_Step_Pyramid_in_Saqqara"Djoser's Step

Pyramid in Saqqara for a more detailed description of the pyramid complex.

HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Timeline_for_development_of_pyramids_and_pyramid_like_str

uctures"

http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Timeline_for_development_of_pyramids_and_pyramid_like_stru

ctures

Egypt as “The Land of Kemet” - The Black Land

The phrase, 'The Land of Kemet' is an alphanumeric '315'.



The phrase 'The American Flag' is an alphanumeric '138'.

Subtracting the three letters in the word 'The' gives us the number '3' which when subtracted

from '138' is also a '315'.

The name 'Menes' provides us with a '315' for the name 'Me'. We must also remember that the

universe is 41 billion years old, which is represented by the letter 'N' as the letter 'N' is an

alphanumeric '14' which when reversed represents 41 billion years. Together with the letter 'N'

as Men' – who is also known as Menes, we are now at the alphanumeric '18' which represents

the '18' Dynasty of Amen Hotep, - which is Menes heir to the Throne. With the letters 'Es'

added to the name 'Men' we now have an alphanumeric '315' once more as well as the number

'97' which represents Amen Hotep as well as the number '197' which represents Amen Hotep I.

We also find the number '196', - which also represents the exact amount of countries in the

year 2012 at present, - save the new Dynasty of Amen which is an alphanumeric '33' which isalso present in our tabulation.Lastly we find the year of birth of Eric Robert Powell as 1956.

We must again recall that Amen Hotep I and the Second are and were one and the same, which

brings us to the number 'Three', another '56' AD (1956 AD, - the same date of birth as Amen

Hotep I only 1956 BC. Lastly we find the number '613' which is the amount of Commandments

in the Torah of the Jews and recorded in the King James version of the Bible. This date also

represents Friday the 13th as Friday represents the 6 th Day of Creation when 'God' created

Man, who according to the scriptures would become a 'lover' of himself.

The State of Israel has been documented as 86% male homosexual and is also a Secular State

which means that these beings utilize their own laws rather then God's Laws which are

recorded in the Torah of the Jews. They are therefore NOT “God's Chosen People”.

The name of the Architect being “Imhotep” is and alphanumeric “86” which is reduced to the

number “2”.

The cursing of the Jews into a melanin extinguished population was not “leprosy” proper as“lepers” but rather the erase of the chemical Melanin as well as their inner light spectrum, the

light of God, as the Seven Colors of Light produced by the Sun, the Moon, etc., therefore they

have lost their own spirit, soul, reason capabilities and are regarded as “uncivilized”

barbarians which only know destruction as the harmonic balance has also been removed.

This can be confirmed by any good bible commentary from the book shelves.



When the phrase “The American Flag” is used regarding the alphanumeric number '33' for

the word “The” is subtracted from the original phrase, we are left with the number '105' which

represents the number '51' as well as '105'.

The 51st Constellation ranked by size area is called “Lepus, - The Hare'. One of the main starsin this constellation is “Leporis” from which we derive the word “Leper” as well as

“Leprosy”.

The name “Betsy Ross” is an alphanumeric “142”, which is also embedded in the name of

Eric Robert Powell as a reduced “7”, as well as the 142 Abominations of God mentioned

earlier.

Using the original totals when not reduced and then also reducing them, we find encoded inthe name of “Betsy Ross” the following hidden codes:

526 BC; 97 (Amen Hotep); 197 (Amen Hotep I); 297 (Amen Hotep II); 8.6.11 as well as 8.6.2;

196 (Eric Robert Powell in alphanumeric. This number also represents the 196 current world

total of Nations; 1956BC and AD as representing the initial reigning date of Amen Hotep I;

12.26.1956; 315; 613; 25/16; 88, which represents the 88 known constellations; the number

‘51’ which represents the 51st Constellation of Lepus, also known as ‘The Hare’ (Jack Rabbit, -

as our solar system is in a ‘black hole’ also known as a Rabbit Hole and a worm hole; the

number 41 as the universe is 41 billion years old; the number ‘314’ which represents ‘314’, -

The Quest’, written by Alexter Crowley; March 3, 1933 as ‘3333’ including the number ‘19’

which represents the reincarnation birth- date of Osiris as Robert Oris Powell, Father of Eric

Robert Powell.

Let it be noted that the name ORIS also signifies Signa Oris Magnum, whose son is known as

“Ejus”, - the biblical Jesus and written as Signa Ejus Magnum.

The Son of Oris, as Osiris, - Lord of the Dead, is the Egyptian Horus, also spelled Horis which

is the Ancient Egyptian source of Jesus as represented in the phrase “Jesus H. Christ”.

Remember also that the original first name of Amen Hotep, who is also the biblical “Amen” –“The Faithful and True Witness”, - as recorded in the Book of Revelation, is “Iris”, named

as such after the flower of the same name. This is the original name embedded in the word

“Christ” which is also recognized as an abbreviation for Horis. When used with the name

“Jesus” we also discover the word “Risen” as in The Risen Christ.

The name Betsy Ross ends with the number ‘403’. This number represents the amount of years

in which America’s Blacks, (- named after The Land of Kemet, and translated “The Black



Land”) have been biblically “In a Land in which is not theirs”, - in Captivity and ‘mistreated

for over 400 years. They come out in year 403 due to the fact that slavery began in America, in

Yonkers, New York in year 1609 which proves that Eric Robert Powell, as Ishmael, also known

as Ishme – Dagon, ( The Dog – Fish) known as Dagon, came to America as the First Slave.

The True Meaning of ‘The Slave Trade’

There is a Native American Tribe named “Slave”.

The Meaning of the Phrase – ‘You Slay Me’

“You Slay Me”

Thesaurus

slay

verb

“The hill where he slew the dragon”HYPERLINK "http://www.thefreedictionary.com/_/misc/HarperCollinsProducts.aspx?EnglishThesaurus" Collins Thesaurus of the English Language –

Complete and Unabridged 2nd Edition. 2002 © HarperCollins Publishers 1995, 2002

HYPERLINK "http://www.thefreedictionary.com/slay" http://www.thefreedictionary.com/slay

Translations

slay

v slay [slei]

to kill Cain slew his brother Abel.

Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary © 2006-2010 HYPERLINK

"http://kdictionaries.com" K Dictionaries Ltd.



This is the Pharaoh Men, also known as Menes. The two letter ‘Me’ representing the number

‘315’ while the hidden letter ‘N’ represents the Age of the Universe as being 41 billion years

old, and hence the letter ‘N’ representing the alphanumeric ‘14’, which also represents the year

1,400 BC and therefore that of Amen Hotep II.

The word ‘You’ represents an alphanumeric ‘142’.

The word ‘Slay’ represents an alphanumeric ‘129’ which is reduced to the number ‘39’ which

is 39.21.60, or 12.26.1956 as well as our 5/9 time of birth ratio.

The Phrase“The Flag of the United States of America”

This phrase is an alphanumeric ‘315’ with a total of ‘33’ letters which represents the 33rd

Dynasty of Amen Hotep. The complete phrase also contains the embedded numerals:

‘196’; ‘97’; ‘197’; ‘297’; ‘526’; a ‘613’ as well as other pertinent numbers also representing

the 3rd Dynasty of Ancient Egypt which

AMERICA UNCODED

By

Eric Robert Powell

ANCIENT EGYPT AND THE AMERICA’SA Case Study

Specific subjects



THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

- and -

THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

From which we also derive

The City of On, Heliopolis, Egypt

and

MESOAMERICA

Embedded within the name ‘The United States of America’ we find the return of the biblical

and historical ‘Amen’, as well as the Goddess ‘Meri – Amen’ also known as The Triple

Goddess of Love and War , ‘The Ancient Egyptian Goddess Qedesh’ aka, - Kim Kardashian,

and with her therefore the God ‘Ash’, also known as Asher and the Goddess ‘Astarte’, also

known as ‘Aset’ and ‘Ashet’, - (pronounced with alternate spelling - ‘Ahshit’) the ‘Queen

Goddess of Asher’ .

This author was born on Ash Wednesday, 12.26.1956 at 5 AM (GMT) and 9 AM (EST). The

name Eric Robert Powell is an alphanumeric 8.6.11 reduced to an 8.6.2., known as a ‘25/16’,

while the full name, which is reduced to a Seven, is a full ‘196’ as well as a ‘142’. Let the

reader remember these all important numbers as we progress.

NEXT

Explanation of the phrase

The United States of America

(The United): ‘The Nuit Tribe’

‘(States)’

The ‘Serpent Diadem’, The Egyptian ‘Ta’, - meaning the Earth, The Goddess Aset , - aka Ashet



- The Goddess of Asher , - the original name for Syria

(Of America)

“I AM” – a biblical phrase referring to the God Amen as the Ancient Egyptian hieroglyph

AMN stands for the God Amen. Since there is no word in English which copies “AMN” the

letter “N” is dropped to the simple two letter word “AM”. Full translation therefore being

“AMIN” as Amen and Amin are alternate spellings of the same name with the slight distinction

of Amen being described as “The Hidden One” while Amin, derivative “The God Min”- God

of fertility of male semen as properly understood to mean The Pharaoh Men(es) – and therefore

‘semen’ along with the Nemes Headdress.

2. The name Eric, as in America, interpreted as “I AM ERIC” also as in the last days, God

comes “in his own name” – see bible reference.

3. The Egyptian word for the “Ka” as in Canada but properly spelled Kanada which

incorporates the Egyptian source for the soul or spirit being one’s own star.

4. Meri – Amen; Kim Kardashian, as wife of Ahmose- Ankh, aka Ahmose II.

The Metis Tribe of Canada being re-housed in her rightful place here in America. It is from the

Metis Tribe where the New York Mets originates their name, it does not come from the word

Metropolitan.

Here we find its derivative source as The Land of Kemet with the letters “Is” designating Isis,

Ishmael, Kadish as Godsa and Ashet.

5. The original name for Egypt being The Land of Kemet, translated as “The Black Land”

because of her dark rich soil and of course the derivative source of the phrase “The Black

Man” – the word Man being further analyzed as an abbreviation for the Goddess Ma’at as Man

was always engineered and persevered to “uphold Ma’at”.

Since the universe is approximately 41 billion years old, the letter “N” represents the number

‘14’ and the letters “Ma” as those of The Goddess Ma’at – Supreme Goddess of the Seven

Virtues and her 42 Principles of Law.

We must also remember that in the phrase “The United States of America”, the word “Of” is an



HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/The_Septuagint" \o "The Septuagint" the

Septuagint renderindof Shinar in HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Isaiah" \o

"Isaiah" Isaiah xi. 11 by " Babylonia." In short, there can be no doubt that the biblical name

Shinar was practically equivalent to the mat Shumeri u Akkadi= non-Semitic Kengi-

HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Uri" \o "Uri" Uri of the Babylonian

inscriptions. Furthermore, the fact that the HYPERLINK

"http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Syriac" \o "Syriac" Syriac Sen'ar = Shinar was later used

to denote the region about HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Bagdad" \o

"Bagdad" Bagdad (northern Babylonia) does not necessarily prove that Shinar-Shumer meant

only northern Babylonia, because, when the term Sen'ar was applied to the Bagdad district the

HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Great_Southern_Ocean" \o "Great Southern

Ocean" great southern Babylonian civilization had long been forgotten and " Babylonia " really

meant only what we now know as northern Babylonia.

The actual meaning of the word Shumer is uncertain. Dr T. G. Pinches has pointed out' that

Shumer may be a HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Dialectic" \o "Dialectic"

dialectic form of an as yet unestablished non-Semitic form, Shenger, just as the non-Semitic

word dimmer, " god," is equivalent to another form, dingir. Others have seen in the ancient

Babylonian place-name Gir-su an HYPERLINK

"http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Inversion" \o "Inversion" inversion of Su-gir = Su-ngir,

which has also been identified with Shumer. In this connexion Hommel's theory 2 should be

mentioned, that the word Shumer was a later palatalization of Ki-imgir, " land of Imgir

"=Shiimgir, subsequently Shingi with palatalized k = sh and elision of the final r. The formimgir (imgur), however, as a place-name for Babylonia is uncertain. All that can be said at

present about this difficult HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Etymology" \o

"Etymology" etymology is that in the non-Semitic Babylonian the medial m represented quite

evidently an indeterminate nasal which could also be indicated by the combination rig. Hence

we find Shumer, probably pronounced Shuwer, with a HYPERLINK

"http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sound_%28disambiguation%29" \o "Sound

(disambiguation)" sound similar to that heard to-day in the Scottish Gaelic word lamh, " hand

"; viz. a sort of nasalized w. This gave rise to the later inaccurate forms: Greek, Senaar; Syriac,

Sen'ar; and biblical Hebrew, Shinar = Skingar. The so-called " Sumerian problem," which has

perplexed Assyriologists for many years, may be briefly stated as follows. In a great number of

Babylonian inscriptions an HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Idiom" \o

"Idiom" idiom has long been recognized which is clearly not ordinary Semitic in character.

This non-Semitic system, which is found, in many instances, on alternate lines with a regular

Semitic translation, in other cases in opposite columns to a Semitic rendering, and again

without any Semitic equivalent at all, has been held by one school, founded and still vigorously



defended by the distinguished French Assyriologist, Joseph Halevy, to be nothing more than a

priestly system of HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Cryptography" \o

"Cryptography" cryptography based, of course, on the then current Semitic speech. This

cryptography, according to some of the Halevyans, was read aloud in Semitic, but, according to

other expositors, the system was read as an " ideophonic," secret, and purely artificial

language.

The opposing school (the Sumerists) insists that these Hastings's Diet. HYPERLINK

"http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Bible" \o "Bible" Bible , iv. 503.2 Ibid. i. 224b.

non-Semitic documents were evidently in an agglutinative language, naturally not uninfluenced

by Semitic elements, but none the less essentially non-Semitic in origin and fundamental

character. Scholars of this opinion believe that this language, which has been arbitrarily called

" Akkadian " in HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/England" \o "England"

England and " Sumerian " on the European continent and in HYPERLINK

"http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/America" \o "America" America, was primitively the

speech of the pre-Semitic inhabitants of the Euphratean region who were conquered by the

invading Semites. These invaders, according to this latter view, adopted the religion and

culture of the conquered Sumerians; and, consequently, the Sumerian idiom at a comparatively

early date began to be used exclusively in the Semitic temples as the written vehicles of

religious thought in much the same way as was the medieval HYPERLINK

"http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Latin" \o "Latin" Latin of the HYPERLINK

"http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Roman_Catholic_Church" \o "Roman Catholic Church"

Roman Church. The solution of this problem is of vital importance in connexion with the earlyhistory of man's development in the Babylonian region.

The study of the Sumerian vocabulary falls logically into three divisions. These are (1) the

origin of the cuneiform signs, (2) the etymology of the phonetic values, and (3) the elucidation

of the many and varied primitive sign-meanings.

Previous to Professor Friedrich Delitzsch's masterly work on the origin of the most ancient

Babylonian system of writing,' no one had correctly understood the facts regarding the

beginnings of the cuneiform system, which is now generally recognized as having been

originally a pure picture writing which later developed into a conventionalized ideographic andsyllabic sign-list. In order to comprehend the mysteries of the Sumerian problem a thorough

examination of the beginning of every one of these signs is, of course, imperative, but it is

equally necessary that every phonetic Sumerian value and word-combination be also studied,

both in connexion with the equivalent signs and with other allied phonetic values. This

etymological study of Sumerian is attended with incalculable difficulties, because nearly all the

Sumerian texts which we possess are written in an idiom which is quite evidently under the



apparently quite arbitrarily, to the same sign, sound-value or word. In these instances, however,

we can explain the difficulty away by applying that great fundamental principle followed by

the Semitic priests and HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Scribes" \o "Scribes"

scribes who played with and on the Sumerian idiom, and in the course of many centuries

turned what was originally an agglutinative language into what has almost justified Halevy and

his followers in calling Sumerian a cryptography. This principle is that of popular etymology,

i.e. of sound-association and idea-association which has brought together in the word-lists

many apparently quite distinct meanings, probably primarily for purposes of mnemonic aid.

The present writer in his Materials for a Sumerian Lexicon has mentioned this ruling

HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Phenomenon" \o "Phenomenon"

phenomenon again and again. A very few examples, however, will suffice here. Thus the word

ag = the sign HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Ram" \o "Ram" RAM =

rdmu, " love " (proper meaning) is associated with ramdmu, " to roar," for phonetic reasons

only. The word a= the sign A = " water " (original meaning) can indicate anything whateverconnected with the idea moisture. Thus, water, moisture, weep, tears, inundate, irrigate," &c.

The word a can also mean " shining, glistening," an idea evidently developed from the shining

rippling of water. Note that in Turkish su means both " water " and " the lustre of a jewel,"

while in English we speak of " gems of the first water." The combination a-and-tu, literally "

water enter ship," means abetbu, " HYPERLINK

"http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/The_Deluge" \o "The Deluge" deluge," ordinarily, but in

one passage a-md-tu is made the equivalent of shabilbu, " HYPERLINK

"http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Flame" \o "Flame" flame," a pure HYPERLINK

"http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Pun" \o "Pun" pun on abilbu, " deluge." Examples of this,

the leading principle which was followed by the framers of the Sumerian system, might be

cited almost ad infinitum. Facts of this character taken by themselves would perhaps be

sufficient to convince most philologists that in Sumerian we have an arbitrarily compounded

cryptography just as Halevy believes, but these facts cannot be taken by themselves, as the

evidences of the purely linguistic basis of Sumerian are stronger than these apparent proofs of

its artificial character.

Briefly considered there are six most striking proofs that the Sumerian was based on a

primitive agglutinative language. These may be tabulated concisely as follows: I. Sumerian

presents a significant list of internal phonetic variations which would not have been possible in

an arbitrarily invented language. Thus, taking the vowels alone; e = a by the principle .of

umlaut. Hence, we find the words ga and ge, a and e for the same idea respectively. The vowel

i could become e as de = di, &c. Consonantal variation is most common. Thus, b = m, as

barun = marun. Compare the modern Arabic HYPERLINK

"http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Pronunciation" \o "Pronunciation" pronunciation Maalbek



for HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Baalbek" \o "Baalbek" Baalbek . Perhaps

the most interesting of these consonantal interchanges is that occurring between n and the

sibilants sh and z; ner = slier; na=za, which by some scholars has been declared to be

phonetically impossible, but its existence is well established between the modern Chinese

colloquial idioms. For example, Pekingese then, Hakka nyin, HYPERLINK

"http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Fuchow" \o "Fuchow" Fuchow niing, Ningpo zhing and

nying, WOnchow zang and Hang all =" man." This demonstrates beyond a doubt the possibility

of a strongly palatalized n becoming a palatal sibilant or vice versa, between which utterances

there is but a very slight tongue movement.

The discussion of these phenomena brings us to another point which precludes the possibility

of Sumerian having been merely an artificial system, and that is the undoubted existence in this

language of at least two dialects, which have been named, following the inscriptions, the Eme-

ku, " the noble or male speech," and the Eme-sal, " the woman's language." The existence and

general phonetic character of the " woman's language " were first pointed out by Professor Paul

Haupt, 5 R. E. Briinnow, A Classified List of all Simple and Compound Ideographs (1889).

who cited, for example, the following very common interdialectic variations: Eme-ku

gir=Eme-sal meri, " foot "; Eme-ku ner =Eme-sal sher, " ruler "; Eme-ku duga=Eme-sal zeba,

" HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Knee" \o "Knee" knee," &c. Such phonetic

and dialectic changes, so different from any of the Semitic linguistic phenomena, are all the

more valuable because they are set before us only by means of Semitic equivalents. Certainly

no cryptography based exclusively on Semitic could exhibit this sort of interchange.

It should be added here in passing that the geographical or tribal significance of these two

Sumerian dialects has never been established. There can be no doubt that Eme-sal means "

woman's language," and it was perhaps thus designated because it was a softer idiom

phonetically than the other HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Dialect" \o

"Dialect" dialect. In it were written most of the HYPERLINK

"http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Penitential" \o "Penitential" penitential hymns, which were

possibly thought to require a more euphonious idiom than, for example, hymns of praise. It is

doubtful whether the Eme-sal was ever really a woman's language similar in character to that

of the Carib women of the HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Antilles" \o"Antilles" Antilles, or that of the HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Eskimo" \o

"Eskimo" Eskimo women of HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Greenland" \o

"Greenland" Greenland. It is much more likely that the two dialects were thus designated

because of their respectively harsh and soft HYPERLINK

"http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Phonetics" \o "Phonetics" phonetics.' 2. Sumerian has a

system of vowel harmony strikingly like that seen in all modern agglutinative languages, and it



has also vocalic dissimilation similar to that found in modern Finnish and Esthonian. Vocalic

harmony is the internal bringing together of vowels of the same class for the sake of greater

euphony, while vocalic dissimilation is the deliberate insertion of another class of vowels, in

order to prevent the disagreeable monotony arising from too prolonged a vowel harmony.

Thus, in Sumerian we find such forms as numunnib-bi, " he speaks not to him," where the

negative prefix nu and the verbal prefix mun are in harmony, but in dissimilation to the infix

nib, " to him," and to the root bi, " speak," which are also in harmony. Compare also an-sud-

HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Dam" \o "Dam" dam , " like the heavens,"

where the ending dam stands for a usual dim, being changed to a hard dam under the influence

of the hard vowels in an-sud. 3. Sumerian has only postpositions instead of prepositions, which

occur exclusively in Semitic. In this point also Sumerian is in HYPERLINK

"http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Accord" \o "Accord" accord with all other agglutinative

idioms. Note Sumerian e-da, " in the house " (e, " house," +da, " in," by dissimilation), and

compare Turkish ev, " house," de, " in," and evde, " in the house." 4. The method of wordformation in Sumerian is entirely nonSemitic in character. For example, an indeterminative

vowel, a, e, i or u, may be prefixed to any root to form an abstract; thus, from me, " speak," we

get e-me, " speech"; from ra, " to go," we get a-ra, " the act of going," &c. In connexion with

the very complicated Sumerian verbal system 2 it will be sufficient to note here the practice of

infixing the verbal object which is, of course, absolutely HYPERLINK

"http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Alien" \o "Alien" alien to Semitic. This phenomenon

appears also in Basque and in many North American languages.

5. Sumerian is quite devoid of grammatical gender. Semitic, on the other hand, hasgrammatical gender as one of its basic principles.

6. Furthermore, in a real cryptography or secret language, of which English has several, we

find only phenomena based on the language from which the artificial idiom is derived. Thus, in

the English " Backslang," which is nothing more than ordinary English deliberately inverted, in

the similar Arabic HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Jargon" \o "Jargon"

jargon used among school children in HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Syria"

\o "Syria" Syria and in the Spanish thieves' dialect, the principles of inversion and substitution

play the chief part. Also in the curious tinker's " Thary " spoken still on the English roads and

lanes, we find merely an often inaccurately inverted Irish Gaelic. But in none of these nor in

any other artificial jargons can any grammatical development be found other than that of the

language on which they are based.

7. All this is to the point with regard to Sumerian, because these very principles of inversion

and substitution have been ' Prince, Materials for a Sumerian Lexicon, p. 14.

2 Ibid. pp. 20-34.



cited as being the basis of many of the Sumerian combinations. Deliberate inversion certainly

occurs in the Sumerian documents, and it is highly probable that this was a priestly mode of

writing, but never of speaking; at any rate, not when the language was in common use. It is not

necessary to imagine, however, that these devices originated with the Semitic priesthood. It is

quite conceivable that the still earlier Sumerian priesthood invented the method of orthographic

inversion, which after all is the very first HYPERLINK

"http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Device" \o "Device" device which suggests itself to the

primitive mind when endeavouring to express itself in a manner out of the ordinary. For

example, evident Sumerian inversions are Gibil, " the fire god," for Bil-gi; ushar for Sem.

sharru, " king," &c.

It is, moreover, highly probable that Sumerian had primitively a system of voice-tones similar

to that now extant in Chinese. Thus, we find Sumerian ab, " dwelling," " sea "; ab, " road," and

-ab, a grammatical suffix, which words, with many others of a similar character, were perhaps

originally uttered with different voice-tones. In Sumerian, the number of conjectural voicetones

never exceeds the possible number eight.

It is also clear that Sumerian was actually read aloud, probably as a HYPERLINK

"http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Ritual" \o "Ritual" ritual language, until a very late period,

because we have a number of pure Sumerian words reproduced in Greek transliteration; for

example, Delephat = Dilbat, " the HYPERLINK

"http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Venus" \o "Venus" Venus- HYPERLINK

"http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Star" \o "Star" star"; Illinos = the god Illil = HYPERLINK

"http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Bel" \o "Bel" Bel; aido = itu, " month," &c.

In view of the many evidences of the linguistic character of Sumerian as opposed to the one

fact that the language had engrafted upon it a great number of evident Semitisms, the opinion

of the present writer is that the Sumerian, as we have it, is fundamentally an agglutinative,

almost polysynthetic, language, upon which a more or less deliberately constructed pot-pourri

of Semitic inventions was superimposed in the course of many centuries of HYPERLINK

"http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Accretion" \o "Accretion" accretion under Semitic

influences. This view stands as a connecting HYPERLINK

"http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Link" \o "Link" link between the extreme idea of theHalevyan school and the extreme idea of the opposing Sumerist school.

[ HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/index.php?

title=Sumer&action=edit&section=1" \o "Sumer" edit]

LITERATURE

Radau, Early Babylonian History; Lenormant, Etudes accadiennes, ii. 3, p. 70; Eberhardt



Schrader, Keilinschriften u. das Alte Testament, ii. 118 sqq., Keilinschriften u.

Geschichtsforschung, pp. 290, 533; Weissbach, Zur Losung der sumerischen Frage; T. G.

Pinches, " Language of the Early Inhabitants of HYPERLINK

"http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Mesopotamia" \o "Mesopotamia" Mesopotamia," in Journ.

Roy. Asiatic Soc. (1884), pp. 301 sqq.; " Sumerian or Cryptography," ibid. (1900), pp. 75 sqq.,

343, 344, 55 1, 55 2; article " Shinar " in Hastin g s's Diet. Bible, iv. 503-505; Halevy, Journal

asiatique (1874), 3rd series, vol. iv. pp. 461 sqq.; Comptes rend us, 3rd series, vol. iv. p. 477; 3

r d series, vol. iv. pp. 128, 130; Journal asiatique, 7th series, vol. viii. pp. 201 sqq.; Recherches

critiques sur l'origine de la civilisation babylonienne (Paris, 1876); J. D. Prince, Journal of the

American Oriental Society, xxv. 49 - 67; American Journal of HYPERLINK

"http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Semitic_Languages" \o "Semitic Languages" Semitic

Languages , xix. 203 sqq.; Materials for a Sumerian Lexicon, with grammatic introduction

(Leipzig, 1905-1907). Compare also the material cited in the footnotes above, and note the

correspondence between Briinnow and Halevy in the Revue semitique (1906). (J. D. PR.)

MESOAMERICA

America is an umbrella name for three continents on HYPERLINK

"http://stargate.wikia.com/wiki/Earth" \o "Earth" Earth, namely North America and Central

America and South America.

The adjective "American", however, is commonly used in a narrower meaning: pertaining to

the United States of America.

HYPERLINK "http://stargate.wikia.com/wiki/Mesoamerica"

http://stargate.wikia.com/wiki/Mesoamerica

America and the American Flag Designed by Ancient Egypt

By

Eric Robert Powell

The American Flag was originally named, “The Stars and Stripes” .



The alphanumeric equivalence of this phrase displays a ‘197’ twice for the return of Amen

Hotep I, a ‘78’ for the name ‘Robert’ in Eric Robert Powell which is also the alphanumeric of

‘the “Architect” ‘, a ‘142’ for the amount of abominations of God as recorded in the King

James Version of the Bible, a ‘129’ which stands for the Daniel prophecy of 1,290 days, which

is also represented in my FBI file being “129 Blue Falcon”, we also have my date of birth as

’12.26.1956’ as well as my 25/16 name number being 8.6.11 and a reduced 8.6.2, therefore

25/16; two 315’s as well as the number 18 for the 18th Dynasty; a ‘196’ which is my full

alphanumeric name followed by an 8.6.2; a 39/21/60 which is my birth-date code and time of

birth as well as finally a double ‘129’ followed by a “catch 22” at the end of the equation.

The Pharaoh MEN(ES)

Here we find the alphanumeric equivalent 315/18/9.5 – as my time of birth sequence being 9

AM EST and 5 AM GMT followed by a 315; 196; and ‘197’ ending with my return birth-day

number of ‘1956’ – the same as Amen Hotep I. There is an additional number of a 23/14which is represented by the Sun God Re` in my name and codes.

When both the 202 ending for “Stars and Stripes” added to the number ‘56’ for Menes we find

a ‘22’, a 55/10 for the biblical EJUS followed by an 8.6.2.

Mene’s consolidation date of Egypt being 3,150 BC.

There is at current 315 trillion dollars in total earth money supply as well as 13,500,000 Jews

and 315 million Americans.

Menes (Mens or Aha)

(fl. c. B.C. 3100-3038 B.C.)

The first pharaoh of the united kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt was Menes or Aha

Mena. According to the Palarmo Stone ( an important source of historical information for

the first four Egyptian Dynasties), the Mrican King Menes decisively defeated the Asian

invaders and went on to unite Egypt in approximately 3100 B.C. The boundaries of the

kingdoms of Lower and Upper Egypt were never clearly defined, although Lower Egypt

appears to have consisted primarily of the Delta and the area immediately south, while

Upper Egypt comprised the remainder of the country to the first cataract (waterfall) of

the Nile River.

After defeating the northern kingdom, Menes referred to himself as "King of Upper and



Lower Egypt," a title that was retained by succeeding pharaohs for thousands of years.

Menes' rule began Dynasty I which consisted of five kings and is one of the three

dynasties that make up the Early Dynastic Period which flourished from about 3100 B.C.

to 2613 B.C.

The basis for the pharaohs' chronology is the Lost History of Egypt, by Manetho, a

learned Egyptian priest. Manetho's list divides the Egyptian rulers into thirty dynasties,

and modern historians have grouped the dynasties into the following sub-divisions: the

Early Dynastic Period; the Old Kingdom; the First Intermediate Period; the Middle

King- dom; the Second Intermediate Period; and the New Kingdom Period.

According to the Mrican concept of kingship the pharaoh was not a mortal, but a god

made in man's image. He was the bridge between the divine forces and his subjects. The

efficacy of the pharaoh's powers maintained his people while he ruled, and also helped to

sustain them from his tomb. These attributes were adopted by Egypt's kings following thereign of Menes.

Although modern historians find Manetho's list inadequate, they do not have sufficient

documentation to rearrange the list. In many cases, the relationships between the various

rulers and dynasties are either uncertain or unknown.l'1Irthermore, many of the dates of

accession are subject to questioning.

In addition to uniting Egypt, Menes is also credited with founding the ancient city of

Memphis which was located between the two kingdoms. Because of its central location,

Memphis was one of Egypt's leading cities, and it served as the capital for a considerableperiod of time. The city was named after Menes, and its ruins lie not far from present-

day Cairo.

Despite our limited knowledge of Menes, his contributions to world civilization have been

of considerable importance. The political unification of Egypt played a significant role in

the social and cultural development of Egypt. Governmental and social institutions were

also developed during Menes' reign, which endured with comparatively little change for

almost two millennia. FUrthermore, hieroglyphic writing developed immensely during

this period, as well as technical skills and other arts. Egypt went on to become one of the

most advanced nations in the ancient world and set records of achievement that few

civilizations can rival. Menes' dates of birth and death are uncertain, but it is documented

that he came from Thinis, a small town in southern Egypt. According to Manetho, Menes

reigned for sixty-two years, and he was killed by a hippopotamus.

Despite the scarcity of our knowledge of Menes, history has recorded and time has



demonstrated that great civilizations rarely achieve under an inept leader, nor are coun-

tries able to retain and consolidate their power without able leadership. Since Egypt was

one of the greatest civilizations of all time, it is quite possible that both time and history

will render Menes the most influential ruler in the history of humankind.

HYPERLINK "http://alfredoftexas.tripod.com/blackhistoryfacts/id9.html"http://alfredoftexas.tripod.com/blackhistoryfacts/id9.html

Menes

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the Pharaoh. For the H. P. Lovecraft character, see HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cats_of_Ulthar" \o "The Cats of Ulthar" The Cats of Ulthar .

For the Macedonian general, see HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes_of_Pella"

\o "Menes of Pella" Menes of Pella. For the Romanian village of Mini , called Ménes in ş

Hungarian, see HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghioroc" \o "Ghioroc" Ghioroc.

Menes

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manetho" \o "Manetho" Africanus:

Mênês

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manetho" \o "Manetho" Eusebius:

Mênês

Predecessor -

Successor

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hor-Aha" \o "Hor-Aha" Hor-Aha? HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary" \o "Ancient Egyptian royal

titulary" Royal titulary HYPERLINK "javascript:toggleNavigationBar(1);" [show]

INCLUDEPICTURE "http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-

1.20wmf6/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G16.png" \* MERGEFORMATINET



INCLUDEPICTURE "http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf6/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca2a.png" \* MERGEFORMATINET


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INCLUDEPICTURE "http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf6/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Y5.png" \* MERGEFORMATINET


1.20wmf6/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png" \* MERGEFORMATINET


1.20wmf6/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca1a.png" \* MERGEFORMATINET



Menes ( HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_language" \o "Egyptian

language" Egyptian: Meni; HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek" \o

"Ancient Greek" Ancient Greek : ;Μήνης HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Edwards-3#cite_note-

Edwards-3" [4] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" \o "Arabic language"

Arabic: ) was an HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" \o "Ancient

Egypt" ancient Egyptian HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh" \o "Pharaoh"

pharaoh of the HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_of_Egypt" \o "Early Dynastic Period of

Egypt" early dynastic period, credited by classical tradition with having united HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_and_Lower_Egypt" \o "Upper and Lower Egypt" Upper

and Lower Egypt, and as the founder of the HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_dynasty_of_Egypt" \o "First dynasty of Egypt" first dynasty

(Dynasty I). HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-4#cite_note-4" [5]

The identity of Menes is the subject of ongoing debate, although mainstream Egyptological

consensus identifies Menes with the HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protodynastic_Period_of_Egypt" \o "Protodynastic Period of

Egypt" protodynastic pharaoh HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer" \o

"Narmer" Narmer HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Edwards2-0#cite_note-Edwards2-0" [1] HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Lloyd-1#cite_note-Lloyd-1" [2] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Cerv-

2#cite_note-Cerv-2"[3] (most likely) or HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_dynasty_of_Egypt" \o "First dynasty of Egypt" first dynasty

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hor-Aha" \o "Hor-Aha" Hor-Aha. HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Seidlayer-5#cite_note-Seidlayer-5" [6] Both pharaohs are credited with the

unification of HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" \o "Ancient Egypt"

Egypt, to different degrees by various authorities.



Contents

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l

"Name_and_identity#Name_and_identity" 1 Name and identity


"Menes_and_Narmer#Menes_and_Narmer" 1.1 Menes and Narmer

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "Dating#Dating" 2 Dating

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "History#History" 3 History

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "Capital#Capital" 3.1 Capital


"Cultural_influence#Cultural_influence" 3.2 Cultural influence


"Crocodile_episode#Crocodile_episode" 3.3 Crocodile episodeHYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "Death#Death" 3.4 Death

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "Other_uses#Other_uses" 3.5 Other

uses


"In_popular_culture#In_popular_culture" 4 In popular culture

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "See_also#See_also" 5 See also

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "References#References" 6 ReferencesHYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "Bibliography#Bibliography" 7

Bibliography


"External_links#External_links" 8 External links

Name and identity


1.20wmf6/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca1.png" \* MERGEFORMATINET


1.20wmf6/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Y5.png" \* MERGEFORMATINET




1.20wmf6/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png" \* MERGEFORMATINET


1.20wmf6/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png" \* MERGEFORMATINET


1.20wmf6/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca2.png" \* MERGEFORMATINET

Menes

in HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" \o

"Egyptian hieroglyphs" hieroglyphs

The commonly used Menes derives from HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manetho" \o "Manetho" Manetho, an Egyptian historian and

priest who lived during the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic" \o

"Ptolemaic" Ptolemaic period. Manetho used the name in the form ( HYPERLINKΜήνης

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization" \o "Romanization" transliterated: Mênês). HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Edwards-3#cite_note-Edwards-3" [4] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Menes-

6#cite_note-Menes-6" [7] An alternative HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek" \o

"Ancient Greek" Greek form, (transliterated:Μιν Min), was cited by the 5th-century BCE

historian HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus" \o "Herodotus" Herodotus,HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-7#cite_note-7" [8] a variant no longer considered the result of



contamination from the name of the god HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_(god)" \o "Min (god)" Min. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l

"cite_note-8#cite_note-8"[9]

The Egyptian form, Meni, is taken from the HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin_King_List" \o "Turin King List" Turin and HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abydos_King_List" \o "Abydos King List" Abydos king lists

(dated HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteenth_dynasty_of_Egypt" \o

"Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt" Dynasty XIX). HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Menes-

6#cite_note-Menes-6" [7]

The name, Menes, means "He who endures", which, HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._E._S._Edwards" \o "I. E. S. Edwards" Edwards (1971)

suggests, may have been coined as "a mere descriptive HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithet" \o "Epithet" epithet denoting a semi-legendary hero [...]

whose name had been lost". HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Edwards-3#cite_note-Edwards-3" [4] Rather

than a particular person, the name may conceal collectively the HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protodynastic_Period_of_Egypt" \o "Protodynastic Period of

Egypt" protodynastic pharaohs HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka_(pharaoh)" \o

"Ka (pharaoh)" Ka, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Scorpion" \o "King

Scorpion" Scorpion and HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer" \o "Narmer"

Narmer. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Edwards-3#cite_note-Edwards-3" [4]

Menes and Narmer

The almost complete absence of any mention of Menes in the archaeological record, HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Edwards-3#cite_note-Edwards-3" [4] and the comparative wealth of evidence of

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer" \o "Narmer" Narmer, a protodynastic

figure credited by posterity and in the archaeological record with a firm claim HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Lloyd-1#cite_note-Lloyd-1" [2] to the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt,

has given rise to a theory identifying Menes with Narmer.

The chief archaeological reference to Menes is an HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory" \o "Ivory" ivory label from HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqada" \o "Naqada" Naqada which shows the HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary" \l "Horus_name" \o "Ancient

Egyptian royal titulary" royal Horus-name Aha (the pharaoh HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hor-Aha" \o "Hor-Aha" Hor-Aha) next to a building, within

which is the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary" \l

"Nebty_.28.22two_ladies.22.29_name" \o "Ancient Egyptian royal titulary" royal nebty-name

mn, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-9#cite_note-9" [10] generally taken to be Menes. HYPERLINK



Petrie (1887) - 4777 BC

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Karl_Brugsch" \o "Heinrich Karl

Brugsch" Brugsch (1859) - 4455 BC

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph_Lauth" \o "Franz Joseph Lauth"

Franz Joseph Lauth (1869) - 4157 BCHYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Richard_Lepsius" \o "Karl Richard Lepsius"

Lepsius (1856) - 3892 BC

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Charles_Josias_Bunsen" \o "Christian

Charles Josias Bunsen" Bunsen (1848) - 3623 BC

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Stuart_Poole" \o "Reginald Stuart

Poole" Reginald Stuart Poole (1851) - 2717 BC

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Strong_(theologian)" \o "James Strong

(theologian)" James Strong (1878) - 2515 BC

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gardner_Wilkinson" \o "John Gardner

Wilkinson" Wilkinson (1835) - 2320 BC

Modern consensus by Egyptologists dates the era of Menes or the start of the first dynasty

between c. 3100 - 3050 BC. However some academic literature uses the date c. 3000 BC.HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-13#cite_note-13" [14]

History

Ancient tradition ascribed to Menes the honour of having united HYPERLINK"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_and_Lower_Egypt" \o "Upper and Lower Egypt" Upper

and Lower Egypt into in a single kingdom HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Menes-6#cite_note-

Menes-6" [7] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-14#cite_note-14" [15] and becoming the first pharaoh of

Dynasty I. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Verb-15#cite_note-Verb-15" [16]

However, his name does not appear on extant pieces of the Royal Annals (Cairo Stone and

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo_Stone" \o "Palermo Stone" Palermo

Stone), which is a now-fragmentary king's list that was carved onto a stela during the

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_dynasty_of_Egypt" \o "Fifth dynasty of Egypt" Fifth dynasty. He typically appears in later sources as the first human ruler of Egypt,

directly inheriting the throne from the god HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horus" \o "Horus" Horus. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-

16#cite_note-16" [17] He also appears in other, much later, king's lists, always as the first human

pharaoh of Egypt. Menes also appears in demotic novels of the Graeco-Roman Period,

demonstrating that, even that late, he was regarded as important figure. HYPERLINK



"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-17#cite_note-17" [18]

Menes was seen as a founding figure for much of the history of Ancient Egypt, similar to

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus" \o "Romulus" Romulus in

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome" \o "Ancient Rome" Ancient

Rome. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-18#cite_note-18" [19]

Manetho records that Menes "led the army across the frontier and won great glory". HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Verb-15#cite_note-Verb-15" [16]

Capital

Manetho associates the city of HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thinis" \o "Thinis"

Thinis with the first dynasties (Dynasty I and HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_dynasty_of_Egypt" \o "Second dynasty of Egypt"

Dynasty II) and, in particular, Menes, a "Thinite" or native of Thinis. HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Verb-15#cite_note-Verb-15" [16]

Herodotus contradicts Manetho in stating thatMenes founded the city of HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" \o

"Memphis, Egypt" Memphis as his capital HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-19#cite_note-19" [20]

after diverting the course of the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile" \o "Nile"

River Nile through the construction of a HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyke_(construction)" \o "Dyke (construction)" dyke. HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-20#cite_note-20" [21] Manetho ascribes the building of Memphis to

Menes' son, Athothis, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Verb-15#cite_note-Verb-15" [16] and calls no

pharaohs earlier than HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_dynasty_of_Egypt" \o

"Third dynasty of Egypt" Dynasty III "Memphite". HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-

21#cite_note-21" [22]

Cultural influence

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" \o "Diodorus Siculus"

Diodorus Siculus stated that Menes had introduced the HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" \o "Ancient Egyptian religion"

worship of the gods and the practice of sacrifice HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Elder-

22#cite_note-Elder-22"[23] as well as a more elegant and luxurious style of living. HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Elder-22#cite_note-Elder-22" [23] For this latter invention, Menes' memory was

dishonoured by the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-

fourth_dynasty_of_Egypt" \o "Twenty-fourth dynasty of Egypt" Dynasty XXIV pharaoh

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tefnakht" \o "Tefnakht" Tefnakht, and

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch" \o "Plutarch" Plutarch mentions a pillar

at HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" \o "Thebes, Egypt" Thebes on

which was inscribed an imprecation against Menes as the introducer of luxury. HYPERLINK



Death

According to Manetho, Menes reigned for 62 years and was HYPERLINK

"http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Maul" \o "wiktionary:Maul" mauled to death by a HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippopotamus" \o "Hippopotamus" hippopotamus. HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Verb-15#cite_note-Verb-15" [16] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-29#cite_note-

29" [30]

Other uses

Some scholars assert that the name of the king HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minos" \o "Minos" Minos who ruled in ancient HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creta" \o "Creta" Creta, ( HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoan_civilization" \o "Minoan civilization" Minoan

civilization) is derived from Menes just as the names HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar" \o "Tsar" Tsar and HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser" \o "Kaiser" Kaiser are derived from HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_(title)" \o "Caesar (title)" Caesar. HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-30#cite_note-30" [31]

In popular culture

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Dow" \o "Alexander Dow" Alexander

Dow (1735/6 - 1779), a HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_people" \o

"Scottish people" Scottish HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_studies" \o

"Oriental studies" orientalist and HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playwright" \o

"Playwright" playwright, wrote the tragedy Sethona, set in ancient Egypt. The HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_actor" \o "Lead actor" lead part of Menes is described in

the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramatis_person%C3%A6" \o "Dramatis

personæ" dramatis personæ as "next male-heir to the crown" now worn by HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serapis" \o "Serapis" Seraphis, and was played by HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Reddish" \o "Samuel Reddish" Samuel Reddish in a

1774 production by HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Garrick" \o "David

Garrick" David Garrick at the HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Drury_Lane" \o "Theatre Royal, Drury Lane"

Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-31#cite_note-31" [32]

See also

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_(god)" \o "Min (god)" Min (god)

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer" \o "Narmer" Narmer

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hor-Aha" \o "Hor-Aha" Hor-Aha



HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thinis" \o "Thinis" Thinis

References

^ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Edwards2_0-

0#cite_ref-Edwards2_0-0" a HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l

"cite_ref-Edwards2_0-1#cite_ref-Edwards2_0-1" b

HYPERLINK"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Edwards2_0-2#cite_ref-Edwards2_0-

2" c HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Edwards2_0-

3#cite_ref-Edwards2_0-3" d HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l

"cite_ref-Edwards2_0-4#cite_ref-Edwards2_0-4" e Edwards 1971: 13

^ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Lloyd_1-0#cite_ref-

Lloyd_1-0" a HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Lloyd_1-

1#cite_ref-Lloyd_1-1" b HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l

"cite_ref-Lloyd_1-2#cite_ref-Lloyd_1-2" c HYPERLINK"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Lloyd_1-3#cite_ref-Lloyd_1-3" d

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Lloyd_1-4#cite_ref-

Lloyd_1-4" e HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Lloyd_1-

5#cite_ref-Lloyd_1-5" f HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l

"cite_ref-Lloyd_1-6#cite_ref-Lloyd_1-6" g HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Lloyd_1-7#cite_ref-Lloyd_1-7" h

Lloyd 1994: 7

^ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Cerv_2-0#cite_ref-

Cerv_2-0" a HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Cerv_2-

1#cite_ref-Cerv_2-1" b HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-

Cerv_2-2#cite_ref-Cerv_2-2" c Cervelló-Autuori 2003: 174

^ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Edwards_3-

0#cite_ref-Edwards_3-0" a HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l

"cite_ref-Edwards_3-1#cite_ref-Edwards_3-1" b HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Edwards_3-2#cite_ref-Edwards_3-2" c

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Edwards_3-3#cite_ref-

Edwards_3-3" d HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-

Edwards_3-4#cite_ref-Edwards_3-4" e HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Edwards_3-5#cite_ref-Edwards_3-5" f

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Edwards_3-6#cite_ref-

Edwards_3-6" g Edwards 1971: 11



HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-4#cite_ref-4" ^

Beck et al. 1999

^ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Seidlayer_5-

0#cite_ref-Seidlayer_5-0" a HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l

"cite_ref-Seidlayer_5-1#cite_ref-Seidlayer_5-1" b

Stephan Seidlmayer, The Rise of theState to the Second Dynasty, quoted in Egypt: The World of the Pharaohs, 2004

(translated from German, 2010), HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783833160004" ISBN 978-3-8331-

6000-4

^ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Menes_6-0#cite_ref-

Menes_6-0" a HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-

Menes_6-1#cite_ref-Menes_6-1" b HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Menes_6-2#cite_ref-Menes_6-2"

c

Etheredge 2008


Herodotus: 2.4.1, 2.99.1ff.


Lloyd 1994: 6


Gardiner 1961: 405


Originally, the full royal title of a pharaoh was Horus-name x nebty-name y. For

brevity's sake, only one element might be used, but the choice varied between

circumstances and period. In Dynasty I, the Horus-name was used for a living pharaoh,

the nebty-name for the dead. (Lloyd 1994: 7)


"Many dates have been fixed by scholars for the reign of this king: Champollion-Figeac

thought about BC 5867, Bunsen 3623, Lepsius 3892, Brugsch 4455, and Wilkinson

2320." - The Dwellers on the Nile: Chapters on the Life, Literature, History and

Customs of the Ancient Egyptians, HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._A._Wallis_Budge" \o "E. A. Wallis Budge" E. A.

Wallis Budge, 1885, p. 54.


Other dates typical of the era are found cited in HYPERLINK



"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Capart" \o "Jean Capart" Jean Capart's work

Primitive Art in Egypt , pp. 17-18.


Kitchen, K. A. (1991). "The Chronology of Ancient Egypt". World Archaeology 23 (2):

201–208. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" \o"Digital object identifier" DOI: HYPERLINK

"http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F00438243.1991.9980172"

10.1080/00438243.1991.9980172.


Maspero 1903: 331

^ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Verb_15-0#cite_ref-

Verb_15-0" a HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Verb_15-

1#cite_ref-Verb_15-1" b HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l"cite_ref-Verb_15-2#cite_ref-Verb_15-2" c HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Verb_15-3#cite_ref-Verb_15-3" d

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Verb_15-4#cite_ref-

Verb_15-4" e Verbrugghe and Wickersham 2001: 131


Shaw and Nicholson 1995: 218


Ryholt 2009


Manley 1997: 22


Herodotus: 2.99.4.


Herodotus: 2.109


Verbrugghe and Wickersham 2001: 133

^ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Elder_22-0#cite_ref-

Elder_22-0" a HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-

Elder_22-1#cite_ref-Elder_22-1" b HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Elder_22-2#cite_ref-Elder_22-2" c



Elder 1849: 1040


Diodorus (n.d.): 45

^ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Joseph_24-

0#cite_ref-Joseph_24-0" a

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l"cite_ref-Joseph_24-1#cite_ref-Joseph_24-1" b HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Joseph_24-2#cite_ref-Joseph_24-2" c

Joseph 2004: 99

^ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Dawn_25-0#cite_ref-

Dawn_25-0" a HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-

Dawn_25-1#cite_ref-Dawn_25-1" b HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Dawn_25-2#cite_ref-Dawn_25-2" c

Maspero 1910: 235

^ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Edwards3_26-

0#cite_ref-Edwards3_26-0" a HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l

"cite_ref-Edwards3_26-1#cite_ref-Edwards3_26-1" b Edwards 1974: 22


Faber 1816: 195


e.g. Elder 1849: 1040: in defiance of chronologyHYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-29#cite_ref-29" ^

Sayce and Gibbon 1906: 15


R.Wunderlich.The secret of Creta".Efstathiadis group.Athens 1987.p171


Dow 1774

Bibliography

Beck, Roger B.; Black, Linda; Krieger, Larry S.; Naylor, Phillip C.; Shabaka, Dahia Ibo

(1999). World history: Patterns of interaction. HYPERLINK

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Littell. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o

"International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-87274-X" \o



"Special:BookSources/0-395-87274-X" 0-395-87274-X.

Cervelló-Autuori, Josep (2003). HYPERLINK "http://books.google.com/?

id=pJ48YP14qZQC&printsec=frontcover" \l "v=onepage&q&f=false" "Narmer, Menes and the

seals from Abydos". Egyptology at the dawn of the twenty-first century: proceedings of the

Eighth International Congress of Egyptologists, Cairo, 2000. 2. Cairo: The American

University in Cairo Press. HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International

Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK

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id=pJ48YP14qZQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false.

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus" \o "Herodotus" Diodorus Siculus

(n.d.). HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliotheca_historica" \o "Bibliotheca

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HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Dow" \o "Alexander Dow" Dow,

Alexander (1774). HYPERLINK "http://books.google.com/?id=jTRKAAAAMAAJ" Sethona:

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HYPERLINK "http://books.google.com/?id=jTRKAAAAMAAJ" http://books.google.com/?

id=jTRKAAAAMAAJ.

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._E._S._Edwards" \o "I. E. S. Edwards" Edwards,

I. E. S. (1971). "The early dynastic period in Egypt". The Cambridge Ancient History. 1.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Elder, Edward (1844). HYPERLINK "http://books.google.com/?

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"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology" \

o "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology" Dictionary of Greek and

Roman biography and mythology. 2. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" \o

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Charles C. Little and James Brown. HYPERLINK "http://books.google.com/?

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Etheredge, Laura (2008). HYPERLINK "http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9052008"



"Menes". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. HYPERLINK

"http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9052008" http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-

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HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stanley_Faber" \o "George Stanley

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and circumstantial evidence. 2. London: HYPERLINK

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Gaston (1903). "[ HYPERLINK "http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=taT4NjJ8VWsC"



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Chaldæa. London: HYPERLINK

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Pre-dynastic Egypt, the period from 5500 b.c.- 3100 b.c., covers the long period of time from

the formation of basic agricultural communities around the Nile until the first pharaoh of

Egypt. Later Egyptian history, divided by pharaohs and their houses - with some exceptions -

deals with much smaller periods of time. The pre-dynastic era, in contrast, covers almost 2,500

years. The major events, daily life, technology, and language of early Egypt, however, werevital in the development of the basic culture that went on to define Egypt.

The beginning of the pre-dynastic era is defined as when the normal hunter-gatherer parties

that occupied both Lower (northern) and Upper (southern) Egypt started to coalesce into

agricultural communities. There was, of course, no formal government during the beginning of

the pre-dynastic era, simply small groups of people banded together for mutual survival. Over

the next two thousand years, communities banded together, and populations shifted. By 3400

b.c., two major areas of settlement had formed, one in Lower Egypt, one in Upper Egypt. Each

area had its own monarchy- consisting of a king and government- by this time. The end of the

pre-dynastic era occurred when one king from Upper Egypt united the two regions into the one

country.

The king who is credited with united Egypt varies from source to source due to the conflicting

reports provided by early writers and by archeological evidence. King Narmer of Upper Egypt

is often credited both as being the king who united Egypt and as being the father of Menes.

King Menes the Fighter is most often cited as being the first pharaoh of Egypt. The "Scorpion

king", who supposedly reigned from 3150 b.c.- 3050 b.c. and Hor-Aha are also two other

names that are cited. Some archeologists claim that the scorpion king and/or Hor-Aha are

simply different names for either Narmer of Menes. Historical arguments aside, the pre-

dynastic era drew to a close when Egypt became one country.

The daily life, technology, and language of the pre-dynastic era served as the base for the rest

of the Egyptian civilization to build upon. Food was provided by hunting, gathering, fishing,

and agriculture. Agricultural practices of the time included plowing, raking, and the use of

manure. The domestication of livestock had also begun, among them sheep, pigs, cattle, and

goats. Housing of the time, in the majority, consisted of simple straw and mud constructions.

White-painted pottery has been found, which often includes symbols. By this era in Egyptian

history, these symbols had developed into writing- hieroglyphics- which followed the format of

a pictographic language.

Later religion in Egypt would become some of the most enduring and timeless interests of later



people. However, at this point in Egyptian history, it is believed that most religion was based

on the cycles of the moon and the Nile river. People were, however, leaving funerary goods

with their dead, and the nobility were being interred on mastaba- platform- tombs. The

observation of the sun, moon, and other natural cycles not only formed a basis for religion, but

led to the development of the Egyptian calendar, which consisted of 12 months with 30 dayseach, for a total year of 360 days.

Though primitive compared to later Egypt, especially in the area of building, the pre-dynastic

era provides a wealth of information and insight into the daily life around the Nile River.

Unlike earlier humans, language, a calendar, and a more formal type of government were

already developed. This "jump" in civilization undoubtedly provided the proper circumstances

for one king to be able to unite such a large area. Pre-dynastic Egypt, in its very details and

attributes, helps one to understand later Egypt.

Sources:

Agnese, Giorgio; Re, Maurizio. (2004). Ancient Egypt: Art and Archaeology of the Land of the

Pharoahs. Barnes & Noble, Inc. New York, NY.

Dodson, Aidan. (2006). Ancient Egypt: Pyramids and Hieroglyphs: Enduring Symbols of a

Great Civilization. New Holland Publishers. London, United Kingdom.

Grun, Bernard. (2005). The Timetables of History, 4th Editition. Simon & Schuster, Inc. New

York, NY.

Hamilton, R. (2007). Ancient Egypt: The Kingdom of Pharaohs. Parragon Books Ltd. Bath,

United Kingdom.

Hattstein, Markus. (2009). Lost Civilizations. Parragon Books Ltd. Bath, United Kingdom.

Haywood Ph.D., John; Catchpole M.A., Brian; Hall M.A., Simon; Barratt M.A., Edward.

(2009). Atlas of World History. The Brown Reference Group, Ltd. New York, NY.

HYPERLINK "http://voices.yahoo.com/image/1155518/index.html" \o "The Nile River- the

life-giver of Egypt" INCLUDEPICTURE

"http://l.yimg.com/ck/image/A1155/1155518/300_1155518.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET

Pre-dynastic Egypt: 5500 B.C.- 3100 B.C

Events, Daily Life, Technology and the Language of Early Egypt



the pre-dynastic era, simply small groups of people banded together for mutual survival. Over

the next two thousand years, communities banded together, and populations shifted. By 3400

b.c., two major areas of settlement had formed, one in Lower Egypt, one in Upper Egypt. Each

area had its own monarchy- consisting of a king and government- by this time. The end of the

pre-dynastic era occurred when one king from Upper Egypt united the two regions into the onecountry.

The king who is credited with united Egypt varies from source to source due to the conflicting

reports provided by early writers and by archeological evidence. King Narmer of Upper Egypt

is often credited both as being the king who united Egypt and as being the father of Menes.

King Menes the Fighter is most often cited as being the first pharaoh of Egypt. The "Scorpion

king", who supposedly reigned from 3150 b.c.- 3050 b.c. and Hor-Aha are also two other

names that are cited. Some archeologists claim that the scorpion king and/or Hor-Aha are

simply different names for either Narmer of Menes. Historical arguments aside, the pre-

dynastic era drew to a close when Egypt became one country.

The daily life, technology, and language of the pre-dynastic era served as the base for the rest

of the Egyptian civilization to build upon. Food was provided by hunting, gathering, fishing,

and agriculture. Agricultural practices of the time included plowing, raking, and the use of

manure. The domestication of livestock had also begun, among them sheep, pigs, cattle, and

goats. Housing of the time, in the majority, consisted of simple straw and mud constructions.

White-painted pottery has been found, which often includes symbols. By this era in Egyptian

history, these symbols had developed into writing- hieroglyphics- which followed the format of

a pictographic language.

Later religion in Egypt would become some of the most enduring and timeless interests of later

people. However, at this point in Egyptian history, it is believed that most religion was based

on the cycles of the moon and the Nile river. People were, however, leaving funerary goods

with their dead, and the nobility were being interred on mastaba- platform- tombs. The

observation of the sun, moon, and other natural cycles not only formed a basis for religion, butled to the development of the Egyptian calendar, which consisted of 12 months with 30 days

each, for a total year of 360 days.

Though primitive compared to later Egypt, especially in the area of building, the pre-dynastic

era provides a wealth of information and insight into the daily life around the Nile River.

Unlike earlier humans, language, a calendar, and a more formal type of government were

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