1

2February 26, 2001

Map 6 of 45

Map 7 of 45

4

US Territorial Expansion

1

When?

From Where?

Why/How?

• 1776

• Great Britain

• US declared independence from Great Britain

• DOI

1 - Original United States

Pay $$$$?

President?

• No

• No

5

US Territorial Expansion

When?

From Where?

Why/How?

• 1783

• Great Britain

• Revolutionary War

• Treaty of Paris

2

2 – United States in 1783

Pay $$$$?• NoPresident?• No

1

6

US Territorial Expansion

2

When?

From Where?

Why/How?

• 1803

• France

• US needed New Orleans

1

3 - Louisiana Purchase 1803

3Pay $$$$?• $15 millionPresident?• Jefferson

7

US Territorial Expansion

2

When?

From Where?

Why/How?

• 1818

• Great Britain

• Border disputes with Great Lakes and Oregon

• Rush-Bagot Treaty 1818

• Share both areas.

1

4 – Ceded by Great Britain

3

Pay $$$$?• No

President?• No

4

8February 26, 2001

9

US Territorial Expansion

1

When?

From Where?

Why/How?

• 1819

• Spain

• Stop Indian attacks on Georgia

• Florida Purchase Treaty

2

5 - Florida

5

3

Pay $$$$?• $5 millionPresident?• Monroe

4

10

“Manifest Destiny” First coined by newspaper editor, John

O’Sullivan in 1845. "the right of our manifest destiny to over spread

and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and development

of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of

air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth."

A myth of the West as a land of romance and adventure emerged.

Manifest Destiny was the belief that the US would control the

North American continent from the Atlantic to Pacific.

12February 26, 2001

• Belief that the US should expand its territory from coast

to coast

13February 26, 2001Picture/

M.Destiny

American belief that U.S. would

control the continent from the Atlantic to

the Pacific.

                                                                        

Reasons• Escape religious

persecution• Find new trade

markets and harbors on the

Pacific • Claim land for

farming, ranching and

mining • Competition

with Europe• Spread democratic

ideas“American Progress” by John Gast, 1872

14February 26, 2001Picture/

M.Destiny

KEY EVENTS• Texas statehood• Oregon territory

• Mexican War• Mexican Cession

• Pioneers TrekWest

• California trail• Oregon trail• Mormon trail

• Gold discovered• Gold Rush

                                                                        

“American Progress” by John Gast, 1872

15February 26, 2001

• In John Gast's "American Progress," (1872) a diaphanously and precarious clad America floats

westward thru the air with the "Star of Empire" on her forehead. She has left the cities of the east behind, and the wide Mississippi, and still her

course is westward. In her right hand she carries a school book - testimonial of the national

enlightenment, while with her left she trails the slender wires of the telegraph that will bind the

nation. Fleeing her approach are Indians, buffalo, wild horses, bears and other game, disappearing into the storm and waves of the Pacific coast. They flee

the wondrous vision.

16February 26, 2001Picture/

M.Destiny

                                                                        

KEY EVENTS• Californiastatehood

• Donner Party• 40 mile

desert• Ragtown• Genoa

Westward the Course of EmpireEmmanuel Leutze, 1860

17

US Territorial Expansion

1

When?

From Where?

Why/How?

• 1845

• Republic of Texas• Mexico

• Texas wanted to become part of the U.S. 2

7 - Texas

5

3

7

4

Pay $$$$?• NoPresident• Tyler• Polk fought

for it.

18February 26, 2001Picture/Polk

• James K. Polk, Democrat• Called “Young Hickory” after his

hero Andrew Jackson.• Congressmen from Tennessee

• Election of 1844, wins as a dark horse candidate.

• President from 1845 to 1849• Believed he had permission from

the American people to fulfill the Manifest Destiny.

•Responsible for the following• Texas

• Oregon Territory in 1846• Mexican War

19February 26, 2001

1.Lower the tariff.

2.Resolve the Oregon boundarydispute.

3.Restore the independent treasury.

4.Acquire California and Texas even if meant war with Mexico and fulfill our Manifest Destiny.

Goals of Polk’s Administration

20February 26, 2001

1844 Election Results

Trails

Overland Immigration to the West

Between 1840 and 1860, more than 250,000 people made the trek westward.

The Oregon Trail Albert Bierstadt, 1869

42

US Territorial Expansion When?

From Where?

Why/How?

• 1846

• Great Britain

• US demanded all of Oregon Territory “54° 40’ or fight!”

• US and Britain compromised at the 49°

6 - Oregon Territory

12

5

3

7

4

6

Pay $$$$?• No President?

• Polk

43February 26, 2001

Oregon dispute

• Treaty with Great Britain in

1846• President Polk’s

campaign slogan was

54,40 or fight…• Compromised with British and

divided the Oregon Country

at the 49th parallel

49th Parallel

44

US Territorial Expansion

1

When?

From Where?

Why/How?

• 1848

• Mexico

• Polk offers to buy California from Mexico---refused

• Mexican American War!

• US wins• In Treaty of

Guadalupe Hidalgo

2

8 - Mexican Cession

5

3

6

7

8

Pay $$$$?• $15

million

President?• Polk

4

45February 26, 2001

Long Term Causes•Manifest Destiny

Immediate Causes•Texas statehood, 1845

•Mexico refusing to sell California•Border dispute between US and Mexico

Effects•US receives Mexican Cession•Disputes over expansion of

slavery will lead to the Civil War

The Bear Flag Republic

John C. Frémont

The Revolt June 14, 1845

The Slidell Mission: Nov., 1845

Polk sent Congressmen John Slidell to Mexico City and was to negotiate an agreement with the Mexican Government. Mexican recognition of the Rio

Grande River as the TX-US border. US would forgive American citizens’

claims against the Mexican govt. US would purchase the New Mexico

area for $5,000,000. Offered Mexico $25 million for

California. US wanted California at any price. Mexico turned us down on all

conditions.

John Slidell

Did Polk Provoke a War? • Polk ordered General Zachary Taylor to march

5,000 American troops to the Northern side of the Nueces River.

• Once the Mexican government refused to receive Slidell, President Polk ordered General Taylor to move his troops to the northern side of the Rio Grande River.

• The Mexican and American troops were facing each other across the river.

• When Taylor refused to retreat to the Nueces, the Mexican commander crossed the Rio Grande, ambushed a scouting force of 63 Americans, and killed or wounded 16 of them (April 24, 1846).

• Hearing the news, Polk asked Congress for a declaration of war saying that “American blood was shed on American soil.”,

• Congress gave Polk a declaration of war.

President PolkGeneral Taylor

American blood on American soil

Map 8 of 45

1848, Mexican Cession. President Polk fought Mexican

American War. Defeated Mexico. Treaty of Guadalupe

Hidalgo. Gave them $15 million.

51February 26, 2001 Mexican War

General Zachary Taylor at Palo Alto

“Old Rough and Ready”

The Bombardment of Vera Cruz

General Scott Enters Mexico City

“Old Fuss and Feathers”

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848

Nicholas Trist,American

Negotiator

56February 26, 2001

Eventual states: California, Nevada,

Utah, Arizona & New Mexico.

Treaty of Guadalupe

Hidalgo• Mexico ceded Mexican Cession

to U.S.• Rio Grande River boundary between U.S. and Mexico

• U.S. paid Mexico $15 million

57

58February 26, 2001

Eventual states: California, Nevada,

Utah, Arizona & New Mexico.

Treaty of Guadalupe

Hidalgo• Mexico ceded Mexican Cession

to U.S.• Rio Grande River boundary between U.S. and Mexico

• U.S. paid Mexico $15 million

59

US Territorial Expansion

1

When?

From Where?

Why/How?

• 1853

• Mexico

• Build a transcontinental railroad

2

9 – Gadsden Purchase

5

3

6

7

8

Pay $$$$?• $10

million President?• There was a President but not

significant to this decision.

4

9

60February 26, 2001

Map 8 of 45

63February 26, 2001 Trails

64February 26, 2001

65February 26, 2001

66February 26, 2001

Problems of Sectional Balance in 1850

California resumes slavery question Radical Southern Democrats, “fire-eaters”

threated secession if California becomes a free state.

Abolitionists and several political parties support California as a free state.

Underground RR & fugitive slave issues:South wants Fugitive Slave Law enforced.

Secession: Refers to the Southern States wanting to separate from the United States and forming

their own country

Fugitive Slave Law: US Law that required

escaped slaves caught in the North to be returned

to the South.

Abolitionists Whig PartyFree Soil!

Free Speech! Free Labor! Free Men!

“Barnburners” – discontented northern Democrats who opposed slavery.

Abolitionists have a National Voice and members in Congress were Whigs.

Whigs opposed the extension of slavery in the new territories!

Wilmot Proviso, 1846

Congressman David Wilmot(D-PA)

Wilmot Proviso

• David Wilmot, an abolitionist, US Representative from PA

• Prohibit slavery from any territory captured from

Mexico in the war • Passed House but defeated in

Senate in 1846

Map 8 of 45

Wilmot ProvisioProhibit slavery from any territory captured from Mexico in the war

70February 26, 2001

John C. Calhoun: South• North should honor the Constitution

and enforce the Fugitive Slave Law• South wanted California• threatened to secede from U.S.• U.S. should have two Presidents---one

from the North and one for the South

Comp of 1850

Daniel Webster: North• Secession is impractical & impossible• How would we split the land? • The military?• Compromise at all cost• Preserve the Union

Henry ClayThe Great Compromiser:

Henry Clay and Daniel Webster try to convince John C. Calhoun the Union must be

preserved..

Most intense debate in in the history of the U.S.

Senate.

71February 26, 2001

•Solve the slavery issue through Popular

Sovereignty

•Let the people in each territory decide through

the process of voting whether they want

slavery or not.

Picture/S.Douglas

Assists Henry Clay and Daniel Webster propose the Compromise of 1850

• U.S. Senator from Illinois, a Democrat and

author of Popular Sovereignty.

Stephen Douglas

72February 26, 2001Map Comp of 1850

Popular Sovereignty People in a territory vote on whether they want slavery or

not.

Compromise of 1850 • California a free state• 2 new territories with

Popular Sovereignty• Enforce Fugitive Slave

Law• End slave trade in

Washington, DC.

President Millard Fillmore signed Compromise of 1850

into law.

74February 26, 2001

ABOLITIONISTS RESPOND

Abolitionists hate Fugitive Slave LawHarriet Beecher

Stowe’s, Uncle Tom’s Cabin is published

Abolitionists refuse to enforce the lawUnderground

Railroad becomes more active

75February 26, 2001Picture/Stowe

• Harriet Beecher Stowe, Abolitionist, authored the book Uncle Tom’s Cabin

• Book was used as propaganda to show

the inhumanity of slavery.

• Southerners were enraged by this book and called it “lies”.

76February 26, 2001 Picture/Tubman

• Harriet Tubman, Moses of her people.• Led over 300 escaped slaves out of the South

during the 1850’s.• $40,000 bounty was placed on her head• Conductor of the Underground Railroad• Financially supported by Abolitionists.

77February 26, 2001Map/Underground RR

The Underground Railroad existed as early as 1786. It was started by the Quakers and spread through

most of the North by 1830.One estimate places the number of

African Americans who escaped through the Underground Railroad between 1830 and 1860 at 50,000.Underground Railroad provided food, shelter, and hiding places to runaway slaves as they escaped to

CanadaViolated the Fugitive Slave Law

79February 26, 2001

RESPONSE BY ABOLITIONISTSWilliam Lloyd Garrison

“3 millions of the American people are crushed under the American Union! The government gives them no protection– the government is their enemy, the government keeps them in chains! The Union which grinds them to the dust rests upon us, and with them we will struggle to overthrow it! The

Constitution which subjects them to hopeless bondage is one that we cannot swear to support. Our motto is, ‘No Union with Slaveholders’….We separate from them, to clear our skirts of innocent

blood….and to hasten the downfall of slavery in America, and throughout the world!”

Fugitive Slave Law

80February 26, 2001

• Younger members of Congress from North disagreed with older members (Clay, Calhoun, Webster)

• Believed Union had to be purified (of slavery), not patched together and preserved at all costs

• William H. Seward: – Senator from New York– Became spokesman for northern

antislavery radicals– Opposed compromise with

South– Called for obedience to “higher

law” regarding slavery in the territories

81February 26, 2001

SOUTHERNERS RESPONDSoutherners

threatened secession and war

Believed it should be enforced because the Constitution protects property and Federal law is over State law.

5th AmendmentSupremacy Clause

Expansionist Young America in the 1850s

South looked for other territories to expand slavery. This is called “filibustering” when private citizens carry out wars

against countries. If won, they would become slave territories for the South.

How the Compromise of 1850 won the Civil War for the North

Delay gave the North more money, population, factories, crops, etc. to fight war with

Delay gave North increased moral strengthIn 1850, most Northerners would not have supported use of force to keep

South in UnionBy 1860, most Northerners would support use of force against South (because

of these 10 years of fighting over slavery with South)