American Dexway Academy - Level B2 - Course...

American Dexway Academy - Level B2 - Course III

VOCABULARY

Activity Action or movement.Something people do for fun or interest, e.g., hunting, rafting,sports, games, arts and crafts, etc.

Alternativemedicine

A type of medicine which uses methods not usually considered byconventional doctors.This type of treatment includes acupuncture, hypnosis and herbalremedies.

Ambitious To describe someone who wants to succeed in their chosencareer.

Candle Used to light rooms when there is no electricity. Made of waxwith a long piece of string through the middle. When the string islit, it burns and gives light.

Craft A traditional skill. Often associated with handmade items.Crafts Things made by hand.

Often associated with traditional techniques.Danger Something that can cause risk of harm, injury, pain.Ecological Something that does not damage the environment.Environment To describe the physical conditions around us.Extinction The state of not existing as a species.Fair A temporary carnival, having sideshows, rides, food, and games

of skill to win prizes, e.g., cotton candy, ring toss, roller coasters,bumper cars.

Fascinating Very interesting.Fine A penalty fee, e.g., the fine for parking in the red zone at the

airport is 75 dollars.First of all To indicate that you are going to mention the first of a number of

points.Frame The decorative boarder of a picture or mirror often made of

wood, sometimes with a glass panel to protect the picture.Global warming To describe the view held by some scientists that the Earth's

temperature is gradually increasing.Guy An informal word for a youth or man. Generally not used for

older men. E.g.: he's a nice guy.Habitat The natural type of place where animals live.Hunting The act of chasing an animal in order to catch or kill it.Individual Single, one person or thing.Initiative The idea and motivation to start something like a business or

project.Issue A topic or problem that is often discussed or argued about.Member A person who is part of a club or organisation.

The name rings a bell / I find it fascinating / I don't think so!

Copyright © Computer Aided Elearning, S.A.

Naturalist A person who studies nature.An expert in the natural world.

Opinion Someone's ideas and thoughts about something.Organic To describe something which has been grown or produced

without any chemicals or other synthetic components.Overpopulation The state of having too many people living in an area.Ozone layer The layer of gas in our atmosphere that protects the Earth from

the sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation.Planet A heavenly body that revolves around a star.Pollution The contamination caused by chemicals and fuels.Pottery Objects made from clay and baked in a very hot oven.Powerful light A very strong ray or beam of light or illumination.Ray A beam or line of light.Selfish An attitude where a person is only concerned with their own

interests, and puts themselves first.Sheet A single piece of paper. In the U.S., 8.5 x 11 inches.

A large, thin piece of material we put on a bed.Staff The employees of a company.Tank Military: a large vehicle with strong metal protection.

Aquarium: a place to keep live fish.House: a place where water is stored for domestic use.

The general public The audience and 'people in the street'.To care about To be concered or worried about something.To disappear To vanish, not be there.To exploit To take advantage of. To treat unfairly.To feel sick To not feel well or not in perfect health.

E.g.: I feel ill; I think I ate too much.To interview A formal meeting in which someone from a company asks you

lots of questions to see if you are suitable for the position.To press To apply steady weight or pressure.

To urge or try to force someone to do something.To protect To guard or provide a way to keep something safe.To recycle To reuse the material of one thing to make something new.

E.g.: this bag is made from recycled plastic bottles.To ring a bell To sound familiar. To cause a memory to return to us.To save To keep for another time.To see a lot of To visit or meet someone frequently.To set up To start a project or company.To take somethingseriously

To be able to treat the topic or matter with the correct level ofconcentration.

To tear up To divide into small pieces by pulling apart, e.g., paper or cloth.



To wonder To question or ask one's self.To be curious about.

Vegetarian A person who does not eat meat.Whether Similar to 'if'. To introduce a possiblity.Workshop A place where there are tools to do manual jobs.

VOCABULARY SENTENCES

We went to see an exhibit at the Arts and Crafts School.

Please, can we go to the fair mommy?

Please begin all answers on a new sheet.Don't be so selfish. Share your balloons with the rest of us.

I really believe in alternative medicine, natural remedies, etc.

I think the light is too powerful for this room.

I didn't know that 'guy' is slang in North American English to mean 'man', so I didn'tunderstand.

The electricity went out, so we lit a candle until the power came back on.

Scientists appear to have shown that the earth's temperature is rising due to globalwarming.Some major cities in the world are too crowded and have a real problem withoverpopulation.

Most of the pollution in the air is caused by chemicals in the fuel that cars use.

Pottery is the traditional way of making clay objects.

Rays from the sun are the beams of light that travel through space and warm the earth'satmosphere.

Recycling allows us to use the material like glass and plastic again to make differentobjects.

It looks like he's wondering about something, so he must feel quite curious about it.

I'm a strict vegetarian and I need to check that there's no meat in the meals prepared for mebefore I eat them.

Perhaps it's what I ate that's making me feel sick. I think I'll go to the doctor.

The interview was quite formal. I think I showed the selection panel I'm the right candidate.



SENTENCES

We must teach children to take care of the environment.We try to reproduce the animals' natural habitat.We are looking for someone with new ideas and plenty of initiative; someone who doesn'tneed be told what to do.

I'd like to talk about the issue of unemployment.

Would you like to be a member of our club?

All teachers are invited to a staff meeting on Wednesday the 10th.

I'm afraid we'll have to send it to the workshop to be repaired.

Today you can find organic fruit and vegetables in many supermarkets.

Kevin is very ambitious; he plans to get to the top...

He has set up his own real estate agency.

I don't know whether to study math or biology.

Can you help us save animals in danger?



USEFUL PHRASES

Do you believe in astrology?

No, I don't. In my opinion, it's a lot of garbage.Well, you're typical of your sign.

It says here that the general public has a very small vocabulary.What?I see what they mean...Have you ever heard of Professor Okinawa?

The name rings a bell, but I'm not sure...You remember, he won the Nobel Prize for physics.Oh yes!What do you think of the idea of time travel?

I don't know; I can't take it seriously.Hmmm, I know what you mean.What lovely pictures! You ought to sell them.

I'm thinking of setting up a booth at the craft fair.Good idea.I like the location of the house, but it needs so much work! Where do you start?

Well, first of all, we would have to put in a new bathroom.

You've been seeing a lot of Jack recently...He's just a friend, Mom, that's all.



SHOWROOM: RELATIVE PRONOUNS - RELATIVE PRONOUNS I

Animals that are in danger of extinction must be protected.

People who exploit animals should pay a fine.

There are many parks where animals are studied in their natural habitat.

Illegal hunting is an activity which causes a great deal of damage.

A naturalist is a person whose job is to study plants and animals.The mountain gorilla is one of the many animals our grandchildren may never see.

SHOWROOM: RELATIVE PRONOUNS - RELATIVE PRONOUNSII

The ozone layer, which protects us from the sun's rays, is damaged.

The Amazon forest, which is essential to our climate, is disappearing quickly.

In the Third World, where conditions are hard, people cannot worry about ecology.

Most politicians, who could spend money on ecology, are more interested in other things.

Many business people, whose factories cause pollution, do not care about theenvironment.



GRAMMAR

Indirect questions

This paragraph is about indirect questions. These indirect questions are more formal thandirect questions. They are introduced by constructions like:

Do you know ... Can you tell me ...

I’d like to know ... I wonder ...

Compare the following sentences:

Have they arrived?I’d like to know if they have arrived.

The first sentence expresses a direct question, the second one expresses an indirect question,but the information we are asking for is the same.

As we can see, there are some differences between them:

In one case it is not necessary to use a question mark at the end. Nevertheless, when we useconstructions like “Do you know...?” or “Can you tell me...?” we need to use a question mark,because these constructions are direct questions.

We introduced the sentence by using “if”, so we expect an answer which is “yes” or “no”. Ifthe direct question is introduced by interrogative pronouns like “Why”, “How”, “Where”,“What”, etc., in indirect questions, the question mark disappears.

Why is he so angry?I’d like to know why he is so angry.

The order of subject and verb in the second sentence is affirmative, that means: subject + verb.

Have a look at some examples about how to form indirect questions, from direct questions.

What time is it?

Do you know what time it is?Can you tell me what time it is?I wonder what time it is.I’d like to know what time it is.

Can she swim?

Do you know if she can swim?Can you tell me if she can swim?



I wonder if she can swim.I’d like to know if she can swim.

In the first example the sentence is introduced by the interrogative pronoun “what” and itmaintains the indirect question. But in the second case, when we expect “yes” or “no as ananswer, we need the particle “if” (or also “whether”) to form the indirect question.

Asking for and expressing opinions

Asking for opinions

When we want to know somebody’s opinion of something, we use the following questions:

What do you think about / of ... ? (the weather, my new car, your boss, etc.)What’s your opinion of ... ?(the team, the President, etc.)

Expressing opinions

In English, there are many forms to express our opinion. The most prevalent ones are:

In my opinion ...I think ...I believe + phraseI feelI find it / ... / -ing

Have a look at some examples for every form:

In my opinion people shouldn’t smoke.I think you should study law.I believe things will be different in the future.I feel I am not studying enough.I find this movie / it / watching movies quite interesting.

We use the verb “to agree” to express that we share an opinion with somebody else”:

I agree with Jim.I agree that most people have no time for sports nowadays.

To express the opposite we use the verb “to agree” in its negative form or the verb “todisagree”:



I don’t agree with you.OR I disagree with you.

Agree and disagree can also be expressed in the following ways:

“Agreements”:

When we agree with an affirmative sentence that was said just before:

So + auxiliary + I

When we agree with a negative sentence that was said just before:

Neither + auxiliary + I

See some examples:

A- I like pop music.B- So do I.

A-I don’t like rock music.B- Neither do I.

A- I can understand him.B- So can I.

A- I can’t imagine such a world.B- Neither can I.

Note: Remember that, when we talk of auxiliaries that substitute a verb, the auxiliaries that arerequired for the simple tenses is “do” and “does” (present) or “did” (past).

Relative clauses

Relative clauses are also known as adjective clauses because they behave like an adjective thatmodifies a noun. This noun can be the subject or the object of a sentence. The relative clausesgo after the word they refer to.

Relative clauses are introduced by relative pronouns. The most prevalent relative pronounsare:

who: Referring to a person

which: Referring to a thing

that: Referring to a person or a thing



TYPES OF RELATIVE CLAUSES

We have to distinguish between “defining” and “non-defining” relative clauses.

Defining relative clauses (specifying)

This type of relative clauses is used to specify the thing or person we refer to. That means, itgives us clues to identify the subject out of a group of possible referents.

Have a look at this sentence:

A boy is wearing a blue jacket. He is very attractive.

We can make one sentence out of the two:

The boy who is wearing a blue jacket is very attractive.

As you can see, in the second sentence we substituted “he” with “who” adding importantinformation about the boy to identify him.

We use the relative pronoun “who” because we refer to a person.

Nevertheless, when we refer to a thing we use the relative pronoun “which”:

The house was expensive. I bought it last year.The house which I bought last year was expensive.

In this example, we substituted “it” with “which”, adding again information without which wecouldn’t know what the sentence refers to.

In both cases we could have used the relative pronoun “that”, which is used for people andthings:

The boy that is wearing a blue jacket is very attractive.The house that I bought last year was very expensive.

Omission of the relative pronoun

In this type of relative clause (defining) the relative pronoun doesn’t act like a subject in therelative clause, and so it is possible to omit it.

The book that you gave me yesterday is exciting.The book you gave me yesterday is exciting.Here is the skirt that you gave me.Here is the skirt you gave me.

We realize that, when a pronoun comes after the relative clause, we can omit the relative, but



not when there is a verb, because in that case it acts as a subject and cannot be omitted.

Compare:

I know these children who are in the street.This is the movie that we saw last week. / This is the movie we saw last week.

Non-defining relative clauses (explaining)

This type of clause is used to give more information about a person or a thing. Nevertheless,this information is not important to identify the person or the thing we are talking about. It isadditional information is not essential.

These relative clauses have two main characteristics:

- They go between commas.- The relative pronoun cannot be substituted with “that”.

Our new house, which [not that] you saw last week, is very luxurious.

Compare the two following examples. One of them contains a non-defining relative clause, andthe other one contains a defining relative clause:

The boy who came to my house is my cousin.My uncle Tom, who lives in Mexico, is coming to visit us.

In the first sentence, we are specifying the boy (one out of many) who is the cousin.

In the second sentence we are saying that the uncle (who, by the way, lives in Mexico) is goingto visit us. Maybe you know him, maybe you don’t, but the comment is not necessary to helpidentify him.

In the following table we summarize all that in a more explicit way:

Defining relative clauses(specifying)

All the relative pronouns can be used, althoughthe most usual one is “that”, because it refers topeople and to things.

The relative pronoun can be omitted, if it is notthe subject in the relative clause.

They are necessary for the universalsignificance of the sentence.

They don’t go between commas.



Non-defining relative clauses(explaining)

We cannot use the relative pronoun “that”. Weremember that “who” refers to people and“which” refers to things.

The relative pronoun cannot be omitted.

They are not necessary for the understanding ofthe sentence, they only give extra information.

They always go between commas.

Other relative pronouns are “whose”, “where”, “when” and “what”

Whose: This relative pronoun is used to express possession. It always refers to people and wefind it in both, defining and non-defining, relative clauses.

The woman bought some sweets. Her son is a doctor.The woman whose son is a doctor bought some sweets.

In this sentence, we substituted “her” with “whose” because “her” refers to “woman”. In thisway, we make one sentece out of two senteces and avoid repeating “woman”.

That is the man. His daughter is studying law.That is the man whose daughter is studying law.

In this sentence, we substituted “his” with “whose” and therefore, we can make a simplesentence.

Where: This relative pronoun is used to give information about a certain place. “Where”usually substitutes words like “here” or “there”.

This is the store. I bought my suit here.This is the store where I bought my suit.

In this example we substituted “here” with “where”. Note that the word “here” doesn’tappear anymore in the second sentence. The first two sentences become one sentence.

That is the village. I was born there.That is the village where I was born.

In this example we substituted “there” with “where”.

When: This relative pronoun is used to refer to time. Ususally it substitutes words like “year”,“month” or “week”. In this case we can use “that” and “when”.



I remember that day. He visited us that day.I remember the day when / that he visited us.

We put the two sentences together to make a single sentence by substituting “that day” with“when / that”.

What: We use “what” to refer to something indefinite.

I couldn’t hear what he said. (The thing(s) that he said)What happened was my fault. (The thing(s) that happened)

But be careful, in other contexts it must be “which”:

The weather was really bad, which was a pity. (The fact that the weather was bad)

They came to the party, which we didn’t expect. (The fact that they came)

“what” as a relative pronouns means “the thing(s) that...” and “which” in that context means“the fact that ...”.



VOCABULARY

Army A group of men and/or women who are trained to protect theircountry.

Bad news The opposite of good news. When someone tells you somethingsad or disappointing.

Birth rate The amount of babies born in a given period, usually a year.Bomb An explosive device.Charisma The intangible quality that makes some people's character

attractive.Conflict War or fighting.Country scene A picture, view or image of a rural landscape.Crime The collective way to refer to illegal activity.Criminal A person who breaks the law.Disaster A serious event that causes great damage or suffering.Division The act of separating.

(Math) The act of dividing one number by another.(Sports) A category or league ranked by quality, skill, age, etc.

Donation A contribution, usually of money, into a collection for something,e.g., a charity.

Drought A severe water shortage. When a place hasn't had enough rain tosupport life or grow food.

Earthquake The occasional large movement of the Earth when the tectonicplates move.Buildings can be damaged or destoyed.

Economy The financial aspects of a country's policies and activities.Election The act of voting to select the winner of a position or political

office.Homophone Each of the words that have the same pronunciation but different

meanings or spelling.However To express an exception or contrary view.

E.g.: Many people are in favour of the idea. However, there arealso many against it.

Idiot An insulting way to say someone is not intelligent, competent orsmart.

In shock The state of mind after a traumatic event.Inhabitant To refer to a person who lives in a named place.Injustice An unfair or incorrect situation.Match A formal game or sports event in which people, teams, etc.,

compete to win.Mugging The act of attacking a person on the street in order to take their

money or possessions.

Bad news! / It must have been planned! / If only


On the whole In general, mostly.Out of work Without a job, unemployed.Pants American English: trousers.Point of view Opinion or ideas about something.Politician A person who works in the world of politics, for a political party.President The leader of a country, company or organization. In the U.S.,

the President is also called the chief executive, and commander-in-chief.

Prime Minister The head of government in parliamentary systems. Leader of thepolitical party with a governing majority, appointed by the headof state.

Publicity Advertising and promotion.Reduced prices A lower price than the original.

In a shop you may see a sign for 50% off. This means that theproduct is half the previous price.

Robbery An act of theft. When somebody steals from a shop or otherbuilding.

Sidewalk American English: pavement, pedestrian pathway.Survivor A person who is alive after being closely involved in a serious

accident or incident.Take it easy Expression to tell someone to relax or calm down.Tax The money that people pay to the government.Team A group of people all working toward the same objective. Very

common in sports.Terrorist A person who carries out acts of violence in order to protest at a

political situation or other issue.Theme Topic, idea.To belong A verb expressing who the owner is.To deal with To manage a problem or difficult situation.To develop To grow or mature, to extend one's talents.To explode To detonate or cause to break into flames.To flood To fill with water to excess.To get away with To do something wrong or make a mistake but without anyone

noticing.To identify To confirm that a person is who they claim to be.To increase To make an amount or quantity bigger or higher.To reduce To make less or lower.To wish To want or desire something strongly.Voluntary help Unpaid assistance by someone who offers to do something for

free.Whole Entire, total. 100%



You never know Expression to mean that even though we think we know what theoutcome will be, we could be wrong.


He is painting a country scene.

The birth rate is falling rapidly in Europe.

The police caught the criminal.I'm afraid the patient is still in shock.

We need more publicity if we want this to be a success.

There was plenty of voluntary help from the public.

Perhaps you could help us to identify the robbers.

Let's buy him a toy; they are all reduced.

The temperature is increasing every year.

As players in the amateur football division, our team competes in a league, but are notprofessionals.

Understanding the economy is not easy. The financial state of the country is alwayschanging and needs constant analysis.

The soccer match has just started and in ninety minutes' time there should be a winner.

I would like to stay longer. However, I have to go or else I'll miss my flight.

It was explained in class today that homophones are words that sound the same but havedifferent spellings and meanings. We looked at the examples: hare and hair, see and sea andwhere and wear.

He's taking the TV to his new apartment because it's his possession, so it belongs to him.



SENTENCES

Their ideas were in conflict.My dinner party was a disaster; the guests did nothing but argue.

"What's the theme of tonight's documentary?""The Changing Climate".

We spent the whole weekend at home.

Sending this man to prison would be an injustice.

He doesn't have any talent, but he's got charisma!

You gave me a shock.I didn't hear you come in.

I wanted to wish you a happy birthday.

I love my work because I enjoy dealing with people.

You are very good at your job, but you need to develop more confidence to believe thatyou are good.

SHOWROOM: "IF ONLY" AND "I WISH"

If only I were the President now.

I wish I had charisma.

I should have spent more money on social services.

I shouldn't have increased taxes so much.

I wish I hadn't called the other politicians "idiots".

I should have promised to reduce unemployment.

I shouldn't have said we needed a war.

If only I had won the election, not him.



USEFUL PHRASES

In my opinion, criminals must pay for what they do.

I agree on the whole, but there are always exceptions.If you want to know what I think...

In fact, I'd like to hear Simon's point of view.Oh, would you? Well, I feel...

How long have you been out of work?I haven't had a job for two years.Dad should be home by now.Where could he be?

You never know. He may have stopped for a drink at the bar.

You won't get away with this!Oh, won't I? We'll see about that.Who's that girl you were with last night?

Mind your own business.



GRAMMAR

I wish / If only

These forms are used to express wishes, when things are not as we want them to be.

I wish I were rich.

In this case, the verb “to be” in past tense is “were” for all the persons, including the first andthird person singular.

In this chapter we are going to see two different ways of using the expressions “I wish” and “Ifonly”.

I wish / If only + Past

We can see that, although the verb is in the past tense, we refer to the present or the future.That means, we would like something to be different. We can use both expressions, “I wish”and “If only”, in the same way.

I wish / If only I had more money.

I wish / If only Peter didn’t live in Australia.

I wish / If only she were still living here.

I wish / If only I could travel to the moon.

I wish / If only + Past Perfect

In this case, we express wishes in the past or regret that something which has happened in thepast didn’t happen in the way we would have wanted it to happen.

So, for that kind of sentence we use the Past Perfect tense.

I wish / If only I had studied harder.

I wish / If only she had bought that skirt.

I wish / If only it hadn’t rained last night.

I wish / If only I had had a cat when I was a child.



Modals in Perfect tenses

In perfect tenses, the modal verbs are formed by the modal followed by the perfect infinitive.See the following example:

Modal + have + participle

She can’t have finished.

We are going to see all the forms and uses in this chapter.

We use “can’t + have + participle” when something couldn’t possibly have happened in acertain way.

You can’t have written such a nice poem.

We use “must + have + participle” when we are so sure about something that happened in thepast that we get our own logical conclusion.

Their car is parked there. They must have caught the bus.

We use “may + have + participle” when we are not absolutely sure about what happened in acertain moment, but we suppose so. (Remember that “may” and “might” indicate apossibility).

He may / might have come, but I was out all day.

“Could + have + participle” can be used in two different ways:

a) When we express that we had the possibility to do something in the past, but we didn’t do it.

We could have visited the museum. (but we didn’t)

b) When we assume something that could have happened in the past. In this case “might / may+ have + participle” are interchangeable.

They could / might / may have taken a taxi. (it’s possible, but we don’t know)

“Should / Ought to + have + participle” is used to reproach about something that should havebeen done, but wasn’t. Also, when a good piece of advice wasn’t followed or somebody regretsnot having done something.

You should / ought to have taken an umbrella.I should / ought to have studied harder.



“Would + have + participle”

This form is called conditional perfect and it expresses the third type of the conditional tensewhich we are going to explain in this chapter.

This form is used when we want to speak about something which is impossible to happenbecause the moment already passed. As we can see, the sentence is left incomplete. It would befollowed by a hypothetical or conditional clause.

I would have gone to the party ...but I cannot, because the party is already overI would have bought that book ...but the time has already passed

Conditional perfect

Form: Subject + would + have + participle

I would have gone if you had invited me.

He wouldn’t have done such a bad test if he had paid more attention.

Use: Expressing situations that didn’t become reality in the past because one condition wasn’tfulfilled. Therefore, it is used in the third type of conditional clauses.

Connectors

Connectors are words that are used to unite ideas. These connectors are classified in groups,depending on their meaning. In this paragraph we are going to study some of the connectors,classified by their meanings.

To contrast

However - Although - Nevertheless

This type of connectors indicates contrast or opposite ideas. When the connector stands at thebeginning of the sentence, we separate it with a comma from the rest of the sentence in somecases.

a) “However / Nevertheless”. This connector is separated by a comma from the rest of thesentence.

We all know that smoking is a bad habit. However / Nevertheless, people still smoke.



My house is very small. However / Nevertheless, it is very comfortable.She didn’t study too much. However / Nevertheless, she passed her test.

b) “Although”. This connector is not separated by a comma from the rest of the sentence, butthere is a comma separating the two clauses.

Although it was cold, we went swimming.

Although she had studied hard, she didn’t pass her test.

Although he was ill, he went to school.

To add information

Besides

This connector is used to add information and emphasises the point we think important.Usually it is separated by a comma from the rest of the sentence.

I’m too busy to go on vacation. Besides, I have no money.

To express cause

Due to

This connector expresses the cause of a situation. When it stands at the beginning of asentence, the two clauses are separated by a comma.

Due to the bad weather, we had to take a taxi.

The flight was cancelled due to the fog.

To express logical consequence

Therefore

This connector expresses consequence. It is used in the same way as “so”, but “therefore” ismore formal.

She has been living in France for three years and therefore speaks French quite well.

This tree is very rare and therefore protected by law.



VOCABULARY

Above At a higher level or rank.Adequate Sufficient, enough.Adverb A word or phrase that modifies the meaning of a verb, adjective

or other adverb.E.g. I usually go shopping on Tuesdays.

Album A blank book used to insert photos, stamps or pictures.Always On all occasions.Audio Relating to hearing or sound.Bacon Thin slices or strips of meat from a pig.Balcony A platform on the exterior of a building.Basin A large bowl or open container that catches water for preparing

food, washing, etc.Bend A curved or angled part.Blind Unable to see.Bottom The lowest point or part of something.Clue Hints that are given to someone in order to solve a problem.Confused Uncertain or unsure; to not know what's happening.Could The past of 'can'; be able to.

To make a polite request.E.g.: Could you open the window, please?

Current affairs Recent news from around the world.Demands Strong requests.

E.g.: The union informed the company of its demands.Depth To refer to how deep something is.Directly Immediately, without pausing or going in a different direction.Drama An emotional play.Efficient Working productively with minimum wasted resources or effort.Expression The look on someone's face that shows emotion.Factual Based on true and proven facts.Fare Money that is needed for public transport.Fear The feeling of being afraid.Filling The contents of something.Grape A red, green, or white fruit which grows on a climbing vine. They

are often used to make wine.Hyphen Punctuation mark "-".

Connects some compound nouns and adjectives. It is sometimesused instead of parentheses.

Inflation An increase in prices combined with a decrease in the value ofmoney.

Additional vocabulary


Inspector An official who makes sure that regulations are obeyed.Judge The person in a court of law who has the most authority.Known Recognized; familiar.Monitor A person who watches others and gives instructions.Objective Aim or goal.Proceeds The profit made from an event.Punctuation The symbols used to make a written text easier to understand.Racket A sports equipment with a tight net attached to a handle used to

hit a ball.Rate A measure, quantity, or frequency. E.g.: Chicago has a high

crime rate.Recently Not very long ago; in the near past.Rough Not smooth; uneven.Silent Without sound.Steward One who looks after and serves the passengers on a ship or

plane; an attendant.Talks Meetings between business people or politicians; discussion.Terrific Wonderful, great, outstanding.Ticket A piece of paper giving someone admission to something.To adore To love and respect deeply.To approximate To give an estimate or general idea.To connect To join or link two or more things.To expire Come to an end of a period of time.To imagine To picture something in your mind.To satisfy To meet the expectations, desires, or needs.To stare To look at something in a fixed or intense way for a long period

of time.To starve To involuntarily go without food.Total The sum of a number of things.Underworked Not having enough work.Wanted Something that is desired.Well-off Rich; Affluent; Having more than enough money.Wild Not domestic; something found in nature.



VOCABULARY

Ability Skill or capacity to do something.Biology The science which studies living things.Break To divide or put into parts.

To damage something.Career Working life: the progression in an industry or type of job one

chooses.Chemistry The science dealing with the study of substances, their

composition, characteristics and the way they react or combinewith other substances.

Comment A verbal or written note about something.Compulsory Obligatory, mandatory.Degree A university qualification that takes 3 or more years.Dependent To be reliant on someone or something.Discipline The level of control.

E.g.: This school has very strict guidelines regarding discipline -we expect the best behaviour from our pupils.

Elementary school A school for the first 4-8 years (1st grade, 2nd grade, etc.) of achild's education. Often proceeded by kindergarten.

Essay A piece of academic writing.Forever For all time, eternity.Geography The study of the Earth's surface, countries, peoples, and

environment.Grade The number or letter a teacher puts on a student's work.History An academic subject focusing on the past.Imagination The use of one's mind to create fictional stories or think of new

ideas.Language A system of communication used by people in the same

geographical area or type of work.Literature To refer to written work such as books and academic research.Make-up The substance that people apply to their faces to change their

physical appearance.Physics The science concerned with the study of matter and energy.Principal The headmaster or general administrator for a school or

institution.Project An investigation into a particular theme or topic.

School children often have to do them.Quarter A period of time equal to 1/4 of the year, e.g., January to March.

In the U.S., a coin equal to 1/4 of a dollar, 25 cents.Report Written information about a student's work and progress.Secret Information which should be kept private or confidential.

Interviewing a principal / Student's report / Compulsory education


Special Exceptional or different in a positive way.Student One who is enrolled or attends classes at a school, college, or

university.Subjects The different areas of knowledge taught at school and university,

e.g., mathematics, English, science.Themes or topics

System Way of doing something.Interconnecting parts which form a whole.

Technical college A place to learn various trades associated with the mechanicalfunctions of machines or systems.

Technical Involving machines or mechanical matters.Theory A set of ideas about the cause of or reason for something.To adapt To alter or change when in a new situation.To allow To give permission to somebody to do something.To be able to To have the ability or skill to do something.To be allowed To have been given permission to do something.

E.g.: I am allowed to go to the disco - my parents said, "Yes".To choose To select from a variety of choices.To discover To find or reveal something.To give advice To tell someone your opinion or what he/she should do in a

particular situation.To let To allow, give permission.To make the mostof

To try and find the positive in a bad situation.

To pay attention To look or listen with interest.To pronounce To say a word or a letter out loud.

E.g.: To, too and two are all pronounced the same way.To punish To make someone suffer because she/he has done something

wrong.To retake Exams: to repeat an exam a second time after failing the first.To think for oneself To form one's own opinions.What's the point? To express doubt in the validity of reasons for doing something.




He studies ten subjects, including physics, history, math and French.

Some say American literature is the finest in the world.

The parents receive a report on their children's progress three times a year.

There are four quarter in the school year: the first, second, third and forth one.

Did you get a good grade on your homework?

We have done a project on plants.

She is still dependent on her parents.

You'll have to choose between them; you can't have both.

The skills he learned as a mechanic have given him the ability to fix whatever goes wrongwith a car.

He'd love to be somewhere else in his imagination and he's dreaming about what the placemust be like.

Applying facial make-up carefully adds the impression of beauty and elegance to a person'sphysical appearance.

Perhaps they'll remember their young days at elementary school as some of the happiest intheir lives.

She'd prefer nobody else know the secret she's decided to tell him.

You are allowed to eat one more. But just one!

My training as a typist has really helped me to be able to type without looking at thekeyboard.

He warned her that she wasn't allowed to go into the building without him.

Could you let me borrow this computer? I need your permission to take it out of thebuilding.

She gave him some good advice that helped him solve the problems he was facing.

When you pronounce a word, you must concentrate carefully on the sound you make.



SENTENCES

What's your system for dealing with complaints?

Some teachers have a lot of trouble maintaining discipline in class.

Do you have any comments to make on this issue?

Why don't you have a break?You've been working all morning.

She spent most of her career as a teacher in New York.

He's got a degree in English from Harvard University.

In many countries Military Service is compulsory, but not in the U.S.

I will love you forever; I will never look at another girl.

He punished the children by making them stay after class.

This is an adult's book, but it has been adapted for children.

Listen to this: "Scientists have discovered a way to keep us young..."

Don't worry. If you don't pass now, you can retake the test later.



USEFUL PHRASES

I've got the job I wanted and I've found an apartment!That's wonderful!

Yes, it's too good to be true!How are you coming along with the article?

Slowly... My heart is not in it.Hmmm, I know what you would rather be doing.I want to finish school at 16, like Ted.You can't copy everything your brother does.Why not?

You have to learn to think for yourself.I only have five days of vacation.

Well, you'd better make the most of it.Don't worry. I'm really going to enjoy myself!And so I said to him I thought...I'm sorry, what was that?

You're not paying attention, are you?No, I was thinking about something else.I really don't feel like going to the party.Come on, you should!

What's the point in going?I won't enjoy myself.



SHOWROOM: PAST UNREAL CONDITIONAL

If I had studied harder at school, I would have gone to college.

If I had gone to college, I would have studied languages.

If I had gotten a degree in languages, I could have traveled all over the world.

If I had traveled, I would have met lots of interesting people.

If I had met lots of people, I'm sure I would have met somebody special.

If I had met somebody special, I would have married him and we would have been happyforever after.

I would not have started working at this supermarket if I had not started going out withthat boyfriend!

VOCABULARY: SCHOOL SUBJECTS

English LiteratureEnglish LanguageBiologyPhysicsChemistryMathematicsHistoryGeography



READING - LISTEN AND READ

Report 4th quarter, Student's name John Holden,

Test grade and overall class grade.

English Literature, 30%, C. Studied the wrong books for the test.English Language, 58%, D. Has ability, but doesn't listen in class.Mathematics, 92%, A. Very good student, shows promise.History, 83% B. Good essays, did't finish his project in time.Geography, 59%, D. No interest in the subject, makes no effort.Spanish, 87%, B. Satisfactory. he should have gone on the trip to Madrid.Biology, 0%, B. Good year's work. Missed the test due to illness.Chemistry, 32%, C. He did not study for his final test.Physics, 72%, C. Doesn't pay attention in class.Art, 89%, A. Lots of imagination, needs to study theory.

Principal's comment: John Holden is clearly an intelligent boy, but he needs to develop a moreresponsible attitude to make the most of his abilities.



GRAMMAR

Verb + Object + Infinitive

In other units we have seen that there are verbs or constructions that are followed by otherverbs in the infinitive (want to, expect to, would like to, etc.) and others that require the gerundform of the following verb (hate, suggest, mind, etc.).

In this unit, we are going to see the verbs that are followed by an infinitive when the subject ofthe second clause varies.

Compare:

when the subject is the same

Verb + InfinitiveHe wants to live with you.

when there are two subjects

Verb + Object + InfinitiveHe wants Mary to live with you.

As you can see, the rule is to introduce the subject of the second sentence (or subordinatesentence) between the main verb and the infinitive, without changing the rest of the sentence. Incase that the second subject is a pronoun instead of a proper noun, it has to be changed to theobject form: me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them.

He wants her to live with you.

I want you to leave me alone.

I want him to start the course.

She wants us to see her apartment.

He wants them not to run.

Here is a list with the most prevalent verbs that have these characteristics:

VERB EXAMPLEadvise He advised me to leave that place.allow They allowed me to use the car.ask He asked her not to open the box.

expect I expected him to come earlier.invite She invited us to go to her party.



order He ordered them to do it.permit They permitted her to go swimming.

tell I told you not to send that letter.want I want you to pay more attention.

Attention to two verbs that follow the structure: Verb + Object + Infinitive, but that have theparticular characteristic that the infinitive goes without “to”:

VERB EXAMPLE

make He made his students repeat theexercise.

help She helped me understand it.let My parents let you stay out late.

Modal verbs

Permission

To ask for or give permission we can use the modal verbs “can” and “may” and the form “tobe allowed to”.

a) Can - It is used to ask for / give permission in an informal way, when we have a personalrelation with the person we ask for / give permission.

Can I use your phone?You can borrow the car tonight.

b) May - It is used to ask for or give permission in a more formal way, when we feel less closeto the person we ask for / give permission, or when we don’t know the person. We can also use“could”, which is more formal than “can”.

May I use your phone?You may leave the room.

c) To be allowed to - This is a passive construction and the verb “to be” has to be conjugatedin a way that corresponds with the subject.

Have a look at the following examples:

Am I allowed to sing a song?

You aren’t allowed to talk aloud in the library.

She is allowed to use the fax in the office.



Ability

To express ability we use the verb “can” in present tense, “could” in past tense and “to beable to” in all tenses.

a) Can / Could - As you know, the verb “can” has only one form in the present, and one in thepast tense, “could”. In the first case we express ability in the present, and in the second case itis the ability in the past tense. We talk about ability in the sense of knowing how to dosomething.

I can swim.I could swim.I can type.I could type.

b) To be able to.- Can be used with all the tenses to express ability.

In present tense it has the same meaning as “can”, but “to be able to” is not so frequentlyused.

He is able to read a French newspaper.

He can read a French newspaper.

In the past it can have the same meaning as “could”.

He was able to swim when he was a child.

He could swim when he was a child.

Nevertheless, when we use “to be able to” saying that somebody is able to do something in acertain moment in the past, we cannot say “could”. Compare:

He could swim. (He could do so every possible moment.)He was able to swim across the river. (in a determined moment)

In all the other tenses “to be able to”.

To express ability in the future, we use “will + be able to”.

He will be able to play the piano.

She won’t be able to speak German in two years.

In the perfect tenses we also use “to be able to”:

She has been able to swim. (Present Perfect)



They have been able to play the piano.

He had been able to learn that poem. (Past Perfect)

Conditional perfect

Form: Subject + would + have + participle

I would have gone if you had invited me.

He wouldn’t have done such a bad test if he had paid more attention.

Use: Expressing situations that didn’t become reality in the past because one condition wasn’tfulfilled. Therefore, it is used in the third type of conditional clauses.

Third conditional

Use: The third conditional is used to speak about the consequences which a certain conditionwould have had, if it had been fulfilled in the past. But as it wasn’t fulfilled, now theconsequence is impossible to happen.

If he had studied harder, he would have passed his tests.(But he didn’t and so he didn’t pass them.)

If I had asked her to dance, we would have gone out together.(But I didn’t and now she goes out with somebody else.)

If he hadn’t stolen the bag, the police wouldn’t have caught him.But he did, the police caught him and now he is in prison.

Form:

Subordinate clause:If + Past Perfect

Main clause:Conditional Perfect

IF + PAST PERFECTCONDITIONAL PERFECT

If I had known, I would not have come.

If you had lived in to Spain, you would have learned more Spanish.



Like in the first and the second conditional, we always have to remember that:

The two parts of the sentence are exchangeable:

I would have bought it if I had had enough money.= If I had had enough money, I would have bought it.

There can be modal verbs. In this case, “might” or “could” + “Present Perfect” instead of“would” of the “Conditional Perfect”. Compare:

If you had asked him, he would not have let you go.

If the condition would have been fulfilled, I am sure that this would have been the consequence

If you had asked him, he might not have let you go.

I don’t know what would have happened if the condition would have been fulfilled, but it ispossible that this would have been the result.



VOCABULARY

Abbreviation A short way to represent a longer or frequently used word. E.g.:"Dr." (doctor).

Ad Abbreviation.Advertisement.

Affair A subject that is a particular person's concern or responsibility.Beauty salon A store where one goes for a hair cut and style, manicure,

waxing, etc.Being Existence.Beware To be cautious and alert to danger.Bit A small amount.Bitterly With anger or resentment.Blanket A warm cloth used to cover one's self to stay warm.Bowl A round, deep dish or basin.Circumference The distance around something.Crossing A place where things, especially roads and railroad tracks, cross.Deal An agreement between two or more people.Directory A book listing individuals or organizations alphabetically.Front-page The first page of a newspaper.Get out Leave.Goal An aim or desired result.Habit A regular practice or tendency; something done regularly.Hardly Scarcely; barely.

E.g. I was hardly able to stand after my surgery.Highly In a very respected or appreciated manner.

E.g.: He is highly respected for his work on quantum physics..Hijack To take control of or steal a plane or other vehicle using violence

or aggression.Hundred The product of 10 and 10; 100; 10 more than 90.Income The money that a company or person receives.Ink A colored fluid used for writing, drawing, or printing.Investment A thing worth buying because it may be profitable.Joke Something said to amuse; a trick played for fun.Lightning The occurrence of a brief natural electrical discharge between a

cloud and the ground or within a cloud, accompanied by abright light.

Liquid A substance that flows freely, like water or oil.Machine A mechanical device used to perform a specific task or job.Modem A device which enables a computer to be connected to a

telephone line.



Musician A person who plays a musical instrument.Pace Speed or rate of motion.Penalty A punishment given for breaking a law, rule, or contract.Philosophy The study of knowledge, reality, and existence.Prefix A word, letter, or number placed before another to change the

meaning. E.g.: I am unhappy about the situation.

Prevention The act of trying to stop something from happen.Private Belonging only to one particular person or group.Reactionary Opposing political or social progress or reform.Responsibility The act of having an obligation to do something, or having

control or care of something.Rights Legal and moral entitlements to have or do something.

E.g.: I have the right to vote.Root A part of a plant that is normally below ground which acts as a

support.Separate Different; distinct.Show A spectacle or display.Ski A very long, thin piece of wood that is attached to the foot so that

a person can move easily over snow.Slight A small amount, not very substantial.Some An unspecified amount or number of something.Songwriter One who writes the music and/or words for a song.Stall An individual compartment for an animal.Telephone directory A list of telephone numbers.Textbook A type of book that is used to study a particular subject.To begin To start.To calculate To find the answer to a mathematical problem.To cheer To make a loud noise with our voice to show happiness or to

motivate.To close To cover an opening. E.g.: Please close the door.

Bring two parts of something together. E.g.: She felt her throatclose.

To go out To leave your house or dwelling to do something.To heighten To make higher; to intensify.To say Speak words to convey information, an opinion, instructions, etc.To shake Tremble or vibrate, or cause to tremble or vibrate. E.g.: I need to

shake the carton of orange juice.Tourist One who travels for pleasure.Track A prepared course for cars or runners.



Various More than one; individual and separate. E.g.: Various peoplearrived early.

Worst The superlative form of 'bad'.E.g.: It was the worst movie I've ever seen.



VOCABULARY

At last Expression to imply that someone or something has taken longerthan expected.

Backache To have pain in the back.Balanced Equal, well distributed.Blood pressure The measure of a person's health by checking the pressure in

their circulation system.Bug Colloquial name for insect.

Minor illness especially with stomach problems.Calcium A mineral which is important for strong bones and teeth.Chest The upper part of the body between the shoulders, below the

neck.Childhood The years of being a child.Cough A minor illness. Irritation in the chest and throat which causes a

person to make a noise.Diary A daily record of your personal experiences.Diet The way a person or group of people eat.

A way to lose or gain weight.Fiber It is the natural component in food which is valued for its ability

to aid digestion. There is more of it in whole food or food whichhas not been refined such as brown bread and not white.

Flu Similar to an extreme cold.Symptoms include fever and headache.

Herbal Made from herbs.High bloodpressure

When the pressure in a person's circulatory system is consideredto be too high.

Homeopathy A way to treat illness using minute doses of natural remedies thatwould in larger amounts produce symptoms of the same illness inhealthy persons.

Impressed Positively affected, expressing admiration and respect.Infusion A drink made from hot water and herbs or plants.Injection A way to give medicine using a long needle or syringe to put the

medicine into the body.Instead of In place of something.Legumes Edible seeds that develop from a pod. High in protein. E.g.,

Beans, peanuts, peas and lentils.Low blood pressure When the pressure in a person's circulatory system is considered

to be too low.Medical check-up A visit to a doctor or health specialist to assess overall health.Medicine Something to take when you are ill to make you feel better and/or

recover.

I have to see a doctor! / Healthy eating / Natural medicine


Mineral An inorganic component in food essential to good nutrition. E.g.,calcium, iron, potassium, sodium, or zinc.

Operation A medical procedure to repair or remove something in a patient'sbody.The surgeon has to make a precise cut in the body.

Overtired To be very tired to the point of exhaustion.Pain An uncomfortable sensation.

Often a sharp feeling of discomfort.Protein A component of food needed for growth and repair of cells,

muscles, tissue. E.g., meat, fish, eggs, milk, and legumes.Relaxation The act of resting, especially after working hard.Sample A small quantity of a product to try.Sick To feel ill or not physically correct.Soft drinks A non-alcoholic, flavored, carbonated drink. Also called soda

water, e.g., Pepsi or Coke.Sore throat A feeling of discomfort and irritation inside the neck. It can be

difficult to eat or speak.Specialist A person who is recognized as having extensive experience or

knowledge in one particular area.Splitting headache A very severe headache.Sprained ankle An injury to the joint and muscles between the lower leg and foot.

It can cause difficulties when walking and it is painful.Though Despite the fact that.To avoid To try not to do something.

To try not to see someone.To convert To change or turn something into something else.To examine To look at something very closely.To face To confront or deal with a problem or person.To fasten To tie or fix together.To feel like To want to do something, to be in the correct mood.To lack To need, to not have.To lose touch To no longer have contact with.To need a retreat A strong desire to go somewhere different, to get away from daily

life.To turn out To finish, the end result.

E.g.: It turned out he was the burglar and the police arrestedhim.

Treatment The things we take or do to cure an illness.The way a person is treated.

Under the weather Under the weatherUpset stomach To describe a bad feeling in the stomach.



Vitamin The different components of food classified by numbers andletters that have nutritional properties.

Weak heart A condition which means that the person has problems withhis/her heart and so cannot do certain things.

Wholegrain Type of cereal grain(s) that consist of several varieties such aswheat, oat, barley, maize, brown rice, rye among others.


I think I'm free. Just a moment and I'll check my diary.

I think you should see an ear, nose and throat specialist about this.

A good diet includes plenty of fiber from fruit, vegetables and cereals.

You can use the leaves to make an infusion.

It is a good idea to have a medical check-up occasionally.

Soft drinks are not very good for children.

Calcium, which is a mineral we need to grow strong bones and teeth, is found in milk andcheese.

Could you examine my chest, please? I have a rash on my skin and it itches.

Until he loses a few more pounds, he'll carry on with his diet, even if it's a bit boring.

The tea she made was herbal, containing fragrant ingredients from a plant.

Homeopathy was recommended to me as a kind of medicinal treatment that uses naturalremedies to cure illness.

The doctor assured the patient the injection wouldn't hurt and would help her to rest.

Minerals are naturally occurring solid chemical substances found in varying quantities infood.

The operation went well, and when the patient began her recovery, the visit she receivedwas from a relative.

We try to avoid each other, so when I see her I always walk away.

As he got dressed he fastened the buttons of his shirt.

While the patient was being examined by the doctor, she asked him questions concerninghis health and lifestyle.

You look sick. Perhaps, if you have such a headache you should stay here and rest.

Vitamins are vital chemical components of nutritional value that are classified in groupssuch as vitamin A or B.

Don't you think she needs a retreat to get away from it all?



SENTENCES

I was ill most of my vacation; I must have caught a bug.

The treatment consists of bed rest and a series of pills.

Watching television is a form of relaxation for me.

They are giving away a free sample of shampoo this month.

He spent his childhood in India, and came to New York when he was eighteen.

Can you give me something for the pain, doctor?

Why don't we go to the country instead of going to the beach as usual?

I can't stand sports. I like golf though.

A balanced diet includes a little of many different types of food.

I am very impressed with your paintings; I think they're excellent.

This is delicious, but I think it lacks a little salt.

SHOWROOM: CAUSE AND EFFECT - EXPRESSING CAUSE ANDEFFECT

His boss has advised him to go home as he's got a splitting headache.

The doctor has given her a special diet since she's got an upset stomach.

The pharmacist suggested this medicine as I've got a bad cough.

She doesn't feel like eating much because she's got the flu.

At the hospital, they have told him to take it easy since he's got a weak heart.

I can't shout due to my sore throat.

He has to be careful when doing exercise because of his high blood pressure.

She can't walk very well because she's got a sprained ankle.



SHOWROOM: REPORTED SPEECH - REPORTED QUESTIONS

Wife: So how did the check-up go?Husband: Fine. First he asked me how old I was and if I'd had any operations.

Then he wanted to know what sort of lifestyle I had.

Next, he asked me to take off my shirt and he listened to my heart.

He told me to open my mouth and he had a look at my throat.

Finally, he took a blood sample and invited me to come back for the results next week.

Wife: Did you tell him about your backache?Husband: Yes, I did. And he advised me to see a specialist.

USEFUL PHRASES

You don't look well.

No, I've been a bit under the weather lately.Well, look after yourself, won't you?Come on, it's your turn to speak.

I can't face it, I'm too nervous.I don't care if I fail the test!

That doesn't sound like you.I know, but I'm tired of being the perfect student.Oh! Janice is going to have a baby!

At last!Yes, they've been trying for ages.Do you ever see your old school friends?

No, I've lost touch with all of them, except for Dennis.Have you finished reading that?

Yes, and guess who the murderer turned out to be.Don't tell me. I want to read it myself.



GRAMMAR

Expressing cause and effect

Now, we are going to see some connectors which are used to express the cause or reason of aparticular situation.

Because, As, Since

These connectors have the same meaning. They are followed by a clause and when they go atthe beginning of the whole sentence, main sentence or subordinate sentence they must beseparated by a comma.

I didn’t write you a letter as / because / since I was very busy.

As / Because / Since I was very busy, I didn’t write you a letter.

Note: To express cause we can also use “because of” / “due to” + noun.

Compare:

As / Because / Since + Phrase

She was late because there was a lot of traffic.

Because of / Due to + Noun

She was late because of the traffic.

Reported questions

In English, there are two types of questions. The ones that can be answered by “Yes” or “No”,known as “Yes / No questions”, and the ones that are introduced by an interrogative pronoun,known as “Wh-questions”.

“Do you like swimming?” (we expect “Yes” or “No”)“What did you buy?”

Yes / No questions

Putting a question with these characteristics into reported speech, needs the followingchanges:

a) The verbal tenses change, moving back one step into the past.

b) The clause we are changing is introduced by “if” or “whether”.



c) We have to change pronouns, expressions of time and place.

d ) Although the interrogative clause has the structure of subject and verb inverted, in itsindirect form the structure is that of an affirmative clause.

e) These indirect clauses are introduced by the verbs “ask”, “want to know”.

f) The questions in reported speech don’t have speech marks anymore and not even questionmarks.

“Do you like swimming?” I asked him.

I asked him if he liked swimming.

In this example we changed the subject “you” to “he”, the present tense “do you like” to thepast tense “liked”, the structure is subject + verb, and the modified clause in reported speechis introduced by “if”.

“Did you park your car here yesterday?” Susan asked Peter.

Susan asked Peter if he had parked his car there the day before.

“Will you come to my party?” She asked Anne.

She asked her / wanted to know if Anne would go to her party.

Wh-questions

When the question in direct speech is introduced by an interrogative pronoun, this one alsointroduces the clause in reported speech. The changes are the same.

“Where did you buy this shirt?” Anne asked Peter.

Anne asked Peter / wanted to know where he had bought that shirt.

“Who came with you yesterday?” I asked Anne.

I asked Anne / wanted to know who had come with her the day before.

“What have you eaten?” I asked her.

I asked her / wanted to know what she had eaten.

In the second example, “Who” is the subject of the sentence and therefore no other subjectappears it doesn’t appear any other subject. There is no change of word order.

Compare:

“What happened?” I asked her.

I asked her what had happened. (in this case, “what” is the subject)



“What have you bought?” I asked her.

I asked her what she had bought. (in this case, “she” is the subject)

Command in Reported speech

Commands usually stand in the imperative form. The necessary changes are:

a) The verb in imperative becomes infinitive with “to”.

b ) The verb that introduces the direct command is “tell” and not “say”, because the verb“say” doesn’t mean “command”, but the verb “tell” does.

c) “Tell” is followed by the person who receives the command. We can also use the verb“order”.

d) If the structure is negative, the infinitive must be negative. (not + to + infinitive).

“Open the door!” Anne said to / told me.

Anne told me to open the door.

“Be quiet!” She said to / told him.

She told him to be quiet.

“Don’t do that!” I said to / told Susan.

I told Susan not to do that.

“Don’t play with that!” She said to / told me.

She told me not to play with that.

Now we have a look at the difference between the verbs “to say” and “to tell”.

Regarding the form, the verb “tell” is followed by an indirect object, while the verb “say”doesn’t need any indirect object. In case that there is one, it is introduced by “to”.

She told me that she was tired.

She said that she was tired.

She said hi to me (that she was tired).



Modal verbs in reported speech

We can also find modal verbs in the clauses of reported speech. Let’s see which of them changeand how.

We have to move back one step in time. But some modals and semi-modals don’t have pastforms or are always used in the past tense, like “used to”.

The modal verbs that don’t change from direct speech to reported speech are:

VERB DIRECT / INDIRECT

would

“Would you mind opening thedoor?”He asked me if I would mind openingthe door.

should /ought to

“You should / ought to buy a newhouse.”She said (that) I should / ought to buya new house.

could“Could you come to my house?”She asked me if I could go to herhouse.

might“It might rain.”She said (that) it might rain.

needn’t“You needn’t do the washing up.”She told me (that) I needn’t do thewashing up.

used to“I used to go swimming as a child.”He said (that) he used to goswimming as a child.

had better“We had better call the police.”She said (that) they had better call thepolice.

Nevertheless, there are other modals that change when put into reported speech:



DIRECT / INDIRECT

may“I may go to the theater”

mightShe said (that) she might go to the theater.

must“You must wear a uniform”

had toShe said (that) I had to wear a uniform.

can“I can’t hear very well”

couldShe said (that) she couldn’t hear very well.

shall“Shall I call your sister?”

shouldShe asked if she should call my sister.



VOCABULARY

Angel A heavenly or otherworld entity, associated with religion. Usually depicted with wings and a halo.

Buddhist A person who follows the Buddhist belief system.Cell phone American English for mobile phone.Century A period of one hundred years.Chapel A place of worship that is smaller than a church.Christian A follower of the Christian religion.Community A group of people who live together and follow a similar lifestyle.Cookie American English for biscuit.Courtyard An area surrounded by walls and buildings that is open to the

sky.Desire An intense need for something.Feel free Expression to mean that something is acceptable.

E.g.: Can I smoke? - Yes, feel free to.Focus The center of interest or activity.

An act of concentrating interest or activity on something.Funeral A ceremony held to commemorate a person after death.God An image or deity considered to be a powerful and central

component to religions.Hindu A follower of the main religion in India believing in many gods

or deities as well as reincarnation.Holy place A site considered to be connected with a particular religion or

religious event.Home-made Made by hand or sometimes by an amateur in their home.Imam The person who is in charge of a mosque.Knight In medieval times, a person of high social rank often represented

on a horse with armour; also a chess piece.Laptop A portable computer. The screen and keyboard are attached to

each other and it can be carried easily.Mass The religious ceremony in a church.Meditation The act of deep relaxation.Monastery A place where monks live, work and worship.Monk A man who lives a celibate life, devoted to his chosen religion or

belief.Mosque A place of religious worship for Muslims.Newsletter Written information about an organization or club sent regularly

to its members, often via email.Nun A woman who lives a celibate life devoted to her chosen religion

or belief.

You need a retreat / Missionaries / Meditation


Palace A place where kings and queens live.Luxurious and associated with rich or wealthy people.

Parking lot American English for car park.Prayer In religion, when a person wants to spend time connecting with

their God, they pray.Priest A minister of the Roman Catholic branch of Christianity.Prince The son of a king or other ruler.Rabbi A religious leader. Serves as chief religious official of a

synagogue. A scholar qualified to interpret Jewish law.Retreat A place where someone can spend time alone and in a very

peaceful environment.Saint A person considered to be more holy than other people. A person

who during their life performed a miracle or other special event.Schedule American English for timetable or programme of events.Solitude The state of being alone, without any company.Spiritual Referring to religion or anything concerning the spirit or soul.Swami A male leader in the Hindu religion.Synagogue A place of worship for Jewish people.The Bible The holy book of the Christian religion.The truth The facts. The real events or situation.

The opposite to lies or falsity.To baptize To induct someone into a church, usually by a symbolic

cleansing with water during a ceremony.To bury To put something in the ground.

Often a part of a funeral service when a coffin is placed in theground.

To have a filmdeveloped

To take a film from a camera to a place where they can make thephotographs.

To have one's eyestested

To go to an optician and have an eye test.

To have one's hairdone

A hairdresser cuts, styles or colours your hair for you - you don'tdo it yourself.

To have somethinginstalled

When someone installs something for you. You do not do ityourself.

To inspire To cause someone to act or be creative.To install To add a computer programme to a hard drive.

To physically add or put something in, especially electronic ortechnical devices.

To mail American English for "to send by post".To reflect To think about something, to take time to consider.To respect To treat with consideration and tolerance.

To have a high opinion of someone or something.



To surround To form a circle around something.To take part To participate.To touch To make physical contact with something.

To make an emotional impact after a kind action or words.To wind down To relax.Train schedule The list of times and destinations for a train.Vision Sight, the use of one's eyes.

To refer to one's ideas for the future or alternative possibilities.Wealth The total of money and possessions.Website A page on the internet, can be used to promote businesses, give

information, etc.Wellness The state of being healthy in all aspects.




Dickens was writing in the nineteenth century.

My brother is a rabbi.She goes to mass every Sunday.

She's an angel in the school play.

The mosque is a holy place.

And now we come to the courtyard, and if you close your eyes, you can imagine...

The workmen installed her new stove.

Let me have a look at the train schedule.

A chapel is a small Christian temple. Many date back hundreds of years.

Christians believe that Jesus lived on earth to teach them how to live a good life.

A monastery is a place where monks who have made religious vows, live and worktogether.

Palaces are large imposing buildings where rulers of states and nations live.

A priest is a religious figure authorized to take care of the church's followers' religiousneeds.

A prince is the son of a king or queen, who may inherit the position of king in the future.

Tolerance is the key to respecting other's opinions and way of life with dignity.

She touched his shoulder to remind him to listen carefully.

The focus of the light is on an important point in the book.

Hindu, which is the main religion in India, has a pantheon of thousands of deities thatmakes the temples so fascinating to see.

Only men can be swamis, the spiritual leader in the Hindu religion.

He was inspired by the great ideas he heard and felt prepared to act upon them.

Alone by himself, he felt the solitude of having no company.

The parking lot began to fill up with cars as soon as the shopping center opened.

A cookie is the American way of saying biscuit in British English.

Americans mail their letters in a mailbox, which is what the British do with their post.

Before the World Wide Web became the place for so many websites, it was a simpleinvention that helped investigators to communicate from different university departments.



SENTENCES

I need to spend a few days on a retreat.Amy is saying her prayers.

They sold their delicious home-made cakes.

The fortune teller has a vision.

When he died, his great wealth was left to his children.

I promised to tell the truth.

Her only desire is to see her son again.

You will find that we, neighbors, form a community.

The society sends their newsletter once a month.

In our society, we often can't find time to think about our spiritual life.

I'll give you my answer tomorrow; I need time to reflect.The prison is surrounded by a high wall.



USEFUL PHRASES

I can't go out this morning...Why not?

I'm having my new computer installed.Do you have your vacation photos?

No, I haven't had the film developed yet.Well, let's take it now.You look great!

Thanks, I've just had my hair done.

When was the last time you had your eyes tested?I'm sorry, I don't remember...Well, you're going to need glasses.Are you OK?

Yes, I'm fine. I like to wind down in front of the television after work.

Would you like to take part in this play?No, I'm happy just watching, thanks.

Tim's birthday is coming up.Yes. What shall we give him?What about a chemistry set?May I sit here?

Yes, of course. Feel free.



SHOWROOM: PASSIVE VOICE

They are building a new temple.A new temple is being built.We should call a mechanic.A mechanic should be called.

They used to read poetry after dinner. Poetry used to be read after dinner.

When are you going to baptize the child?When is the child going to be baptized?

They buried him at sea.He was buried at sea.

The imam has written a book.A book has been written by the imam.

The nuns were saying prayers.Prayers were being said by the nuns.

We will celebrate his birthday at nine o'clock. His birthday will be celebrated at nine o'clock.

The queen would make him a knight. He would be made a knight.

They had opened the temple to the public. The temple had been opened to the public.

He was sent a message. A message was sent to him.

She was taught a prayer. A prayer was taught to her.

He will be given a simple funeral. A simple funeral will be given to him.

He was told a story by the old man. A story was told to him by the old man.

She was shown a vision of the future by a fortune teller.A vision of the future was shown to her by a fortune teller.

She was lent a laptop.A laptop was lent to her.

I was offered a holy picture.A holy picture was offered to me.



He was paid nothing for his work.Nothing was paid to him for his work.

SHOWROOM: TO HAVE SOMETHING DONE

She had her hair done this morning.

You should have your eyes tested every year.

He just had his photograph taken.

I would like to have this film developed, please.

We're having the house painted.

Are you going to have a telephone installed?

Oh no! Mike's motorcycle has been stolen.

I need to have my coat cleaned.



GRAMMAR

Expressing purpose

In order to express purpose, we already know that we use the particle “to” followed by theverb, or “for” followed by a noun.

I came here to have a coffee.

She works hard to earn more money.

He went out for a newspaper.

A lot of people work for money.

But there are other connectors that are used with the same meaning. These are: “in order to”and “so that”.

“In order to” and “to” are followed by the verb, while “so that” is followed by a sentenceoften containing a modal verb.

He bought a coffee maker to / in order to make coffee.He bought a coffee maker so that he could make coffee.

We took a taxi so that we could get there early.We took a taxi in order to / to get there early.

She speaks slowly so that he can understand.She spoke slowly so that he could understand.

Some students have to work to / in order to pay for their studies.Some students have to work so that they can pay for their studies.

In the following schema, we summarize the forms of expressing purpose that we have seen untilnow, with structure and examples for each one:

Connector Form / Example

ToTo + VerbHe went to buy some medicines.

In order to

In order to + Verb (is a littlemore formal than “to”)He went in order to buy somemedicines.



So thatSo that + PhraseHe went so that he could buysome medicines.

ForFor + NounHe went for some medicines.

Passive voice

When a sentence contains a transitive verb (a verb that has a direct complement) we canexpress the sentence in active or passive form. The passive voice is very usual in English.

The passive voice is used in the following cases:

a) When the agent (of an action) is unknown, not specified or not important.

English is spoken all over the world.

b) When we want to put emphasis on the action instead of the person who acts.

His brother was advised to study Law.

Regarding the form, we use the verb “to be + participle of the verb”. The following schemashows the structure of a sentence in passive voice:

Subject + to be + past participle + (agent) + rest of the sentence in passive voice

His brother was killed in a car accident.English is spoken (by people) all over the world.

Subsequently, we will show a table of changes in the verb:

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Present SimpleHe pays the bill.

am / is / are + past participleThe bill is paid.

Present ContinuousHe is paying the bill.

am / is / are + being + past participleThe bill is being paid.



Past SimpleHe paid the bill.

was / were + past participleThe bill was paid.

Past ContinuousHe was paying the bill.

was / were + being + past participleThe bill was being paid.

Present PerfectHe has paid the bill.

have / has + been + past participleThe bill has been paid.

Past PerfectHe had paid the bill.

had + been + past participleThe bill had been paid.

Future SimpleHe will pay the bill.

will + be + past participleThe bill will be paid.

Be going toHe is going to pay the bill.

be going to + be + past participleThe bill is going to be paid.

ModalsHe can pay the bill.He would pay the bill.He must pay the bill.

modal + be + past participleThe bill can be paid.The bill would be paid.The bill must be paid.



We can see that the verb “to be” is always in the same tense as the active sentence was.

As we said before, the agent of the passive sentence is introduced by the particle “by”. But it isnot necessary to mention the agent in the passive voice. We only mention the agent in thepassive voice in the following cases:

a) When the agent is important, that is when we want to give prominence to by whomsomething was done. That is often the case with inventors, painters, writers, etc.

This book was written by Shakespeare.

b) When we introduce new information, something that wasn’t mentioned before.

As we were going for a walk, we were surprised by a chimpanzee.

Pay attention to the following examples and their changes:

My mother feeds the dog.The dog is fed by my mother.Jane Austen wrote many novels.Many novels were written by Jane Austen.They will serve dinner.Dinner will be served.

We can also put the sentences into negative form. Then, the negative particle goes with the verb“to be” or the auxiliary that accompanies it:

They haven’t stolen that money from the bank.That money hasn’t been stolen from the bank.They didn’t paint the house last year.The house wasn’t painted last year.The reporter isn’t interviewing the mayor.The mayor isn’t being interviewed.

Until now we have seen verbs with only one object: the direct object, but there are also verbsthat go with the direct and indirect objects. In English, we can use both of them as a passivesubject or object when putting the sentence into passive voice (although we usually prefer theindirect object):

They sent me a new catalog. (active form)



A new catalog was sent to me. (passive form with direct object as subject)I was sent a new catalog. (passive form with indirect object as subject)

More examples:

They gave me a present.I was given a present.She has sent me a bunch of flowers.I have been sent a bunch of flowers.

The tense of the verb is the same in both possibilities of the passive voice:

(Past)He offered me a new idea.A new idea was offered to me.I was offered a new idea.

(Future Simple)She will show me some photos.Some photos will be shown to me.I will be shown some photos.



To have something done

The verb “to have” means to be the owner of something, but it also has other meanings. In thisparagraph, we are going to see the verb “to have” known as a causative verb. We use “to havesomething done” when the person who carries out the action is not the subject itself.

The structure to follow is:

Subject + have + object + past participle + rest of the sentence

I had my hair cut last week.

If we want to mention the agent of the action, we introduce him with the word “by”.

I had my hair cut by the hairdresser.

We can use nearly all tenses.

Let’s see some examples:

I will have the house painted next week.I have had the car repaired (by the mechanic).I had the windows cleaned.



VOCABULARY

Accident An unfortunate incident that happens unexpectedly orunintentionally.

Artwork Illustrations of non-textual material.Away To or at a distance from.

E.g.: My house is 2 miles away.Balloon A piece of thin rubber that is inflated and tied to maintain a

certain shape for decoration.Bat A flying nocturnal mammal, usually found in caverns.Bell A hollow object, typically made of metal and in the shape of a

deep inverse cup that makes a clear musical sound.Board A flat piece of wood or other material, usually used to display

writing.Broad Wide; an area larger than usual from side to side.Card A thick, stiff paper or thin cardboard.Center The middle point of a specific area.Choir An organized group of singers.Cliff A steep or vertical rock face, especially at the edge of the sea.Conserve To protect from harm or destruction.Decrease Make or become smaller or fewer.Doorbell A small button outside a house or place of dwelling to alert

someone of a visitor.Dryer An appliance that dries clothes and other fabrics.Eastern From or of the East.Economical Sparingly using resources or money.Enthusiasm A positive attitude; intense enjoyment.Fever A body temperature that is above normal.Finally In the end; lastly.Finger Each of the five, slender jointed parts attached to a hand.Fizzy Of drinks or liquid with many bubbles or gas.Flute A long, thin high-pitched musical instrument that is held with

two hands to the side of a person's mouth.Fond (fond of) Having an affection or liking for someone or

something.E.g.: I'm quite fond of Lebanese food.

Guidebook A book that contains useful information for or about something,particularly a city or country.

Hug An embrace, wrapping the arms around another person's body.Human A person, a living being.Identity Who a person is.



Look Referring to one's outfit, make-up, and overall appearance.E.g.: That look does not suit her.

Majority The greater number.E.g. The majority of people voted for the president.

Mild Not having a strong taste or flavor; not spicy.Not severe or harsh.

Mood A state of mind or feeling.Muddle Verb.

To interfere.Must Be obliged to; expressing insistence. E.g.: You must go see the

movie.Expressing an opinion about something that is very likely. E.g.:Joe must be at work now.

Others Used to refer to a person or thing that is different from onealready mentioned or known.

Pancake A thin, flat cake fried in a pan.Paperwork Routine work involving written documents.Pleasant Nice, agreeable.Radical Extreme; relating to or affecting the fundamental nature of

something.Real Something that exists; nonfiction.Scar A mark on the skin from a severe cut, abrasion, or burn after it

has healed.Secondary school High school, usually grades 9 - 12.Sphere A round solid figure.Splutter To make a series of short, explosive spitting sounds with the

mouth.Stocky Short, strong and sturdy.Storm Violent and disturbing weather pattern with strong winds and

usually rain, thunder, lightning, hail, or snow.Terms Agreed requirements.To attract To cause interest or curiosity.To block To stop or obstruct.To catch To use the hands, net, or glove to stop something from falling to

the floor.E.g. I'm going to catch the ball.

To shut To close; to join two edges.To unlock Undo the lock of something by using a key or number

combination.Toothpick A small, thin piece of wood or plastic that is used to remove food

from the space between teeth.Towel rail A bar used to hang towels.



Translator A person or machine that expresses the meaning of a word fromone language to another.

Valuables Things that have value or are worth something.Veal The meat that comes from a young cow.Video recorder A small machine that records moving images.Wavy In between straight and curly; having the appearance of a wave.Were The past simple of 'to be' for second person singular and all

plural forms.



VOCABULARY

Circle A shape that has no corners. E.g.: The shape of a ring or a coin.Clip Something that is used to hold things together or in place.

E.g.: My hair is falling in my eyes, do you have a clip?Commerce (Noun) Business, trade; the buying and selling of products and

services.Corporate (adjective) Business or company.

E.g.: The corporate accounts = the accounts of the company.Emerald A very expensive green jewel. A precious stone.Except Excluding, not counting.

E.g.: Everyone can go except you. You have to stay and finishyour work.

Finally In the end, lastly.E.g.: After 3 years she finally told me the truth.

Frequently Often, regularly. E.g.: I frequently go to the movie theater, at least once a week.

Gold A very expensive, yellow metal used to make jewelry.Greeting The words and actions you use when you see someone you know.

E.g.: She opened the door and gave them a lovely greeting.Inlaid When something is pushed into another material to make a

pattern or design. E.g.: The sculpture was inlaid with gold and silver.

Jewel A precious stone, for example diamonds or emeralds, used tomake expensive jewelry.

Lacquer A product you spray over something else to keep it in place andprotected. Hairspray is an example of lacquer.

Location Position, the details given that describe where someone orsomething can be found.

Normally (adverb) Usually, generally. E.g.: I normally go shopping on Friday afternoon.

Precious (Adjective) Very valuable (both financially and emotionally.E.g.: My grandmother's necklace is very precious.

Range A group of different things. E.g.: This product has a range ofcolors.

Reimbursement (noun) A refund. If you take something back to the store and theygive you back your money, they give you a reimbursement.

Ruby A very expensive dark red stone used to make jewelry.Sapphire A very expensive blue stone used to make jewelry.Selection Choice, different things to chose from.

E.g.: In the Italian ice cream shop, they have a fantastic selectionof ice cream - all the flavors you can imagine.

Send To make a letter, email, etc. go from one place to another.

Jewelry store - Typical situation


Several Various, numerous. E.g.: There are several films I want to see atthe moment.

Shipping (noun) The industry that imports and exports products by sea.Silver An expensive, grey, shiny metal often ued to make earrings,

necklaces, etc.Sterling 1. (adjective) fine, excellent, superior.

2. Money used in Britain.Stone A small rock. Also a very hard material used to make old

buildings and walls.Tag A label on something, Clothes have tags on them that tell you the

price, size and other information about them.To calculate To find an answer to a mathematical question.

E.g.: Can you calculate 248 x 362?To say To talk, to tell. To use words to express something; What did you

say? I can't hear you.To wrap To cover something completely with another material, for

example to cover a birthday present with pretty paper is to wrapa present.

Tray A flat object used for carrying things like glasses and plates.Try To attempt;

She tried to lift it but it was too heavy.Useful (adjective) If something has a purpose or a use it is useful: An

umbrella is very useful when it rains.Various Several, a number of.

E.g.: We have various options to choose from.Woman The opposite of man. Female, lady, a mature girl.

TYPICAL SITUATION - JEWELRY STORE. LISTEN AND REPEAT

A: Hello there. Can I help you with something this afternoon?B: Well, at the moment I'm just looking. But I need to buy some small gifts to say thank

you to some business clients of mine.A: Alright, well I can definitely help you out there. What sort of item were you thinking

of?B: Well, I'm not sure yet. Let me look around for a few minutes and then I'll have some

questions for you.A: Are you finding anything that you like yet, sir?B: Yes, there are definitely some nice pieces here, but most things seem to be out of my

budget. I have to buy 3 items. Two are for women and 1 is for a man. I saw somenice chains, but they're a bit expensive and not only that but they are quite personal,too.



A: Yes, I understand. Well, let me show you some items that are frequently popular forcorporate gifts...

A: Here we have several lighters for people who smoke. There is also a wide selectionof key chains which make a great gift for either a woman or a man. We also havelovely pens which range in price and styles, so please just ask if they interest you.

A: Finally, another popular gift is a money clip, usually for a man. We have 3 or 4different ones on this tray. So, have a look and let me know if anything interests you.

B: Oh, I definitely like the key chains for the women. They are very nice. And for theman, I'm trying to choose between the money clip and the pen.

A: Let me show you the different styles of money clips. Here they are. You can choosebetween gold or sterling silver for each one, except for this clip which only comes ingold.

B: Right, and the pens normally come in sterling silver, is that correct?A: Yes, that's correct. They all come in sterling silver, except the few that come in our

special blue lacquer.B: I see. Well, let's look at the key chains and I'll think about the other gift.A: Right, here are all the key chains. There are various prices and you may choose which

jewel you prefer in ones that have an inlaid jewel.

B: OK. Well, I really like the star key ring. Is it possible to get that one in silver?A: No, I'm sorry, that one only comes in gold. But you may change the jewel inside to a

ruby, sapphire or emerald.B: No, I think I prefer a key ring in silver... how about the circle key ring. Does it come

in silver?A: Yes, it does. It's a very lovely piece. It costs $120.B: OK, wonderful. I'll take two of those. For the man, I'm going to get a silver pen. I

think it's more useful than a money clip.A: As you wish, sir. Which pen did you want?B: I'll take the signature pen. It's lovely. How much does it cost?A: This pen costs $135, but if you want to place a stone in it, then it will cost $157.B: No, thanks, it's nice just how it is. Now, can these be gift wrapped and sent to the

people?A: Of course. I'll take them to be wrapped and then ring you up at the register. You'll

need to provide the shipping address, of course... How will you be paying for this,sir?

B: Credit card. It's our company credit card.A: Great, thanks. And are the items going to the same location or separate locations?B: They're all going to the same location. Here's the address: 59 Commerce Road,

Landsville, NY, 12304A: Great thanks. Your total is going to be $405 with the shipping included.



B: Alright, here's the credit card and can I have a receipt to turn in for reimbursement aswell?

A: Sure. Just sign here please and I'll print out your receipt... Thank you. After the itemshave been gift wrapped, we will send them out to the recipients tomorrow morning.

B: Great, thanks very much for all of your help. Bye now.A: Thank you, sir. Bye.



DIALOGUE

Hello, what have you been doing today?Sometimes I think about what an animal's life must be like. If you had been born an animal,what animal would you have liked to have been?Do you think animals can understand human emotions? Explain.Can you think of any subjects that weren't available to study when you were at school thatchildren nowadays can learn about?What should we teach younger generations about the environment and global warming?How important is it to educate our adolescents about a healthy lifestyle?What do you think is more important: being happy or being healthy? Why?Can you briefly describe an interesting piece of news that you have seen recently in anewspaper or on television?If you were allowed to be anyone for a day, who would you be and why?What is more important and why: saving the environment or educating young people?Alright, that's it for today. See you soon!

Animals and education - Dialogue


VOCABULARY

Argument A strong disagreement between two or more people.Camel A large animal, common in deserts, having humps on its back.Casual Occasional.

Relaxed and unconcerned; done without care or concern.Character A fictional person in a book or film.Cherry A small, round, red stone-shaped fruit that grows on trees.Circuit A system of electrical conductors.Cola A sweet, brown, carbonated non-alcoholic drink.Color The spectral composition of visible light (red, orange, yellow,

etc.).Comma Punctuation. ","

A comma indicates a short pause in a sentence and separatesitems on a list.

Committed Serious about something, dedicated.Complaint A grievance, problem, difficulty, or concern; the act of

complaining.Composer A person who writes music.Conservatism A political philosophy that advocates traditional values.Considerably Notably large.

E.g.: He is considerably taller than me.Cup A thing used to hold liquid that a person drinks from.Definite article A determiner (the) that introduces a noun that has already been

mentioned, is common knowledge, or is about to be defined.Disgusting Horrible in taste; nasty.Drizzle Light rain.Economist One who studies the way money and wealth is distributed via

production and consumption; one who studies the economy.Eldest Oldest (of a person).Ending The last part of a movie, book, or story.Fee Cost of a service.Feelings Emotions or sensations.Floppy disk (obsolete)

A square, plastic piece of plastic with a disc inside to store data.Folk music Traditional music from different areas.Guard A person who protects something.Gun A weapon that fires or shoots bullets.Hangar A place where airplanes are stored.Headphones A device that is connected to a music player with attachments

that are placed in the ears to listen to music.



Heat Thermal energy; the condition or quality of being hot.Journey A voyage; a set amount of traveling.Lemon A yellow, sour, acidic citrus fruit.Leprosy A contagious disease that is transmitted by bacteria, causing

lumps and disfiguration.Licence License (US spelling).

A legal document giving official permission to do something; apermit.

Many A lot; a large number of.Maths Math (US)

Shortened word for mathematics; the study of numbers.Mental Of the mind.Mount Climb up or on to something.Nuisance A person or thing that is troublesome or causes inconvenience.Off-licence (Irish, UK)

A place to buy alcoholic drinks and then take them to drink athome or other dwelling.Synonym (US)Liquor store.

Population The number of people who live in a particular area.Recorder A machine that can record sounds for playback.Roll A cylinder formed by rolling flexible material.Sauna A hot, designated room that people voluntarily sit inside.Sculptor A person who makes sculptures.Sports complex A place where people go to play various kinds of sports.Standard of living The level of material comfort available to a person or

community.Tartan (Scottish)

A design of fabric that is used in Scotland to show differentfamilies or clans.

Tasteless Having no flavor; without taste.Terminal The end of a railway or other transport route; a building at an

airport for departure and arrival.Thief Robber; a person who steals items.Thinking Way of processing information or viewing the world.To allocate Assign or distribute.To succeed To reach a target or aim; to be successful.Twin A person who was born at the same birth as a brother or sister.Vacuum cleaner A household appliance that cleans carpets and rugs by sucking

dirt and dist through a tube.Violin A stringed, wooden musical instrument with four strings and

played with a bow.



Vitally Absolutely necessary; essential.E.g. My boss said it is vitally important that we have a meetingsoon.

Voyage A journey.Whale A very large sea mammal with a blow hole on its back.Write-up Phrasal Verb (write up).

To document the faults of someone.



Copyright CAE Computer Aided USA Corp / Computer Aided Elearning SA

APPENDIX – IRREGULAR VERBS

Presente Pasado Participio Significado

be was / were been ser / estar

become became become llegar a ser begin began begun comenzar

break broke broken romper bring brought brought traer

build built built construir buy bought bought comprar

catch caught caught coger choose chose chosen elegir

come came come venir cost cost cost costar

cut cut cut cortar do did done hacer

draw drew drawn dibujar

dream dreamt / dreamt / soñar dreamed dreamed

drink drank drunk beber drive drove driven conducir

eat ate eaten comer fall fell fallen caer

feed fed fed alimentar feel felt felt sentir

find found found encontrar fly flew flown volar

forget forgot forgotten olvidar get got got conseguir

give gave given dar go went gone ir

have had had tener

hear heard heard oír hold held held sostener

hurt hurt hurt doler / hacer daño keep kept kept guardar

know knew known saber / conocer learn learnt / learnt / aprender

learned learned leave left left dejar (un sitio o una cosa)

lend lent lent prestar let let let dejar

lose lost lost perder make made made hacer

meet met met conocerse/encontrarse con put put put poner

The use of this manual is solely restricted to students of this course

read read read leer

ride rode ridden conducir (bicicleta o moto) ring rang rung llamar (por teléfono)

run ran run correr say said said decir

see saw seen ver sell sold sold vender

send sent sent enviar sing sang sung cantar

sit sat sat sentarse sleep slept slept dormir

smell smeled smeled oler speak spoke spoken hablar

spend spent spent gastar stand stood stood estar de pie/incorporarse

steal stole stolen robar

swim swam swum nadar take took taken tomar / coger

teach taught taught enseñar tell told told decir / contar

think thought thought pensar throw threw thrown arrojar / tirar

understand understood understood entender wear wore worn llevar puesto (ropa)

win won won ganar write wrote written escribir

American Dexway Academy - Level B2 - Course...

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