American Civil War

26
1861- 1865

description

AMERICAN CIVIL WAR

Transcript of American Civil War

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1861-1865

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- - population - 22 millionpopulation - 22 million- 90% of ind. goods, esp. munitions- 90% of ind. goods, esp. munitions- efficient railroad system- efficient railroad system- controlled the navy, which could be - controlled the navy, which could be used to blockade s. ports and shut used to blockade s. ports and shut down the s. eco. down the s. eco.- but would have to fight an offensive war - but would have to fight an offensive war (long supply lines, unfamiliar (long supply lines, unfamiliar

territory...)territory...)- capable mil. leaders, inc. Ulysses S. - capable mil. leaders, inc. Ulysses S.

GrantGrant

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Confederates had excellent generals too -Confederates had excellent generals too -Robert E. Lee and Thomas JacksonRobert E. Lee and Thomas Jackson

Defending is always easier than attacking - Defending is always easier than attacking - (familiar w/climate and territory, possible (familiar w/climate and territory, possible psychological advantages)psychological advantages)

Farmers fight better than factory workersFarmers fight better than factory workers Profitable eco. based on cotton exportsProfitable eco. based on cotton exports But disadvantages…a smaller pop. of 9 But disadvantages…a smaller pop. of 9

million (inc. 3.5 million slaves)million (inc. 3.5 million slaves) had to import ind. goods; veryhad to import ind. goods; very

little munitions productionlittle munitions production

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The S. was looking for an add. adv., namely The S. was looking for an add. adv., namely an alliance w/ GB (since GB industry was an alliance w/ GB (since GB industry was dependent on "King Cotton")...but GB was dependent on "King Cotton")...but GB was wary of events and did not want to become wary of events and did not want to become involved:involved: GB had stockpiled cotton as the conflict GB had stockpiled cotton as the conflict

was escalating; they had also found other was escalating; they had also found other sources (Madras, India)sources (Madras, India)

most Br. workers who lost their jobs in most Br. workers who lost their jobs in cotton factories had been able to find cotton factories had been able to find work in the new munitions factories that work in the new munitions factories that were mostly supplying the N. were mostly supplying the N.

most Br. citizens resented slaverymost Br. citizens resented slavery Br. crop failures had led to increased Br. crop failures had led to increased

grain trade w/ the N.grain trade w/ the N.

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A Br. ship. the A Br. ship. the TrentTrent, was intercepted by the N. , was intercepted by the N. on its way to GB from the S.; it was carrying S. on its way to GB from the S.; it was carrying S. "ambassadors"...the N. resented Br. "ambassadors"...the N. resented Br. interference, leading some to call for war; interference, leading some to call for war; Lincoln simply defused the situation by releasing Lincoln simply defused the situation by releasing the ship and the southern "agents"the ship and the southern "agents"

GB had also sold several ships to the S., namely GB had also sold several ships to the S., namely thethe FloridaFlorida and the and the AlabamaAlabama - they had sunk - they had sunk many n. shipsmany n. ships

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A few southerners had managed A few southerners had managed to get into BNA, from which they to get into BNA, from which they launched several raids into the launched several raids into the N.; this inc. a # of bank robberies N.; this inc. a # of bank robberies in Vt. (the best known was the in Vt. (the best known was the St. Alban's RaidSt. Alban's Raid)...some )...some Northerners wanted to invade Northerners wanted to invade BNA as punishmentBNA as punishment

this forced the BNA colonies to this forced the BNA colonies to begin to consider a Confederation begin to consider a Confederation to protect themselves against the to protect themselves against the US...by 1867, GB agreed w/ the US...by 1867, GB agreed w/ the Canadian "Canadian "Fathers of Fathers of ConfederationConfederation" (Canada had " (Canada had become an expensive hassle for become an expensive hassle for the Br…)the Br…)

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It freed the It freed the slaves only in slaves only in states that states that have seceded have seceded from the from the Union.Union.

It did not free It did not free slaves in slaves in border states.border states.

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Lee realized that the South was in dire straits and decided that it was crucial to attack Lee realized that the South was in dire straits and decided that it was crucial to attack the North on its own territorythe North on its own territory

July 1-3, 1863 - July 1-3, 1863 - BATTLE OF GETTYSBURGBATTLE OF GETTYSBURG, Pa., Pa. Confed. bombardment; Union held firmConfed. bombardment; Union held firm on July 3, General Pickett led 15,000 Confed. Troops across open fields - Union mowed on July 3, General Pickett led 15,000 Confed. Troops across open fields - Union mowed

them down (= "them down (= "Pickett’s ChargePickett’s Charge")") Lee was defeated and retreated to VirgniaLee was defeated and retreated to Virgnia Gettysburg is the largest battle in the history of the Western hemisphere.Gettysburg is the largest battle in the history of the Western hemisphere. Over 100, 000 people died in 3 days Over 100, 000 people died in 3 days It was the last time the South invaded the It was the last time the South invaded the

North.North.

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that from these honored dead we that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.perish from the earth.

Abe LincolnAbe Lincoln

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The Monitor

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July 4, 1863 - another Union July 4, 1863 - another Union victory - victory - VICKSBURGVICKSBURG

won by U.S. Grant, cut won by U.S. Grant, cut South in 1/2 and gave the South in 1/2 and gave the Union control of Mississippi Union control of Mississippi RiverRiver

Grant was then given Grant was then given control of all Union armies control of all Union armies began a " began a "scorched earthscorched earth" " policy to defeat the Southpolicy to defeat the South

General Sheridan General Sheridan decimated Va.'s decimated Va.'s ShenandoahShenandoah Valley Valley

General General ShermanSherman given given task of taking Atlanta; his task of taking Atlanta; his ""March through GeorgiaMarch through Georgia"" saw total destruction from saw total destruction from Atlanta to Savannah Atlanta to Savannah

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After the After the Emancipation Emancipation Proclamation blacks Proclamation blacks began to join the began to join the Union ArmyUnion Army

Initially they were only Initially they were only used for manual laborused for manual labor

Eventually, Blacks saw Eventually, Blacks saw live combatlive combat

5454thth regiment out of regiment out of MassachusettsMassachusetts

William Carney

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April 3, 1865 - Grant April 3, 1865 - Grant took Richmond Va. - took Richmond Va. - final blow to Lee's armyfinal blow to Lee's army

Lee surrenders on April Lee surrenders on April 9, 1865 at 9, 1865 at APPOMATTOX APPOMATTOX COURTHOUSECOURTHOUSE

All Confed. troops All Confed. troops forced to take an oath forced to take an oath of loyalty to U.S.of loyalty to U.S.

otherwise, terms of otherwise, terms of surrender were lenient surrender were lenient

Lincoln didn't want a Lincoln didn't want a humiliated South and humiliated South and further conflictfurther conflict

issue of states' rights issue of states' rights now "solved"- fed. gov't now "solved"- fed. gov't had asserted its statushad asserted its status

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After four bloody years of civil war, the South was defeated.

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Over 618,000 military deaths during Civil War.

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POLITICAL / ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTSPOLITICAL / ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS w/o Southerners in fed. gov't, many changes occurred w/o Southerners in fed. gov't, many changes occurred

that benefited the North:that benefited the North: 1) 1) Homestead ActHomestead Act passed by Congress in 1862 - passed by Congress in 1862 -

encouraged W. expansion w/o slaveryencouraged W. expansion w/o slavery - 165 acres given to anyone who would farm it 5 - 165 acres given to anyone who would farm it 5 yrs.yrs.

2) 2) Union-Pacific RailwayUnion-Pacific Railway was authorized - great trade was authorized - great trade potential, focused on the Northern States.potential, focused on the Northern States.

3) 3) TariffsTariffs were put in place to protect Northern industry were put in place to protect Northern industry

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4) Congress established a 4) Congress established a single federal currency - same single federal currency - same value in all states - known as value in all states - known as ""GreenbacksGreenbacks" "

5) to cover war debts, Union 5) to cover war debts, Union gov't issued gov't issued war bondswar bonds and and intro'd intro'd income taxincome tax

6) in a further illustration of 6) in a further illustration of fed. gov't power, Lincoln's fed. gov't power, Lincoln's gov't restricted civil liberties gov't restricted civil liberties so nothing would detract from so nothing would detract from Union war effort (suspended Union war effort (suspended Habeas CorpusHabeas Corpus))- free press/ speech also - free press/ speech also interruptedinterrupted

7) 7) 1864 Election1864 Election - only in Union - only in Union- pitted Republican Lincoln - pitted Republican Lincoln against Democrat General against Democrat General McClellan McClellan Lincoln won Lincoln won easily, assuring that war will easily, assuring that war will continue (N. Democrats continue (N. Democrats wanted an end)wanted an end)

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EFFECTS OF CIVIL WAREFFECTS OF CIVIL WAR creation of a single unified countrycreation of a single unified country abolition of slaveryabolition of slavery increased power to fed. gov't – killed the increased power to fed. gov't – killed the

issue of states rights issue of states rights U.S. now an industrial nationU.S. now an industrial nation a stronger sense of nationalisma stronger sense of nationalism w. lands increasingly opened to w. lands increasingly opened to

settlementsettlement South was economically and physically South was economically and physically

devastated, w/ the plantation system devastated, w/ the plantation system crippled...thus crippled...thus Reconstruction Reconstruction (rebuilding the U.S.) - but a deep hatred (rebuilding the U.S.) - but a deep hatred of the North remained...of the North remained...