America During Its Longest War, 1963-1974 © 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. Chapter 29.

34
America During Its Longest War, 1963-1974 © 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. Chapter 29 Chapter 29

Transcript of America During Its Longest War, 1963-1974 © 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. Chapter 29.

Page 1: America During Its Longest War, 1963-1974 © 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. Chapter 29.

America During Its Longest War, 1963-1974

© 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved.

Chapter 29Chapter 29

Page 2: America During Its Longest War, 1963-1974 © 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. Chapter 29.

The Great Society

• Lyndon Baines Johnson (1963-1969)– Consummate legislative horse trader– Helped transform Texas economy with his

power in Congress– Wanted to expand that transformation to all of

America

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Page 3: America During Its Longest War, 1963-1974 © 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. Chapter 29.

Closing the New Frontier

• Economic Opportunity Act (1964)– Office of Economic Opportunity– VISTA– Job Corps

• Civil Rights Act (1964)– Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)– Title VII

• “Freedom Summer”• Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

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Page 4: America During Its Longest War, 1963-1974 © 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. Chapter 29.

The Election of 1964

• Barry Goldwater– Militant anti-communism– Anti-Civil Rights Act– “Extremism in defense of liberty is no vice”

• Johnson wins spectacularly• Goldwater’s campaign energizes future

Conservative leaders– George Wallace– Ronald Reagan– William Rehnquist

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Page 5: America During Its Longest War, 1963-1974 © 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. Chapter 29.

Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society

• Medicare and Medicaid• Department of Housing and Urban Development

(HUD)• Voting Rights Act (1965)• "War on Poverty"• “Model Cities Program”• Head Start• Community Action Program

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Page 6: America During Its Longest War, 1963-1974 © 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. Chapter 29.

Evaluating the Great Society

• Johnson’s dramatic extension of Washington’s power rekindled debates about government’s role

• Conservative opponents– George Wallace– Barry Goldwater

• Charles Murray Losing Ground (1984)• Great Society: did not redistribute wealth in America• Great Society: first significant investment of federal

money in domestic social programs since the New Deal

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Page 7: America During Its Longest War, 1963-1974 © 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. Chapter 29.

Escalation in Vietnam

• Escalation of the war overseas demanded the administration’s energy and resources

• Vietnam war – alienated many Americans, especially the

young – divided the nation

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Page 8: America During Its Longest War, 1963-1974 © 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. Chapter 29.

The Tonkin Gulf Resolution• Gulf of Tonkin

– Maddox– Turner Joy

• Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964)

• South Vietnam’s government was ineffective and chaotic

• Johnson’s advisors give conflicting advice

• Johnson’s decision: "Rolling Thunder“

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Page 9: America During Its Longest War, 1963-1974 © 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. Chapter 29.

The War Widens

• Intervention in the Dominican Republic• William Westmoreland• "Search and destroy"• Operation RANCHHAND• Johnson’s “light at the end of the tunnel” mindset• “Pacification"• “Strategic hamlet"

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Page 10: America During Its Longest War, 1963-1974 © 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. Chapter 29.

The Media and the War

• Television war coverage: a “living room war”

• “Hawks” v. “doves”

• J. William Fulbright

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Page 11: America During Its Longest War, 1963-1974 © 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. Chapter 29.

The War at Home

• Millions of Americans eventually opposed the war in Vietnam

• By 1968, years of tensions reached a critical point

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Page 12: America During Its Longest War, 1963-1974 © 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. Chapter 29.

A New Left• Young Americans for Freedom (YAF)• Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

– “Port Huron Statement”– "New Left”– Civil Rights– Vietnam– Domestic economic deprivation

• Berkeley “student revolt”• Burning draft cards• “Teach-ins”

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Page 13: America During Its Longest War, 1963-1974 © 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. Chapter 29.

The Counterculture• “Hippies"

• Bob Dylan

• Grateful Dead

• Rolling Stones and Beatles

• Easy Rider and the “new Hollywood”

• Ford Mustang

• March on the Pentagon (1967)– Abbie Hoffman

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Page 14: America During Its Longest War, 1963-1974 © 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. Chapter 29.

American Attitudes Toward the Vietnam War– Responses to the question: “Do you think that the United States made a mistake in

sending troops to fight there?”

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Page 15: America During Its Longest War, 1963-1974 © 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. Chapter 29.

From Civil Rights to Black Power

• King and Selma march• Watts (1965)• "Black Power"• Nation of Islam

– Malcolm X– Elijah Muhammad

• Stokely Carmichael• Black Panthers• Civil Rights Act of 1968• Fair Housing Act

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Page 16: America During Its Longest War, 1963-1974 © 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. Chapter 29.

1968: The Violence Overseas

• "Tet Offensive“

• Westmoreland asks for 206,000 more troops

• Clark Clifford

• "Vietnamization“

• Eugene McCarthy

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Page 17: America During Its Longest War, 1963-1974 © 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. Chapter 29.

1968: The Violence at Home• Devastating Assassinations in 1968:

– Martin Luther King, Jr.• James Earl Ray

– Robert Kennedy

• Nixon promises restoration of “Law and Order”

• Chicago Democratic National Convention– “Police riot”– Hubert Humphrey

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Page 18: America During Its Longest War, 1963-1974 © 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. Chapter 29.

The Election of 1968

• Richard M. Nixon (1969-1974)• Hubert Humphrey• George Wallace

– American Independent Party– Anti-”tax and spend” Washington bureaucracy– Curtis Lemay– “Bombsey twins”

• Nixon victory– “Forgotten Americans”

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Page 19: America During Its Longest War, 1963-1974 © 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. Chapter 29.

The Nixon Years, 1969-1974

• Political background– House of Representatives (1946)– Senate (1950)– Vice-President (1952)

• Preoccupied with settling old scores and confronting new enemies

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The Economy• Staggering decline in the economy

– Costs of war in Vietnam– Deteriorating trade balance– Rising inflation– Soaring unemployment

• “Stagflation”– Economic stagnation coupled with price inflation

• 90 day wage and price freeze• Floating exchange rates

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Page 21: America During Its Longest War, 1963-1974 © 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. Chapter 29.

Social Policy

• Daniel Patrick Moynihan and the Family Assistance Plan (FAP)

• “New federalism”– Block grants

• Supplemental Security Income (SSI)

• “Indexing” of Social Security benefits

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Page 22: America During Its Longest War, 1963-1974 © 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. Chapter 29.

Social Welfare Spending, 1960-1990

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Page 23: America During Its Longest War, 1963-1974 © 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. Chapter 29.

Environmentalism

• Preservationist legislation• Environmentalism

– Rachel Carson Silent Spring (1962)

– Earth Day (1970)

• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)• Clean Air Act of 1970• Endangered Species Act of 1972• Environmental impact statements

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Controversies over Rights• Warren Court and Miranda v. Arizona (1966)• Burger Court and Dandridge v. Williams (1970)• Ralph Nader

– Unsafe at Any Speed (1965)

• Occupational Safety Act (1973)• National Organization for Women (NOW)

– Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

– Phyllis Schlafly’s “Stop ERA”

– Roe v. Wade (1973)

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Page 25: America During Its Longest War, 1963-1974 © 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. Chapter 29.

Foreign Policy Under Nixon and Kissinger

• Henry Kissinger, National Security Adviser– National Security Council– 1973-1977: secretary of state– Engineered grand strategies of foreign policy

• Soviets, China, disengagement in Southeast Asia

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Page 26: America During Its Longest War, 1963-1974 © 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. Chapter 29.

Détente

• Easing of tensions with Soviets and Communist Chinese

• Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I)

• People's Republic of China

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Page 27: America During Its Longest War, 1963-1974 © 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. Chapter 29.

Vietnamization• "Nixon Doctrine"• Cambodia (1970)

– Jackson State College– Kent State University

• My Lai– William Calley

• Christmas bombing• Vietnam Veterans Against the War

– "how do you ask a man to be the last man to die for a mistake” John Kerry April 1971

• Paris Peace Accords (1973)• Collapse of Saigon

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Page 28: America During Its Longest War, 1963-1974 © 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. Chapter 29.

The Aftermath of War

• 1960-1973: 3.5 million men and women served in Vietnam– 58,000 died– 150,000 wounded– 2,000 missing

• Politicians and citizens alike struggled with the conditions and outcome of the war

• “No more Vietnams”

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Page 29: America During Its Longest War, 1963-1974 © 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. Chapter 29.

The Nixon Doctrine

• Kissinger: the U.S. would not dispatch troops to oppose revolutionary insurgencies but would give assistance to anticommunist regimes or factions

• Early 1970s, America supported staunch anticommunist powers with dictatorial governments– Iran, South Africa, Brazil– Covert CIA operations: Chile, 1970

• Senator Frank Church

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Page 30: America During Its Longest War, 1963-1974 © 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. Chapter 29.

The Wars of Watergate• Nixon’s paranoia

– White House secret intelligence unit

• Daniel Ellsberg– "Pentagon Papers"

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Page 31: America During Its Longest War, 1963-1974 © 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. Chapter 29.

The Election of 1972

• CREEP (Committee to Re-Elect the President)

• “Dirty tricksters"

• George McGovern, Democratic candidate

• Twenty-sixth Amendment, 1971– Lowered legal voting age to 18 years

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Page 32: America During Its Longest War, 1963-1974 © 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. Chapter 29.

Nixon Pursued

• Watergate• John Sirica• Sam Ervin• White House tapes• “Executive privilege”• Spiro Agnew• Twenty-fifth Amendment• Gerald Ford, named Vice-President

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Page 33: America During Its Longest War, 1963-1974 © 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. Chapter 29.

Nixon’s Last Days• Archibald Cox

• "Saturday Night Massacre”

• Leon Jaworski

• U.S. v. Nixon (1974)

• Impeachment

• “Smoking gun”

• President Gerald Ford

• Nixon pardoned(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

Page 34: America During Its Longest War, 1963-1974 © 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. Chapter 29.

Conclusion

• Lyndon Johnson’s “Great Society”

• Escalation in Vietnam– Consumed the nation and hurt the economy

• Richard Nixon– Abuse of power and Impeachment

• Generation and racial conflict

• Conflicting definitions of patriotism

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