America Comes of Age 1823-1900 Warning to Europe: 1. The Americas are “closed to future...
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America Comes of Age
1823-1900
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Warning to Europe:1. The Americas are “closed to future colonization by any European powers.”
2. Do not impose your systems of government in the Western Hemisphere.
3. Do not interfere in Latin America “for the purpose of oppressing them, or controlling in any other manner their destiny.”
Our Pledge:We will stay out of European affairs.
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Roots of ExpansionismNational greatness required competition with EuropeManifest Destiny and war with MexicoIndustrial market demandMilitary developmentWhite Man’s Burden
We do not want to fight, But by jingo, if we do,We’ll scoop in all the fishing grounds And the whole dominion too!
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Sanford B. Dole
“The Hawaiian
pear is now fully ripe,
and this is the golden
hour for the United
States to pluck it.”
Cleveland wavered on annexation
1898 Congress proclaimed Hawaii an American territory
1959 Hawaii became the 50th state
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Puck magazine published this cartoondepicting Cuba's difficult situation in the 1890s.
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Joseph Pulitzer’s
World
William Randolph Hearst’s Journal
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Valeriano “Butcher” Weyler
Crisis over Cuba
1895: Anti-Spanish Revolt
US: $50 million invested; $100 million imports
Spanish Commander Weyler’s “reconcentration” policy; 200,000 Cubans died
McKinley: “bidder for the admiration of the crowd”
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A Spanishunderwater
Mine?
On-boardammunitions?
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US War with SpainSpanish make Concessions
McKinley sends war message toCongress
Joint Congressional Legislation:recognized Cuban independence;authorized U.S. force to expelSpanish from Cuba
Teller Amendment: no US “sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control” in Cuba (implication: US will leave once Cuban independence is established)
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Platt Amendment (to 1901 army appropriations bill):
U.S. withdrawal only after Cuba agreed not to make treaties with foreign powers that would limit Cuban independence and not to become indebted to foreign countries; in effect until 1934.
Reoccupied 1906-1909; again 1912; established naval base at Guantanamo Bay
By 1920, US investments reached $500 million
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War in the Philippines
1898 Admiral Dewey steams US fleet into Manila Bay destroying or capturing all 10 Spanish ships
Philippine Islands stepping stone to Chinese markets
US Mission: “to educate the Filipinos, and to uplift and civilize and Christianize them, and by God’s grace do the very best we could by them.”
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Philippines:7,000 islands, 400 inhabited1898: population 5 million
In 1899, 125,000 American troops arrived to put down independence rebellion by
“our little brown brothers.”
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27-year-old Emilio Aguinaldo
The Unruly Philippines
Organized independence movement to oust Spain
Declared Filipino independence and wrote democratic constitution
Ordered attack on U.S. base at Manila when U.S. refused to withdraw from Philippines
Captured by U.S. forces in 1901
20,000 Filipinos die fighting for independence; 4,000 Americans died (10X more than Spanish-American War)
US implements reconcentration policy
1902 Philippine Government Act promises eventual self-government
Independence granted in 1946
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Secretary of State John Hay
China forced to self-divide into spheres of foreign influence
Russia built Manchurian RR
Germany exacted 99-year lease on port of Chaozhou and mining and RR rights in Shandong province
Secretary of State John Hay notes to Europe
Do not interfere with American trading rights in China
Do not grant privileges to traders from own countries
OPEN DOOR TO CHINA
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Anti-Foreign Sentiment
Boxer RebellionSecret Society of the Harmonious Righteous Fists
Killed foreigners and Chinese converts to Christianity1900: Occupied Beijing; fought off by international armyHay issued second notes reaffirming open trade in China
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Panama Canal
1879
• French begin building
• Corruption, mismanagement, yellow fever resulted in $400 million loss in 10 years
• Offered rights from Colombia to US for $109 million; lowered to $40 million
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Hay-Herran Agreement
Granted US 99-year lease on property; $10 million, $250,000/year
Rejected by Colombia, wanted to renegotiate with US
Roosevelt and Philippe Bunau-Varilla (Fr. Co. Official) orchestrated revolution on isthmus of Panama (11/3/03) with US naval ship offshore
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers undertook vigorous drainage project to remove yellow fever mosquito
August 1914: 1st ship traveled through
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THE ROOSEVELT
COROLLARYto the
Monroe Doctrine
Asserting U.S. right to intervene in Latin America
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Speak softly and carry a...
Threatening military force to influence politics in other countries