America Becomes a World America Becomes a World PowerPower

Unit 8 Part 4Unit 8 Part 4

International InterestInternational InterestPages 703-708Pages 703-708

• ImperialismImperialism– What?What?– Why?Why?– Who?Who?

• HawaiiHawaii

• CubaCuba

American ImperialismAmerican Imperialism

• FactorsFactors– Economic competition between nationsEconomic competition between nations– Political and military competitionPolitical and military competition– Belief in racial and cultural superiorityBelief in racial and cultural superiority

• ActionsActions– HawaiiHawaii– CubaCuba– Puerto RicoPuerto Rico

1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business InterestsInterests

1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business InterestsInterests

U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

American Foreign Trade:

1870-1914

American Foreign Trade:

1870-1914

1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business InterestsInterests

1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business InterestsInterests

2. Military/Strategic 2. Military/Strategic InterestsInterests

2. Military/Strategic 2. Military/Strategic InterestsInterests

Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783

Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783

3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking

The White Man’sBurden

The White Man’sBurdenThe Hierarchy

of RaceThe Hierarchy

of Race

4. Religious/Missionary 4. Religious/Missionary InterestsInterests

4. Religious/Missionary 4. Religious/Missionary InterestsInterests

American Missionaries

in China, 1905

American Missionaries

in China, 1905

5. Closing the American 5. Closing the American FrontierFrontier

5. Closing the American 5. Closing the American FrontierFrontier

HawaiiHawaii

• Sugar, Sugar, SugarSugar, Sugar, Sugar– 75% of wealth75% of wealth– No duty (tax) on sugar sold to U.S.No duty (tax) on sugar sold to U.S.– Most plantation owners from U.S.Most plantation owners from U.S.

• Political issuesPolitical issues– Only land owners can voteOnly land owners can vote– U.S. treaty for Pearl HarborU.S. treaty for Pearl Harbor– Change in Hawaii’s rulerChange in Hawaii’s ruler

• Liliuokalani – deposed with help from U.S. militaryLiliuokalani – deposed with help from U.S. military• President Cleveland refuses to recognize as a territory unless President Cleveland refuses to recognize as a territory unless

Hawaiians want itHawaiians want it• President McKinley proclaims Hawaii a U.S. territoryPresident McKinley proclaims Hawaii a U.S. territory

Hawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen Liliuokalani

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

Number #1Number #1

Sanford B. Dole

U. S. Business Interests In U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiHawaii

U. S. Business Interests In U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiHawaii

1875 – Reciprocity 1875 – Reciprocity Treaty Treaty

1890 – McKinley 1890 – McKinley TariffTariff

1893 – AmericanAmericanbusinessmen backed businessmen backed ananuprising against uprising against Queen Queen Liliuokalani.Liliuokalani.

Sanford Ballard Dole Sanford Ballard Dole

proclaims the proclaims the Republic Republic of Hawaii in 1894.of Hawaii in 1894.

To The Victor Belongs the To The Victor Belongs the SpoilsSpoils

To The Victor Belongs the To The Victor Belongs the SpoilsSpoils

Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

Stereotypes of the Stereotypes of the Chinese Chinese

ImmigrantImmigrant

Stereotypes of the Stereotypes of the Chinese Chinese

ImmigrantImmigrant

Oriental [Chinese]

Exclusion Act, 1887

Oriental [Chinese]

Exclusion Act, 1887

The Boxer Rebellion: The Boxer Rebellion: 19001900

The Boxer Rebellion: The Boxer Rebellion: 19001900

The Peaceful Harmonious The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.Fists.

““55 Days at Peking.”55 Days at Peking.”

The Open Door PolicyThe Open Door PolicyThe Open Door PolicyThe Open Door Policy

Secretary John Hay.Secretary John Hay.

Give all nations equalGive all nations equalaccess to trade in China.access to trade in China.

Guaranteed that China would NOT be Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken taken over by any one foreign power.over by any one foreign power.

TheTheOpen Door Open Door

PolicyPolicy

TheTheOpen Door Open Door

PolicyPolicy

Entrance CardEntrance Card

1.1. List two reasons the U.S. goes to war List two reasons the U.S. goes to war with Spain.with Spain.

2.2. List three territories acquired as a result List three territories acquired as a result of the Spanish-American War.of the Spanish-American War.

CUBACUBA

• Cuban Revolution – 1895Cuban Revolution – 1895– U.S. SplitU.S. Split

• Support Spain to protect American business Support Spain to protect American business interestsinterests

• Support Cuban rebels to promote libertySupport Cuban rebels to promote liberty

– Yellow journalism – reporting that exaggerates Yellow journalism – reporting that exaggerates the news to lure new readersthe news to lure new readers• Stirs support for rebelsStirs support for rebels• Creates news Creates news

Spanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in Cuba

Valeriano Weyler’s Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy“Reconcentration” Policy

Valeriano Weyler’s Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy“Reconcentration” Policy

““Yellow Journalism” & Yellow Journalism” & JingoismJingoism

““Yellow Journalism” & Yellow Journalism” & JingoismJingoism

Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer

William Randolph Hearst

William Randolph Hearst

Hearst to Frederick Hearst to Frederick Remington:Remington: You furnish the You furnish the pictures,pictures, and I’ll furnish the war! and I’ll furnish the war!

De Lôme LetterDe Lôme LetterDe Lôme LetterDe Lôme Letter

Dupuy de Lôme, Dupuy de Lôme, SpanishSpanishAmbassador to the Ambassador to the U.S.U.S.

Criticized PresidentCriticized PresidentMcKinley as McKinley as weak and weak and aabidder for the bidder for the admirationadmirationof the crowd, besidesof the crowd, besidesbeing a would-be being a would-be politicianpoliticianwho tries to leave a who tries to leave a doordooropen behind himself open behind himself whilewhilekeeping on good termskeeping on good termswith the jingoes of hiswith the jingoes of hisparty.party.

Remember the MaineRemember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!and to Hell with Spain!Remember the MaineRemember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!and to Hell with Spain!

Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

War with SpainWar with Spain

• Teller Amendment – Attached to Teller Amendment – Attached to declaration of War; states that the U.S. will declaration of War; states that the U.S. will not exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction or not exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction or control over Cuba after the War.control over Cuba after the War.

Spanish-American WarSpanish-American War

• That Splendid Little WarThat Splendid Little War– Dewey & PhilippinesDewey & Philippines– Teddy Roosevelt & Rough RidersTeddy Roosevelt & Rough Riders

• Another Treaty of ParisAnother Treaty of Paris

• American resultsAmerican results

• Anti-Imperialist LeagueAnti-Imperialist League

• Puerto RicoPuerto Rico

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):

“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):

“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

How prepared was the US for war?

How prepared was the US for war?

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):

“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):

“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!

Theodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt

Assistant Assistant Secretary of the Secretary of the Navy in the Navy in the McKinley McKinley administration.administration.

Imperialist and Imperialist and American American nationalist.nationalist.

Criticized Criticized PresidentPresidentMcKinley as McKinley as having the having the backbone of a backbone of a chocolate éclair!chocolate éclair!

Resigns his Resigns his position to fight in position to fight in Cuba.Cuba.

The The “Rough “Rough Riders”Riders”

The The “Rough “Rough Riders”Riders”

The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898

Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.

Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofisland ofGuam.Guam.

The U. S. paid SpainThe U. S. paid Spain$20 mil. for the$20 mil. for thePhilippines.Philippines.

The U. S. becomesThe U. S. becomesan imperial power!an imperial power!

American ImpactsAmerican Impacts

• 350-400 Battle Deaths350-400 Battle Deaths

• 2000-5000 Death by Disease2000-5000 Death by Disease– Typhoid, Malaria, etc.Typhoid, Malaria, etc.– Bad beefBad beef

• UnpreparedUnprepared– Clothing, training, weapons, leadershipClothing, training, weapons, leadership

• StrengthsStrengths– Numbers, NavyNumbers, Navy

Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?

Senator Orville Platt

Senator Orville Platt

Platt Amendment (1903)Platt Amendment (1903)

1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements 1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements withwith foreign powers that would endanger its foreign powers that would endanger its independence.independence.

2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if 2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.independent govt.

3. Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. 3. Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. forfor naval and coaling station. naval and coaling station.

4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public 4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.debt.

Puerto RicoPuerto RicoPuerto RicoPuerto Rico

1901-1903 1901-1903 the the Insular CasesInsular CasesConstitution does Constitution does notnot fully fully

apply to apply to territoriesterritories

1917 – Jones Act 1917 – Jones Act

U.S. Citizenship for Puerto U.S. Citizenship for Puerto RicansRicans

Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”

Emilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo

LLeader of the Filipinoeader of the FilipinoUprising.Uprising.

July 4, 1946:July 4, 1946:Philippine Philippine independenceindependence

William H. Taft, 1stWilliam H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the PhilippinesGov.-General of the Philippines

William H. Taft, 1stWilliam H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the PhilippinesGov.-General of the Philippines

America as a Pacific America as a Pacific PowerPower

America as a Pacific America as a Pacific PowerPower

The American Anti-The American Anti-Imperialist Imperialist LeagueLeague

The American Anti-The American Anti-Imperialist Imperialist LeagueLeague

Founded in 1899.Founded in 1899.

Mark Twain, Mark Twain, Andrew Andrew Carnegie, WilliamCarnegie, WilliamJames, and WilliamJames, and WilliamJennings Bryan Jennings Bryan amongamongthe leaders.the leaders.

Campaigned Campaigned against the against the annexation of theannexation of thePhilippines and Philippines and otherotheracts of imperialism.acts of imperialism.

Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• Panama CanalPanama Canal– Why?Why?– Who?Who?– How?How?

• Monroe Doctrine (TR Version)Monroe Doctrine (TR Version)

• US-Japan RelationsUS-Japan Relations

Panama: The King’s Panama: The King’s CrownCrown

Panama: The King’s Panama: The King’s CrownCrown

1850 1850 Clayton- Clayton-BulwerBulwerTreaty (US not allowed Treaty (US not allowed to get exclusive to get exclusive control over Panama control over Panama route)route)

1901 1901 Hay- Hay-PauncefortePaunceforteTreaty (US free to Treaty (US free to build and fortify a build and fortify a canal) canal)

Panama revolution?Panama revolution?

1903 1903 Hay-Bunau- Hay-Bunau-Varilla TreatyVarilla Treaty. . (US (US purchases rights from purchases rights from French)French)

Panama CanalPanama CanalPanama CanalPanama Canal

TR in Panama(Construction

begins in 1904)

TR in Panama(Construction

begins in 1904)

The Roosevelt Corollary The Roosevelt Corollary to the to the

Monroe Doctrine: Monroe Doctrine: 1905 1905

The Roosevelt Corollary The Roosevelt Corollary to the to the

Monroe Doctrine: Monroe Doctrine: 1905 1905

Chronic wrongdoing… Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately elsewhere, ultimately require intervention require intervention by some civilized by some civilized nation, and in the nation, and in the Western Hemisphere Western Hemisphere the adherence of the the adherence of the United States to the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may Monroe Doctrine may force the United force the United States, however States, however reluctantly, in flagrant reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such cases of such wrongdoing or wrongdoing or impotence, to the impotence, to the exercise of an exercise of an international police international police powerpower .

Speak Softly,Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!But Carry a Big Stick!

Speak Softly,Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!But Carry a Big Stick!

Constable of the WorldConstable of the WorldConstable of the WorldConstable of the World

Treaty of Portsmouth: Treaty of Portsmouth: 19051905

Treaty of Portsmouth: Treaty of Portsmouth: 19051905

Nobel Peace Prize for TeddyNobel Peace Prize for Teddy

Yellow PerilYellow Peril

• Post Russo-Japanese WarPost Russo-Japanese War– Laborers flock to CaliforniaLaborers flock to California

• Racial tensionsRacial tensions– School discriminationSchool discrimination

• Gentlemen’s AgreementGentlemen’s Agreement– Japan agrees to limit (eliminate?) laborers Japan agrees to limit (eliminate?) laborers

headed to Californiaheaded to California

The Great White Fleet: The Great White Fleet: 19071907

The Great White Fleet: The Great White Fleet: 19071907

The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910s

The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910s

Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Victoriano Huerta seizes control of MexicoMexico

Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against Huerta.against Huerta.

The U.S. also got involved by The U.S. also got involved by occupying occupying Veracruz and Huerta fled the Veracruz and Huerta fled the country.country.

Carranza gained power in Mexico (US Carranza gained power in Mexico (US recognizes him as President).recognizes him as President).

Pancho Villa feels betrayed and Pancho Villa feels betrayed and attacks USattacks US

Pershing sent to catch Pancho VillaPershing sent to catch Pancho Villa

Searching for Searching for BanditosBanditosSearching for Searching for BanditosBanditos

General John J. Pershing with PanchoGeneral John J. Pershing with PanchoVilla in 1914.Villa in 1914.

Wilson’s “Moral Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

Wilson’s “Moral Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

The U. S. shouldThe U. S. shouldbe the consciencebe the conscienceof the world.of the world.

Spread Spread democracy.democracy.

Promote peace.Promote peace.

Condemn Condemn colonialism.colonialism.