America and the Second World War
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America and the Second World
War
History 17B Lecture 9
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A World Transformed• From economic fears in
Great Depression to fears of personal loss during World War II.
• America emerged from war stronger.
• Lecture Goals– Analyze economic,
social, and international changes of the war.
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Fascism in Italy and Germany• Economic discontent and desperation
breeds nationalism and xenophobia.• Hitler calls for lebensraum (living
space) in the East.
• Blitzkrieg into Poland, September 1, 1939.– France falls, June 22, 1940
• Hitler invades USSR in Spring 1941.– Two-Front War.
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Militarism in Japan
• Japan expands colonial empire into China (1931, 1937)
• Rape of Nanking– 200,000-300,000 killed
• Unspeakable horrors committed in China– 10-30 million deaths.
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American Isolation
• Disillusionment after WWI • “America First” and Neutrality Acts
– Bans economic and military aid to nations at war.• Roosevelt recognized threat and began rearming in
1940
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War in the Pacific• Roosevelt’s hard line with Japan to protect U.S.
economic/strategic interests in Asia:– Economic and oil embargo.
• Why Pearl Harbor?– Japanese hope to knock out U.S. navy and force
negotiations.– 2,400+ Americans killed in December 7 attack.
General Tojo
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The World at War
Japan, Germany, Italy (Axis Powers)vs.
U.S., Great Britain, U.S.S.R. (Allies)
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The Home Front• Employment
– Work was plentiful.– Overtime mandatory in many
industries.
• Prosperity and Sacrifice(?)– Domestic consumption doubles during
time of rationing. (Black market?)– Profiteering
• Corporate profits up 68%.
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Home Front Unity• Home front participation in war
effort to promote unity:– Victory gardens, war bond drives,
scrap metal drives.
• Posters promoted sentiments that united Americans– Willingness to sacrifice– Urge to participate– Fostering of a sense of peril and hatred
of enemy.
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Willingness to Sacrifice
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Urge to Participate
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Urge to Participate
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Loose lips…sink ships.
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Peril and Hatred of the Enemy
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Ethnic/Racial Tension
• Outpouring of loyalty by minorities and white ethnic groups (i.e., Italian and German Americans).– Navajo code talkers– 442nd Japanese American Battalion most highly decorated
during WWII.
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Ethnic/Racial Tension
• Closer contact between whites and minorities leads to tension and violence.
• Detroit riots (June 1943)– 34 dead, $2 million property damage
• Los Angeles Zoot-Suit Riots (June 1943)
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A Racial War• Soldier Perceptions
– Dehumanized American GIs kill Japanese without remorse (even POWs)
• Military indoctrination– Collection of body parts.
• “Yellow Peril”– “Asian hordes”
overrunning the West?– Japanese propaganda:
Whites vs. Asians
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Chinese Allies
• Filipino- and Chinese-American advances.
• Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 partially repealed.– Chinese residents
allowed U.S. citizenship.
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African American Soldiers
• Discrimination in military but still showed bravery in combat.
• Executive Order 8802 (June 24, 1941)– A policy of non-discrimination in federal employment.– Defense contracts with government required to contain
nondiscrimination clauses.
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Japanese Internment
• 120,000 Japanese Americans relocated.– 2/3 were American born
citizens.• Why?
– Racism and War Hysteria.
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Early Discrimination• Nativist movement arises in
early 1900s against influx of Japanese laborer.
• Family communities form businesses that compete with white Americans.
• Alien Land Laws and citizenship exclusion.– Had to be white for naturalized citizenship.
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Mass Hysteria and Racism
• A Presidential Commission and the FBI both concluded that Japanese Americans posed no security threat.– Yet racist assumptions that “racial characteristics” defined
American born Japanese as disloyal guided policy.
• Economic opportunism.
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Relocation
• Executive Order 9066 signed by Roosevelt (February 1942)
• Japanese descent (neither German nor Italian) to be relocated.
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Orphans
• Army emptied orphanages and removed Japanese American children from foster homes from Alaska down to San Diego.– Kids with as little as 1/8th ancestry relocated.
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Returning Home
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• War made America stronger and served as a catalyst for change:
– Minorities, women, economy.
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Peace• War had a tremendous
effect on American confidence.– Nazi death camps and
extent of Japanese atrocities strengthened idea of an American moral crusade.
• Most Americans agreed:– Could never return to
isolationism.