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Advanced Micro

Devices

Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (NYSE: AMD) orAMD is an American multinational semiconductorcompany based in Sunnyvale, California, thatdevelops computer processors and relatedtechnologies for commercial and consumermarkets. Its main products includemicroprocessors, motherboard chipsets, embeddedprocessors and graphics processors for servers,workstations and personal computers, andembedded systems applications.

AMD is the second-largest global supplier ofmicroprocessors based on the x86 architecture(behind Intel) and also one of the largest suppliersof graphics processing units. It also owns 8.6% ofSpansion, a supplier of non-volatile flashmemory.[6]

AMD is the only significant rival to Intel in thecentral processor (CPU) market for (x86 based)personal computers. Since acquiring ATI in 2006,AMD and its competitorNvidia have dominated

the discrete graphics processor unit (GPU)market.[7]

Corporate history

Advanced Micro Devices was founded on May 1,1969,[8] by a group of former executives fromFairchild Semiconductor, including Jerry SandersIII, Ed Turney, John Carey, Sven Simonsen, JackGifford and three members from Gifford's team, Frank Botte, Jim Giles, and Larry Stenger. Thecompany began as a producer of logic chips, then entered the RAM chip business in 1975. That

same year, it introduced a reverse-engineered clone of the Intel 8080 microprocessor. During thisperiod, AMD also designed and produced a series ofbit-slice processor elements (Am2900,Am29116, Am293xx) which were used in various minicomputer designs.

During this time, AMD attempted to embrace the perceived shift towards RISC with their ownAMD 29K processor, and also attempted to diversify into graphics and audio devices as well asEPROM memory. It had some success in the mid-1980s with the AMD7910 and AMD7911"World Chip" FSK modem, one of the first multistandard devices that covered both Bell andCCITT tones at up to 1200 baud half duplex or 300/300 full duplex. The AMD 29K survived asan embedded processor and AMD spinoff Spansion continues to make flash memory. AMDdecided to switch gears and concentrate solely on Intel-compatible microprocessors and flash

memory, placing them in direct competition with Intel for x86-compatible processors and theirflash memory secondary markets.

AMD announced the acquisition ofATI Technologies on July 24, 2006. AMD paid $4.3 billionin cash and 58 million shares of its stock, for a total of US$5.4 billion. The transaction completedon October 25, 2006.[9]Since 2010, all of the company's graphics processing products have beenmarketed under the AMD brand name.[10]

Type Public

Traded as

NYSE: AMD S&P 500 Component

Industry Semiconductors

Founded May 1, 1969

Founder(s)

Jerry SandersEdwin TurneyAdditional co-founders

HeadquartersOne AMD Place,Sunnyvale, California, U.S.

Area served Worldwide

Key peopleBruce Claflin(Executive Chairman)Rory Read (CEO)

Products

MicroprocessorsMotherboard chipsetsGraphics processorsRandom-access memory[2]TV tuner cards[3]

RevenueUS$ 6.568 billion (2012)

Operating income US$ 824 million (2012)

Net income US$ 495 million (2012)

Total assets US$ 4.954 billion (2012)

Total equity US$ 1.013 billion (2012)

Employees 11,705 (2012)

Website AMD.com

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It was reported in December 2006 that AMD, along with its main rival in the graphics industryNvidia, received subpoenas from the Justice Department regarding possible antitrust violations inthe graphics card industry, including the act of fixing prices.[11]

In October 2008, AMD announced plans to spin off manufacturing operations in the form of a

multibillion-dollar joint venture with Advanced Technology Investment Co., an investmentcompany formed by the government ofAbu Dhabi. The new venture is called GlobalFoundriesInc.. This partnership will allow AMD to focus solely on chip design.[12] The spin off wasaccompanied by the loss of approximately 1000 jobs, or about 10% of AMD's globalworkforce.[13]

In August 2011, AMD announced that formerLenovo executive Rory Read would be joining thecompany as CEO, following Dirk Meyer.[14]

To secure cost savings and support workforce revisions focused on the development of low-power computing hardware, AMD announced in November 2011 plans to lay off more than 10%

(1400) of its employees from across all divisions worldwide.

[13]

This action was to havecompleted by Q1 2012 with most exits before Christmas 2011.[13]AMD announced in October2012 plans to release an additional 15% of its workforce with an unspecified effective date toreduce costs in the face of declining sales revenue.[15]

AMD acquired the low-power server manufacturerSeaMicro in early 2012 as part of a strategyto regain lost market share in the server chip market.[16]

Processor market history

Early AMD 8080 Processor (AMD AM9080ADC / C8080A), 1977

AMD D8086, 1978

IBM PC and the x86 architecture

In February 1982, AMD signed a contract with Intel, becoming a licensed second-sourcemanufacturer of8086 and 8088processors. IBM wanted to use the Intel 8088 in its IBM PC, butIBM's policy at the time was to require at least two sources for its chips. AMD later produced theAm286 under the same arrangement, but Intel canceled the agreement in 1986 and refused toconvey technical details of the i386 part. AMD challenged Intel's decision to cancel the

agreement and won in arbitration, but Intel disputed this decision. A long legal dispute followed,ending in 1994 when the Supreme Court of California sided with AMD. Subsequent legaldisputes centered on whether AMD had legal rights to use derivatives of Intel's microcode. In theface of uncertainty, AMD was forced to develop clean room designed versions of Intel code.

In 1991, AMD released the Am386, its clone of the Intel 386 processor. It took less than a yearfor the company to sell a million units. Later, the Am486 was used by a number of large originalequipment manufacturers, including Compaq, and proved popular. Another Am486-based

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product, the Am5x86, continued AMD's success as a low-price alternative. However, as productcycles shortened in the PC industry, the process of reverse engineering Intel's products becamean ever less viable strategy for AMD.

K5, K6, Athlon, Duron, and Sempron

AMD's first in-house x86 processor was the K5, which was launched in 1996.[17]The "K" was areference to Kryptonite. (In comic books, the only substance which could harm Superman wasKryptonite, which was formed from radioactive pieces of his home planet, Krypton. Intel waslike Superman, because they dominated the market.[18]) The numeral "5" refers to the fifthprocessor generation, which Intel introduced as Pentium, because the US Trademark and PatentOffice ruled that mere numbers could not be trademarked.

In 1996, AMD purchased NexGen, specifically for the rights to their Nx series of x86-compatible processors. AMD gave the NexGen design team their own building, left them alone,and gave them time and money to rework the Nx686. The result was the K6 processor,

introduced in 1997. Although the K6 was based on Socket 7, variants such as K6-3/450 werefaster than Intel's Pentium II (sixth generation processor).

The K7 was AMD's seventh-generation x86 processor, making its debut on June 23, 1999, underthe brand name Athlon. Unlike previous AMD processors, it could not be used on the samemotherboards as Intel's, due to licensing issues surrounding Intel's Slot 1 connector, and insteadused a Slot A connector, referenced to the Alphaprocessor bus. The Duron was a lower-cost andlimited version of the Athlon (64KB instead of 256KB L2 cache) in a 462-pin socketed PGA(socket A) or soldered directly onto the motherboard. Sempron was released as a lower-costAthlon XP, replacing Duron in the socket A PGA era. It has since been migrated upward to allnew sockets, up to AM3.

On October 9, 2001, the Athlon XP was released. On February 10, 2003, the Athlon XP with512KB L2 Cache was released.[19]

Athlon 64, Opteron and Phenom

The K8 was a major revision of the K7 architecture, with the most notable features being theaddition of a 64-bit extension to the x86 instruction set (called x86-64, AMD64, or x64), theincorporation of an on-chip memory controller, and the implementation of an extremely highperformance point-to-point interconnect called HyperTransport, as part of the Direct ConnectArchitecture. The technology was initially launched as the Opteron server-oriented processor on

April 22, 2003.[20]

Shortly thereafter it was incorporated into a product for desktop PCs, brandedAthlon 64.[21]

On April 21, 2005, AMD released the first dual core Opteron, an x86-based server CPU.[22]Amonth later, AMD released the Athlon 64 X2, the first desktop-based dual core processorfamily.[23] In early May 2007, AMD had abandoned the string "64" in its dual-core desktopproduct branding, becoming Athlon X2, downplaying the significance of64-bit computing in itsprocessors. Upcoming updates involved some of the improvements to the microarchitecture, anda shift of target market from mainstream desktop systems to value dual-core desktop systems. In2008, AMD started to release dual-core Sempron processors exclusively in China, branded as theSempron 2000 series, with lower HyperTransport speed and smaller L2 cache. Thus AMD

completed its dual-core product portfolio for each market segment.

After K8 came K10. On September 10, 2007, AMD released the first K10 processors: nine quad-core Third Generation Opteron processors. This was followed by the Phenom processor fordesktop. K10 processors came in dual-core, triple-core,[24]and quad-core versions, with all coreson a single die. AMD released a new platform, codenamed "Spider", which utilized the newPhenom processor, as well as an R770 GPU and a 790 GX/FX chipset from the AMD 700

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chipset series. However, AMD built the Spider at 65nm, which was uncompetitive with Intel'ssmaller and more power-efficient 45nm.

In January 2009, AMD released a new processor line dubbed Phenom II, a refresh of the originalPhenombuilt using the 45 nm process. AMD's new platform, codenamed Dragon, utilised the

new Phenom II processor, and an ATI R770 GPU from the R700 GPU family, as well as a 790GX/FX chipset from the AMD 700 chipset series. The Phenom II came in dual-core, triple-coreand quad-core variants, all using the same die, with cores disabled for the triple-core and dual-core versions. The Phenom II resolved issues that the original Phenom had, including low clockspeed, a small L3 cache and a Cool'n'Quietbug that decreased performance. The Phenom II wasprice- and performance-competitive with Intel's mid-to-high-range Core 2 Quads. The Phenom IIalso enhanced the Phenom's memory controller, allowing it to use DDR3 in a new native socketAM3, while maintaining backwards compatibility with AM2+, the socket used for the Phenom,and allowing the use of the DDR2 memory that was used with the platform.

In April 2010, AMD released a new Phenom II hexa-core (6-core) processor codenamed

"Thuban". This was a totally new die based on the hexa-core Istanbul Opteronprocessor. Itincluded AMD's turbo core technology, which allows the processor to automatically switchfrom 6 cores to 3 faster cores when more pure speed is needed. AMD's Enthusiast platform,codenamed Leo, utilized the new Phenom II, a new chipset from the AMD 800 chipset seriesand an ATI Cypress GPU from the Evergreen (GPU family) GPU series.

The Magny Cours and Lisbon server parts were released in 2010.[dated info] The Magny Cours partcame in 8 to 12 cores and the Lisbon part came in 4 and 6 core parts. Magny Cours is focused onperformance while the Lisbon part is focused on high performance per watt. Magny Cours is anMCM (Multi-Chip Module) with two hexa-core IstanbulOpteronparts. This will use a newG34 socket for dual and quad socket processors and thus will be marketed as Opteron 61xx

series processors. Lisbon uses C32 socket certified for dual socket use or single socket use onlyand thus will be marketed as Opteron 41xx processors. Both will be built on a 45 nm SOIprocess.

Fusion, Bobcat and Bulldozer

After the merger between AMD and ATI, an initiative codenamed Fusionwas announced thatwill merge a CPU and GPU on some of their mainstream chips, including a minimum 16 lanePCI Express link to accommodate external PCI Express peripherals, thereby eliminating therequirement of a northbridge chip completely from the motherboard. The initiative will see someof the processing originally done on the CPU (e.g. floating-point unit operations) moved to the

GPU, which is better optimized for calculations such as floating-point unit calculations. This isreferred to by AMD as an accelerated processing unit (APU).[25]

Llano is to be the second APU released,[26] targeted at the mainstream market.[25] This willincorporate a CPU and GPU on the same die, as well as the northbridge functions, and labeled onAMD's new timeline as using "Socket FM1" with DDR3 memory. This will, however, not bebased on the new bulldozer core and will in fact be similar to the current Phenom II "Deneb"processor serving as AMD's high-end processor until the release of the new 32 nm parts. OnSeptember 28, 2011, AMD said that the third quarter of 2011 won't have a 10% revenue increaseas AMD planned before, because of the manufacturing problem with the 32 nm Llano Fusionchips.[27]

Bulldozer is Advanced Micro Devices' (AMD) CPU codename for the latest server and desktopprocessors released on October 12, 2011. This family 15h microarchitecture is the successor tothe family 10h (K10) microarchitectureM-SPACEdesign methodology.

Bulldozer is designed from scratch, not a development of earlier processors.[28] The core isspecifically aimed at 10-125 watt TDP computing products. AMD claims dramatic performance-

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per-watt efficiency improvements in high-performance computing (HPC) applications withBulldozer cores.

Bobcat is the latest x86processor core from AMD aimed at low-power/low-cost market.

It was revealed during a speech from AMD executive vice-president Henri Richard in Computex2007 and was put into production Q1 2011.[26]One of the major supporters was executive vice-president Mario A. Rivas who felt it was difficult to compete in the x86 market with a singlecore optimized for the 10-100 Watts range and actively promoted the development of the simplercore with a target range of 1-10 Watts. In addition, it was believed that the core could migrateinto the hand-held space if the power consumption can be reduced to less than 1 W.

ARM architecture-based chip

AMD intends to release in 2014 an ARM chip for use in servers as a low-power alternative tocurrent x86 chips as part of a strategy to regain lost market share in the server chip business.[16]

Products and technologies

Graphics products

AMD's portfolio of dedicated graphics processors includes product families and associatedtechnologies aimed at the consumer, professional and high-performance computing markets.

Radeonis AMD's line of consumer 3D accelerator add-in cards. Mobility Radeon is aseries of power-optimized versions of Radeon graphics chips for use in laptops. Theyintroduced innovations such as modularized RAM chips, DVD (MPEG2) acceleration,notebook GPU card sockets, and power management technology. AMD recentlyannounced DirectX 11.1-compatible versions of its mobile processors.[29]

FirePro is AMD's line of professional graphics processors forworkstations. Based on theRadeon series, it succeeds the FireGL series of workstation CAD/CAM video cards, andthe FireMV series for workstations with 2D acceleration.

FireStream is a stream processor designed to utilize the stream processing/GPGPU(General Purpose Graphics Processing Units) concept for heavy floating-pointcomputations to target various industries, such as the High Performance Computing(HPC), scientific, and financial sectors. The AMD FireStream can also be used as afloating-point co-processorfor offloading CPU calculations, which is part of the Torrenzainitiative.

EyeFinity Allows up to 6 monitors to be connected to one card to allow surround-screen panoramic view.

EyeSpeedAllows to experience games with true-to-life actions-and reactions. Featuressuch as physics effects, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and more.

AMD Catalyst is a collection of proprietary device drivers software available for most platforms,including Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. Linux users can also opt to use open-source drivers, whose development is assisted by AMD. Hardware component companies whichonly provide proprietary drivers have always been urged by the free-software community tomake their drivers free software, or at least provide the necessary documentation for thecommunity to write their own drivers.

Since 2007, the AMD has partly cooperated with the development of free graphics drivers, buthave not made their Catalyst drivers free. The programming specifications for a number ofchipsets and features were published in several rounds. This greatly changed their support of thedevelopment of free graphics drivers, as until that moment only unsupported free drivers existed.Besides releasing the specifications, AMD also funded the development of new "open source"drivers, and has even hired some employees to actively work on free software drivers.[30][

dead link]

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AMD chipsets

Before the launch ofAthlon 64processors in 2003, AMD designed chipsets for their processorsspanning the K6 and K7processor generations. The chipsets include the AMD-640, AMD-751and the AMD-761 chipsets. The situation changed in 2003 with the release of Athlon 64

processors, and AMD chose not to further design its own chipsets for its desktop processorswhile opening the desktop platform to allow other firms to design chipsets. This was the OpenPlatform Management Architecture with ATI, VIA and SiS developing their own chipset forAthlon 64processors and laterAthlon 64 X2 and Athlon 64 FXprocessors, including the QuadFX platform chipset from Nvidia.

The initiative went further with the release of Opteron server processors as AMD stopped thedesign of server chipsets in 2004 after releasing the AMD-8111 chipset, and again opened theserver platform for firms to develop chipsets for Opteron processors. As of today, Nvidia andBroadcom are the sole designing firms of server chipsets for Opteron processors.

As the company completed the acquisition of ATI Technologies in 2006, the firm gained the ATIdesign team for chipsets which previously designed the Radeon Xpress 200 and the RadeonXpress 3200 chipsets. AMD then renamed the chipsets for AMD processors under AMDbranding (for instance, the CrossFire Xpress 3200 chipset was renamed as AMD 580X CrossFirechipset). In February 2007, AMD announced the first AMD-branded chipset since 2004 with therelease of the AMD 690G chipset (previously under the development codenameRS690), targetedat mainstream IGP computing. It was the industry's first to implement a HDMI 1.2 port onmotherboards, shipping for more than a million units. While ATI had aimed at releasing an IntelIGP chipset, the plan was scrapped and the inventories of Radeon Xpress 1250 (codenamedRS600, sold under ATI brand) was sold to two OEMs, Abit and ASRock. Although AMD statesthe firm will still produce Intel chipsets, Intel had not granted the license of 1333 MHz FSB to

ATI.

On November 15, 2007, AMD announced a new chipset series portfolio, the AMD 7-Serieschipsets, covering from enthusiast multi-graphics segment to value IGP segment, to replace theAMD 480/570/580 chipsets and AMD 690 series chipsets, marking AMD's first enthusiast multi-graphics chipset. Discrete graphics chipsets were launched on November 15, 2007 as part of thecodenamed Spiderdesktop platform, and IGP chipsets were launched at a later time in Spring2008 as part of the codenamed Cartwheelplatform.

AMD returned to the server chipsets market with the AMD 800S series server chipsets. Itincludes support for up to six SATA 6.0 Gbit/s ports, the C6 power state, which is featured in

Fusion processors and AHCI 1.2 with SATA FISbased switching support. This is a chipsetfamily supporting Phenomprocessors and Quad FX enthusiast platform (890FX), IGP(890GX).

AMD Live!

As of 2007, AMD LIVE! was a platform marketing initiative focusing the consumer electronicssegment, with an Active TV initiative for streaming Internet videos from web video servicessuch as YouTube, into AMD Live! PC as well as connected digital TVs, together with a schemefor an ecosystem of certified peripherals for the ease of customers to identify peripherals forAMD LIVE! systems for digital home experience, called "AMD LIVE! Ready".[31]

AMD Quad FX platform

The AMD Quad FX platform, being an extreme enthusiast platform, allows two processors toconnect through HyperTransport, which is a similar setup to dual-processor (2P) servers,excluding the use of buffered memory/registered memory DIMM modules, and a servermotherboard, the current setup includes two Athlon 64 FX-70 series processors and a specialmotherboard.[32] AMD pushed the platform for the surging demands for what AMD calls

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"megatasking",[33] the ability to do more tasks on a single system. The platform refreshes withthe introduction ofPhenom FXprocessors and the next-generation RD790 chipset, codenamed"FASN8".

Commercial platform

AMD's first multi-processorserver platform, codenamedFiorano, consists ofAMD SR5690 +SP5100 server chipsets, supporting 45 nm, codenamed Shanghai Socket F+ processors andregistered DDR2 memory. It was followed by the Maranelloplatform supporting 45 nm,codenamedIstanbul, Socket G34processors with DDR3 memory. On single-processor platform,the codenamed Catalunyaplatform consists of codenamed Suzuka 45 nm quad-core processorwith AMD SR5580 + SP5100 chipset and DDR3 support.[34]

AMD's x86 virtualization extension to the 64-bit x86 architecture is named AMD Virtualization,also known by the abbreviation AMD-V, and is sometimes referred to by the code name"Pacifica". AMD processors using Socket AM2, Socket S1, and Socket F include AMD

Virtualization support. AMD Virtualization is also supported by release two (8200, 2200 and1200 series) of the Opteron processors. The third generation (8300 and 2300 series) of Opteronprocessors will see an update in virtualization technology, specifically the Rapid VirtualizationIndexing (also known by the development nameNested Page Tables), alongside the Tagged TLBand Device Exclusion Vector (DEV).

AMD also promotes the "AMD I/O Virtualization Technology" (also known as IOMMU) for I/Ovirtualization.[35] The AMD IOMMU specification has been updated to version 1.2.[36] Thespecification describes the use of a HyperTransport architecture.

AMD's commercial initiatives include the following:

AMD Trinity, provides support for virtualization, security and management. Key featuresinclude AMD-V technology, codenamed Presidio trusted computing platformtechnology, I/O Virtualization and Open Management Partition.[37]

AMD Raiden, future clients similar to the Jack PC[38]to be connected through network toa blade server for central management, to reduce client form factor sizes with AMDTrinity features.

Torrenza,coprocessors support through interconnects such as HyperTransport, and PCIExpress (though more focus was at HyperTransport enabled coprocessors), also openingprocessor socket architecture to other manufacturers, Sun and IBM are among thesupporting consortium, with rumoured POWER7processors would be socket-compatible

to future Opteron processors. The move made rival Intel respond with the opening ofFront Side Bus (FSB) architecture as well as Geneseo,[39] a collaboration project withIBM for coprocessors connected through PCI Express.

Various certified systems programs and platforms: AMD Commercial Stable ImagePlatform (CSIP), together with AMD Validated Server program, AMD True ServerSolutions, AMD Thermally Tested Barebones Platforms and AMD Validated ServerProgram, providing certified systems for business from AMD.

Desktop platforms

Starting in 2007, AMD, following Intel, began using codenames for its desktop platforms such as

SpiderorDragon. The platforms, unlike Intel's approach, will refresh every year, putting focuson platform specialization. The platform includes components as AMD processors, chipsets, ATIgraphics and other features, but continued to the open platform approach, and welcomecomponents from other vendors such as VIA, SiS, and Nvidia, as well as wireless productvendors.

Updates to the platform includes the implementation of IOMMU I/O Virtualization with 45 nmgeneration of processors, and the AMD 800 chipset series in 2009.[40]

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Embedded systems

In February 2002, AMD acquired Alchemy Semiconductor for its Alchemy line of MIPSprocessors for the hand-held and portable media player markets. On June 13, 2006, AMDofficially announced that the line was to be transferred to Raza Microelectronics, Inc., a designer

of MIPS processors for embedded applications.[41]

In August 2003, AMD also purchased the Geode business which was originally the CyrixMediaGX from National Semiconductorto augment its existing line of embedded x86 processorproducts. During the second quarter of 2004, it launched new low-power Geode NX processorsbased on the K7 Thoroughbred architecture with speeds of fanless processors 667 MHz and 1GHz, and 1.4 GHz processor with fan, of TDP 25 W. This technology is used in a variety ofembedded systems (Casino slot machines and customer kiosks for instance), several UMPCdesigns in Asia markets, as well as the OLPC XO-1 computer, an inexpensive laptop computerintended to be distributed to children in developing countries around the world. The Geode LXprocessor was announced in 2005 and is said will continue to be available through 2015.

For the past couple of years AMD has been introducing 64-bit processors into its embeddedproduct line starting with the AMD Opteronprocessor. Leveraging the high throughput enabledthrough HyperTransport and the Direct Connect Architecture these server class processors havebeen targeted at high end telecom and storage applications. In 2007 AMD added the AMDAthlon, AMD Turion and Mobile AMD Sempron processors to its embedded product line.Leveraging the same 64-bit instruction set and Direct Connect Architecture as the AMD Opteronbut at lower power levels, these processors were well suited to a variety of traditional embeddedapplications. Throughout 2007 and into 2008 AMD has continued to add both single-core MobileAMD Sempron and AMD Athlon processors and dual-core AMD Athlon X2 and AMD Turionprocessors to its embedded product line and now offers embedded 64-bit solutions starting with

8W TDP Mobile AMD Sempron and AMD Athlon processors for fan-less designs up to multi-processor systems leveraging multi-core AMD Opteron processors all supporting longer thanstandard availability.[42]

The ATI acquisition included the Imageon and Xilleon product lines. In late 2008, the entirehandheld division was sold off to Qualcomm, who have since produced the Adreno series. TheXilleon division was sold to Broadcom.

In April 2007, AMD announced the release of the M690T integrated graphics chipset forembedded designs. This enabled AMD to offer complete processor and chipset solutions targetedat embedded applications requiring high performance 3D and video such as emerging digital

signage, kiosk and Point of Sale applications. The M690T was followed by the M690Especifically for embedded applications which removed the TV output, which requiredMacrovision licensing for OEMs, and enabled native support for dual TMDS outputs, enablingdual independent DVI interfaces.

In 2008, AMD announced the Radeon E2400, the first discrete GPU in their embedded productline offering the same long term availability as their other embedded products. That wasfollowed in 2009 with the higher performance Redeon E4690 discrete GPU.

In 2009, AMD announced their first BGA packaged e64 architecture processors, known as theASB1 family.

In 2010, AMD announced a second generation BGA platform referred to as ASB2. They alsoannounced several new AM3 based processors with support for DDR3 memory.

In January 2011, AMD Announced the AMD Embedded G-Series Accelerated Processing Unit.The first Fusion family APU for embedded applications. This announcement was followed byannouncements for the high performance AMD Radeon E6760 and the value-conscious Radeon

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E6460 discrete GPUs. These solutions all added support for DirectX 11, OpenGL 4.1 andOpenCL 1.1.

In May 2012, AMD Announced the AMD Embedded R-Series[43] Accelerated Processing Unit.This family of products incorporates the Bulldozer CPU architecture, and Discrete-class AMD

Radeon HD 7000G Series graphics.

AMD Embedded solution offer 5+ year product life.

Other initiatives

50x15, digital inclusion, with targeted 50% of world population to be connected throughInternet via affordable computers by the year of 2015.

The Green Grid,[44]founded by AMD together with other founders, such as IBM, Sun andMicrosoft, to seek lower power consumption for grids.

Codenamed SIMFIRE interoperability testing tool for the Desktop and mobileArchitecture for System Hardware (DASH) open architecture.

Software

Extensions for software parallelism (xSP), aimed at speeding up programs to enablemulti-threaded and multi-core processing, announced in Technology Analyst Day 2007.One of the initiatives being discussed since August 2007 is the Light Weight Profiling(LWP), providing internal hardware monitor with runtimes, to observe information aboutexecuting process and help the re-design of software to be optimized with multi-core andeven multi-threaded programs. Another one is the extension of Streaming SIMDExtension (SSE) instruction set, the SSE5.

AMD contributes to open sourceprojects, including working with Sun Microsystems toenhance OpenSolaris and Sun xVM on the AMD platform.[45]AMD also maintains itsown Open64 compiler distribution and contributes its changes back to the community.[46]

In 2008, AMD released the low-level programming specifications for its GPUs, andworks with the X.Org Foundation to develop drivers for AMD graphics cards.[47][48]

AMD has also taken an active part in developing coreboot, and open source projectsaimed at replacing the proprietary BIOS firmware.

Other AMD software includes the AMD Core Math Library, and open-source softwareincluding the AMD Performance Library, and the CodeAnalystperformance profiler.

Production and fabrication

Ever since the spin-off of AMD's fabrication plants in early 2009, GlobalFoundries has beenresponsible for producing AMD's processors.

GlobalFoundries' main microprocessor manufacturing facilities are located in Dresden,Germany. Additionally, highly integrated microprocessors are manufactured in Taiwan made bythird-party manufacturers under strict license from AMD. Between 2003 and 2005, they

constructed a second manufacturing plant (300 mm 90 nmprocess SOI) in the same complex inorder to increase the number of chips they could produce, thus becoming more competitive withIntel. The new plant was named "Fab 36", in recognition of AMD's 36 years of operation, andreached full production in mid-2007. Fab 36 was renamed to "Fab 1" during the spin-off ofAMD's manufacturing business during the creation of GlobalFoundries. In July 2007, AMDannounced that they completed the conversion of Fab 1 Module 1 from 90 nm to 65 nm. Theythen shifted their focus to the 45 nm conversion.[49]

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Corporate affairs

Partnerships

AMD utilizes strategic industry partnerships to further its business interests as well as to tackle

Intel's dominance and resources.

A partnership between AMD and Alpha Processor Inc. developed HyperTransport, a point-to-point interconnect standard which was turned over to an industry standards body for finalization.It is now used in modern motherboards that are compatible with AMD processors.

AMD also formed a strategic partnership with IBM, under which AMD gained silicon oninsulator(SOI) manufacturing technology, and detailed advice on 90 nm implementation. AMDannounced that the partnership would extend to 2011 for 32 nm and 22 nm fabrication-relatedtechnologies.[50][dead link]

To facilitate processor distribution and sales, AMD is loosely partnered with end-usercompanies, such as HP, Compaq, ASUS, Acer, and Dell.

In 1993, AMD established a 50-50 partnership with Fujitsu called FASL, and merged into a newcompany called FASL LLC in 2003. The joint venture went public under the name Spansion andticker symbol SPSN in December 2005, with AMD shares drop to 37%. AMD no longer directlyparticipates in the Flash memory devices market now as AMD entered into a non-competitionagreement, as of December 21, 2005, with Fujitsu and Spansion, pursuant to which it agreed notto directly or indirectly engage in a business that manufactures or supplies standalonesemiconductor devices (including single chip, multiple chip or system devices) containing onlyFlash memory.[51]

On May 18, 2006, Dell announced that it would roll out new servers based on AMD's Opteronchips by year's end, thus ending an exclusive relationship with Intel. In September 2006, Dellbegan offering AMD Athlon X2 chips in their desktop line-up.

Since 2002, AMD has been a sponsor of the Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro F1 Team. Since 2004,AMD has been a sponsor of the Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team. In 2009, AMD becamethe jersey sponsor of the USL expansion team Austin Aztex FC.

In June 2011, HP announced new business and consumer notebooks equipped with the latestversions of AMD APUs accelerated processing units. AMD will power HP's Intel-based

business notebooks as well.[52]

Litigation with Intel

AMD has a long history of litigation with former partner and x86 creatorIntel.[53][54][55]

In 1986 Intel broke an agreement it had with AMD to allow them to produce Intel'smicro-chips for IBM; AMD filed for arbitration in 1987 and the arbitrator decided inAMD's favor in 1992. Intel disputed this, and the case ended up in the Supreme Court ofCalifornia. In 1994, that court upheld the arbitrator's decision and awarded damages forbreach of contract.

In 1990, Intel brought a copyright infringement action alleging illegal use of its 287microcode. The case ended in 1994 with a jury finding for AMD and its right to useIntel's microcode in its microprocessors through the 486 generation.

In 1997, Intel filed suit against AMD and Cyrix Corp. for misuse of the term MMX.AMD and Intel settled, with AMD acknowledging MMX as a trademark owned by Intel,and with Intel granting AMD rights to market the AMD K6 MMX processor.

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In 2005, following an investigation, the Japan Federal Trade Commission found Intelguilty on a number of violations. On June 27, 2005, AMD won an antitrust suit againstIntel in Japan, and on the same day, AMD filed a broad antitrust complaint against Intelin the U.S. Federal District Court in Delaware. The complaint alleges systematic use ofsecret rebates, special discounts, threats, and other means used by Intel to lock AMD

processors out of the global market. Since the start of this action, the court has issuedsubpoenas to major computer manufacturers including Acer, Dell, Lenovo, HP andToshiba.

In November 2009, Intel agreed to pay AMD $1.25bn and renew a five-year patent cross-licensing agreement as part of a deal to settle all outstanding legal disputes betweenthem.[56]

Events and publications

Although AMD frequently refuses to provide information about upcoming products and plans, itdoes hold annual Analyst Days to reveal and explain key future technologies, and to present

official technology roadmaps. The event held in mid-year is referred to as "Technology AnalystDay", with its main focus on upcoming technologies and trends. The end-of-year event isreferred to as "Financial Analyst Day" and focuses on the financial performance of the companythrough the previous year.[57]

In addition to these events, AMD also publishes printed media. Publications include the AMDAccelerate and the discontinued AMDEdge. The AMD Accelerate magazine, originallypublished through Ziff Davis Media, focuses on SME and business applications, while AMDEdge focused on overall technologies from AMD. Since Ziff Davis Media filed for Chapter 11bankruptcy protection, the AMD Accelerate magazine has been published through IDG. AMDalso has electronic newsletters to promote its server-oriented Opteron processors and related

business solutions.

Guinness World Record Achievement

On August 31, 2011, in Austin, Texas, AMD achieved a Guinness World Record for the"Highest frequency of a computer processor": 8.429 GHz.[58] The company ran an 8-core FX-8150 processor with only one active module (two cores), and cooled with liquid helium.[59]Theprevious record was 8.308 GHz, with an Intel Celeron 352 (one core).

On November 1, 2011, geek.com reported that Andre Yang, an overclockerfrom Taiwan, usedan FX-8150 to set another record: 8.461 GHz.[60]

Corporate social responsibility

In its 2012 report on progress relating to conflict minerals, the Enough Project rated AMD thefifth highest of 24 consumer electronics companies.

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