Alumni2012 Richard Van de Sande

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Fuels generated from renewable energy: a possible solution for large scale energy storage

and transport

Richard van de Sanden

[email protected]

D t h I tit t f F d t l E R hDutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research,P.O.Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands

&Group Plasma & Materials Processing, Dept. Applied Physics,

Eindhoven University of Technology

Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen

From Jan. 1st 2015 on TU/e campus

FOM Rijnhuizen Instituut for Plasma Physics

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To perform leading fundamental research in the fields of fusion energy and solar fuels,

New Mission DIFFER

in close partnership with academia and industry,

and to have a national coordinating role in the field of fundamental energy research.

In short:

Science for Future Energy

The TeraWatt Challenge

see also :

M.I. Hoffert et al. Nature 385, 881 (1998)

R.E. Smalley, MRS Bulletin 30 412 (2005)

Sustainable, CO2 neutral, energy infrastructure essential

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Theoretical potential energy sources

Solar energy conversion technologies (2011)

Light low temperature heat Light high temperature heat electricity

C i l (CSP)Concentrating solar power (CSP)

Light electricityPhotovoltaic conversion (PV)

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Solar power generation: DoE Sunshot

Price-experience curve of silicon PV modules(combined effects of innovation, experience and scale)

Solar power generation: Economy of scale

Grid parity ~1 /Wp

Clear economyof scale

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Grid parity in Europe

From 2020 a significant fraction is renewable

However.

solar generation

...energy demand

Storage and transport is part of the challenge!

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PV & wind far beyond niche already

Intermittency of PV/wind is part of the challenge!

Energy storage

Electrical- Batteries

Super capacitors- Super capacitors

110l57l33l26l

Mg2FeH6 LaNi5H6 H2 (liquid) H2 (200 bar)

Chemical storage- H2- Carbon containing fuels

(>10 more energy density)

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Storing and Transport of Energy

P tl 85% f th l b l i t t d b f lPresently: 85% of the global energy is transported by fuels

Carbon containing fuels (hydrocarbons, alcohols, etc.) generated from CO2 and H2O to store sustainable energy:

Solar Fuels

Solar Fuels: from sustainable energy

sustainable energy

Artificialphotosynthesis

Solves generation, transport and storage challenges

CO2 + H2O C-fuels + O2

sustainable energy

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Solar Fuels: fuels generated from sunlight

Big efforts and initiatives

Electricity grid

Current Energy System

Gas(or fossil)

Plant

Sun or Wind Energy Plant

SunFossil

Wind

WaterLiquid fuels or raw materials for industry

Dr.WaldoBongers

Gas gridGas buffer Fossil

current infrastructure of energy system

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Electricity grid

Indirect

Towards the Renewable Energy System

Gas(or fossil)

Plant


CO2Solar FuelPlant

SunFossil

Wind


Direct

Dr.WaldoBongers

Gas gridGas buffer Fossil

Solar Fuels Production from CO2 and H2O using sustainable energy fitted in our current infrastructure

Electricity grid

Indirect

Full Renewable Energy System

GasPlant


CO2Solar FuelPlant

Sun

Wind


Direct

Dr.WaldoBongers

Gas gridGas buffer

Solar Fuels Production from CO2 and H2O as storage using intermittent sustainable energy

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Contents

The TeraWatt Challenge: CO2 neutral energy supply The Energy problem Sustainable Energy Generation Sustainable Energy Generation Storage and Transport of Energy

Solar Fuels from CO2 and H2O Water splitting

CO ti ti CO2 activation Solar energy conversion

Conclusions and Outlook

Fuel processing from CO2 and H2O: syngas

Basically production of syngas H2 and CO :

By splitting H2O:1) H2O H2 + O22) followed by a reverse watershift reaction

H2 + CO2 H2O + CO (endothermic)

H2 productionmain activity globally

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Fuel processing from CO2 and H2O: syngas

Basically production of syngas H2 and CO :

By splitting H2O:1) H2O H2 + O22) followed by a reverse watershift reaction

H2 + CO2 H2O + CO (endothermic)

or activating CO2: 1) CO2 CO + O22) followed by a watershift reaction

CO + H2O CO2 + H2 (exothermic)

Syngas: by means of Fisher-Tropsch process carbon containing fuels

FT=Fischer-Tropsch reaction(R)WGS=(reverse) watergas shift

CO2 Hydro-genation

MethaneMethanol

Solar Fuels

Fuel processing starting from CO2 and H2O

Captured CO2

CO2RWGSAir

Solar energy conversion:

H2 O H2 + O2 COFT Fuel

H2

CO

H2WGS

CO2 CO + O2CO

water

Courtesy Wim Haije (ECN)

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Gas-to-liquid from syngas: Fisher-Tropsch

Shell Qatari plant (2009)

Methane reformation:

CH4 + H2O CO + 3H2 C-fuels

Investment of 19 B$; Revenue 4 B$/yr

Large scale proven

Ref. Bloomberg

Solar energy conversion (direct & indirect)

Man-made, ti ifi l

Courtesy Wim Sinke (ECN)

articifical

Solar

Biomass (< 1%)

PhotosyntheticMicro organism (> 5%)

(modified) natural, living

European Science Foundation,Science Policy Briefing 34 (Sept. 2008)

Primary and secondary

biofuels

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Man-made, ti ifi l


articifical

Solar

Biomass (< 1%)





biofuels


Man-made, ti ifi l


articifical

ThermochemicalConversion (> 5%)

Solar

Biomass (< 1%)





biofuels

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Concentrated solar power

CO2 + 2H2O CO, O2, H2

Solar Fuels: Thermochemical (direct)

Thermochemically (direct sunlight into syngas/fuels)0.7-0.8 %

Science 330 1798 (2010)

Nanostructured materials + catalysis essential


Man-made, ti ifi l


PhotocatalyticNanodevices (> 5%)

articifical


Solar

Biomass (< 1%)





biofuels

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Direct photocatalytic conversion of H2O

Which approach is most promising ?

The challenge

Nanostructured materials and catalysis essential

But also photon management: plasmonics, etc.

Fundamental energy research: (Generation), Storage

Choice of research themes: Solar Fuels

Approaches:

Catalysis today (2009)

Science 331 746 (2011) TiO2 loaded with Cu

Photocatalytically (direct sunlight into fuels)1-3% 0.015% CO2 + 2H2O liquid fuels

2H2O 2H2 + O2

Nanostructured materials and catalysis essential

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Man-made, ti ifi l

PV conversion +Electrolysis (> 20%)



articifical


Solar

Electrolysis (> 20%)

Biomass (< 1%)





biofuels

Watersplitting using PV and electrolyser

Efficiency > > 20 %

Efficiency 70-80 %

sustainable energy> 8 /kg*

>16 /kmol2H2O 2H2 + O2

Advantage: separate optimization possibleCurrent bottleneck: use of scarce materials (a.o. Pt)

>16 /kmol

*H2 generation from steam reformation

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For large scale deployment:

Watersplitting using electrochemical cell

Elements of hope

2H2O 2H2 + O2

Nocera group (MIT): basically solar cell with Co based catalyst

Watersplitting using photo-lectrochemical cell

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Direct photocatalytic conversion of CO2Research issues use of N-doped TiO2 adding co-catalysts (Pt, Ru, Ag) stability under UV exposure

i i

To tailor the catalyst to optimally use the solar spectrum for activating the catalyst

The challenge

poisoning

Difficult to activate CO2

Roy, Varghese, Paulose, Grimes, ACSNano 4, 1260 (2010)

= 0.0148%solar spectrum for activating the catalyst

CO2 + 2H2O CH4 + 2O2Nanostructured materials and catalysis essential

activate CO2


Man-made, ti ifi l

PV conversion +Electrolysis (> 20%)

PV conversion +Plasma conversion



articifical


Solar

Electrolysis (> 20%) Solar Fuels

Biomass (< 1%)





biofuels

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FT=FischerTropschreaction(R)WGS=(reverse)watergasshift

CO2Hydrogenation

MethaneMethanol

SolarFuels

CapturedCO2

CO2

RWGSAir

Conversion: Electrocatalysis Photocatalysis Thermocatalysis CO

FT FuelH2

CO

Plasmacatalysis

H2WGSwater

Plasmacatalysis

Directplasmaactivation ofCO2(Plasmacatalysis ofCO2)

CO2 CO + O (H=5.9 eV)If O radical can be used in subsequent reaction:

Energy cost of CO2 dissociation

CO2 + O CO+ O2This leads to

CO2 CO + O (H=2.9 eV)

This implies already efficient use of produced O !!- plasma-surface interaction important- under which conditions is process energy efficient?

A.V. Eletskii, B.M. Smirnov, Pure. Appl. Chem. 57 1235 (1985)

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Thermochemically 41% can be reached (thermal plasmas?)

Energy cost of CO2 dissociation

CO2 CO + O2 H = 2.9 eV H/ECOEnergy efficiency

Thermochemically 41% can be reached (thermal plasmas?)

Ideally vibrational temperature should be high, notranslational and rotational heating, limited excitation and ionization energy efficiency of CO production: 61%

Nonequilibrium essential to obtain high efficiencies!!

A.V. Eletskii, B.M. Smirnov, Pure. Appl. Chem. 57 1235 (1985)

Controlling Tvib essential!

http://www.pages.drexel.edu/~rpg32/Research.htm

Dielectricbarrierdischarge15mm

Non-equilibrium atmospheric plasmas

Glidingarc

Surfacedischarge

Nonthermalprocess(roomtemp) Throughputnecessary(scale!) Scalable(stackedmicroreactors?) Essentiallynonequilibrium Controle ofEEDF

DBD/PackedbedCatalyticreactionenhancedbyPlasmacatalysis. http://www.jeh

center.org/electro/plasma/theory.html

Coronadischarge

CourtesyTomohiroNozaki(TokyoInstituteofTechnology)

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Energy efficient dissociation by plasma

1.Vibrational excitation is most effective in achieving dissociation

2 Energy lost by electrons in 1 3 eV

Rusanov et al.Usp. Fiz. Nauk. 134 185 (1981)

2.Energy lost by electrons in 1-3 eVplasmas concentrates on vibrationalstates, leads to Tvib > T0

3.Dissociation by vibrational activationmuch more efficient than byelectronic excitation

Distribution of energy lost by electrons in CO2 amongother excitation channels

Note: avoid channels which consume electronsor ions such as dissociative attachment

= H/ECOCO2 CO + O2 H = 2.9 eV Energy efficiency

100

Reported results on energy efficiency

Plasma surfaceinteraction!!

Material freedom!! 2030

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

microwave 1 microwave 2 microwave 3 microwave 4 supersonic RF-CCP RF-ICP

From A. Fridman, Plasma Chemistry (Taylor&Francis 2009)

Literature reports > 50% energy efficiency of CO2

dissociation !

Material freedom!!

10-1 100 1010

10

Ev (eV/molecule)

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CO2 activation using plasma

Efficiency> 20 %

Efficiency 70-80 %

sustainable energy 4.33 kWh/m3

@ =80%CO2 CO + O2

Advantage: separate optimization possible

@ =80%

Directing Matter and Energy Five challenges for science and the imagination, Report Basic Energy Science Advisory Committee

Nonequilibrium: controlling complexity

One of the five challenges directly linked with plasma science:

How do we characterize and control matter away, especially very far away, from equilibrium?

linked with plasma science:

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Conclusions and Outlook

Sustainable energy generation within reach (2025): Clear economy of scale

Next challenge: storing renewable energy in solarfuels (directly or indirectly) Cost effective CO2 neutral energy infrastructure In line with the present energy infrastructure Several approaches are adopted: H2O splitting prominent,

CO ti ti till i i f hCO2 activation still in infancy phase

Plasma aspect highlighted: Plasma deposition of nanostructured materials Plasma activation of CO2

Alumni2012 Richard Van de Sande

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