Alton Police Department Tactical Response Team Environmental Emergencies.
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Transcript of Alton Police Department Tactical Response Team Environmental Emergencies.
Alton Police Department Tactical Response Team
Environmental Emergencies
Alton Police Department Tactical Response Team
Presented By
Sgt. Michael Gordon
Alton P. D. Tactical Response Team
E-mail: [email protected]
Work: (618) 463-3505 ex. 235
Alton Police Department Tactical Response Team
Environmental Emergencies This course will specifically identify
and discuss heat and cold related injuries, or Thermoregulatory Emergencies.
A Thermoregulatory Emergency is defined as: Any emergency involving a change in the temperature of the body.
Alton Police Department Tactical Response Team
Environmental Emergencies Heat and cold related problems are
very common during training and actual operations and can have a direct effect on mission success.
All Medical Threat Assessments (MTA) must consider and be aware of the environment(s) to be encountered and its effect on team members.
Alton Police Department Tactical Response Team
Environmental Emergencies Officers must be aware that these
types of emergencies can occur at any time and are not necessarily weather dependent. Heat related problems can occur in a
cold weather environment. Cold related problems can occur in a
warm weather environment.
Alton Police Department Tactical Response Team
Environmental Emergencies Heat and cold related problems
consist of a logical progression of signs and symptoms. It is important for team members to be
able to recognize the early signs and symptoms in themselves and others.
Early recognition will allow early reversal of the problem before it progresses to something more serious.
Alton Police Department Tactical Response Team
Environmental Emergencies Temperature Regulation
There is a delicate balance between heat generated by the body and heat lost from it.
The body is like a furnace .• It takes in fuel and “burns” it to create
energy, which produces heat.
Alton Police Department Tactical Response Team
Environmental Emergencies This heat is lost to the environment
in 5 different ways:1. Conduction- The transfer of heat
directly from one object to another.2. Convection- The loss of heat thru
moving air or liquid.3. Evaporation- When a liquid changes to
a gas (sweating).
Alton Police Department Tactical Response Team
Environmental Emergencies
4. Radiation- Heat radiates constantly from the body to surround air.
5. Respiration- Air inhaled must be warmed and humidified. Exhaled air carries heat out of the body (Breathing).
Alton Police Department Tactical Response Team
Environmental EmergenciesHeat Related Emergencies
Hyperthermia Anytime a person’s temperature rises
above normal 37°C or 98.6°F. Humans create excess heat through
exertion. This heat builds up and causes a rise in
our core body temperature. The body compensates by sweating and
sending blood to the skin to cool.
Alton Police Department Tactical Response Team
Environmental EmergenciesHeat Related Emergencies
Emergencies arise when the body is overloaded or unprepared to deal with the environment. The body can warm itself better in the
cold than cool itself in the heat. Predisposing factors
Hot humid weather, vigorous activity, dehydration,obesity and fatigue.
Alton Police Department Tactical Response Team
Environmental EmergenciesHeat Related Emergencies
Prevention Officers should stay well hydrated.
•Fluid maintenance is #1!•Hydration systems, bottled water.
Weather appropriate uniform Avoid fluids with diuretic properties.
•Coffee, tea, and soft drinks are examples
Alton Police Department Tactical Response Team
Environmental EmergenciesHeat Related Emergencies
Prevention cont’d Use the buddy system to keep
everyone in check.• Watch each other.
Provide medic with prior knowledge (medical history) of being a heat casualty in the past, as you are more susceptible.
Alton Police Department Tactical Response Team
Environmental EmergenciesGeneralized Hyperthermia
Develops when a team member is sweating profusely and not replacing enough fluids and electrolytes.
May develop cramps and/or spasms in hands, feet and stomach area, but more commonly in the long muscles of the legs.
Alton Police Department Tactical Response Team
Environmental EmergenciesGeneralized Hyperthermia
Treatment Move to a shaded area or cool
environment. Ingest water. Do not massage, it may cause strains or
sprains. Administer Oxygen
Alton Police Department Tactical Response Team
Environmental EmergenciesGeneralized Hyperthermia
Caused by a greater deficit in fluids and electrolytes in the body.
Not necessarily life-threatening by itself, but will quickly progress to more serious condition if not treated.
Alton Police Department Tactical Response Team
Environmental EmergenciesGeneralized Hyperthermia
May be preceded by fatigue and cramps.
Symptoms include Pale, moist skin Feeling of “Cold Sweat” Nausea Lightheadedness
Alton Police Department Tactical Response Team
Environmental EmergenciesGeneralized Hyperthermia
Treatment Move to shaded area or cool environment. Gear off and loosen clothing. Ingest water/sports drink.
• IV Fluids Cool packs can be applied
• Under armpits• Behind knees• Around neck
Administer oxygen
Alton Police Department Tactical Response Team
Environmental EmergenciesGeneralized Hyperthermia
Hot, red, strong-rapid pulse, and (sometimes) dry skin. Cooling system shut down
Body temperature is usually above 106°F
Alton Police Department Tactical Response Team
Environmental EmergenciesGeneralized Hyperthermia
The most life-threatening of the heat emergencies.
Body heats faster than it can cool and the cooling mechanism overloads and shuts down causing a rapid rise in core body temperature.
As little as 30 minutes from on-set before death.
Alton Police Department Tactical Response Team
Environmental EmergenciesGeneralized Hyperthermia
Treatment Move to shaded area or cool environment May become unconscious, ensure airway. RAPIDLY cooling the patient.
• Remove gear and loosen/remove clothing.• Cold packs in armpit, behind knee, around neck.• Wet patient’s skin with water and fan aggressively.
IV Fluids Rapid transport to hospital.
Alton Police Department Tactical Response Team
Environmental EmergenciesCold Relate Emergencies
Training or operations in cold environments create their own unique set of problems.
Cold+Wet environments increase the probability for problems.
Hypothermia Body temperature falls below 37°C or
98.6°F.
Alton Police Department Tactical Response Team
Environmental EmergenciesCold Relate Emergencies
The body loses heat in five different ways:
1. Conduction- loss of heat thru contact with objects.
2. Convection- Loss of heat thru wind/air movement. (wind chill)
3. Evaporation- Loss of heat thru sweating.4. Radiation- Loss of heat thru the body
actually radiating heat off the skin into the atmosphere.
5. Respiration- Heat loss thru Breathing
Alton Police Department Tactical Response Team
Environmental EmergenciesCold Relate Emergencies
Prevention Recognize signs and symptoms Proper dress
• Proper cold weather or wet weather gear.• Dress in layers
• Provides greater warmth with less clothing.• Facilitates removal to avoid heat emergencies during
exertion.• Cover as much exposed skin as possible.
Proper eating and hydration• Food is fuel for body (heat)• Dehydration is common in dry cold climates.
Alton Police Department Tactical Response Team
Environmental EmergenciesLocalized Cold Injuries
Freezing of the skin. Occurs in gradual progression Normally effects ears, nose, hands,
feet.• Areas the body considers least essential in
maintaining heat at its core. It can be superficial or deep depending
on the temperature and amount of exposure.
Alton Police Department Tactical Response Team
Environmental EmergenciesLocalized Cold Injuries
Early (Superficial) signs Pale skin w/ delayed cap refill. Loss of sensation & feeling. Skin still soft Tingling when re-warmed
Alton Police Department Tactical Response Team
Environmental EmergenciesLocalized Cold Injuries
Late signs (deep damage). Skin will appear bluish white and waxy. Will may be hard to the touch (frozen). Swelling and blisters. Loss of sensation If partially thawed, skin may appear
flushed with areas that are purple, pale, mottled, or cyanotic.
Alton Police Department Tactical Response Team
Environmental EmergenciesLocalized Cold Injuries
Treatment Remove from cold environment. Protect cold extremity from further injury. Administer oxygen. Remove wet or restrictive clothing and
jewelry. Splint the extremity and cover w/dry sterile
dressing. Contact EMS and transport.
Alton Police Department Tactical Response Team
Environmental EmergenciesLocalized Cold Injuries
Things to avoid: Do Not re-expose to cold. Do Not rub or massage. Do Not heat or re-warm. Do Not break blisters. Do Not allow to walk on affected
extremity.
Alton Police Department Tactical Response Team
Environmental EmergenciesHypothermia
Hypothermia is a drop in the body’s core temperature below 98.6ºF.
Hypothermia is Mission-Ending and Life-Threatening!
It routinely kills even experience outdoorsmen, soldiers, ect...
Alton Police Department Tactical Response Team
Environmental EmergenciesHypothermia
Early detection is the key to survivability and treatment!
Use the buddy system. Know the signs and symptoms and
notify medic/Chain of Command if noticed in self or teammate.
Alton Police Department Tactical Response Team
Environmental EmergenciesHypothermia
Predisposing factors Cold environment, immersion in water,
shock, head or spinal injury, burns, hypoglycemia.
Always look for signs of hypothermia in major trauma, outdoor resuscitation and poisonings.
Alton Police Department Tactical Response Team
Environmental EmergenciesHypothermia
Mildly Hypothermic Shivering Urinating
frequently Stumbling/lagging
behind Loss of fine motor
skills
Severely Hypothermic Inability to walk in
a straight line Lack of shivering Slurred speech Decreased level of
consciousness
Alton Police Department Tactical Response Team
Environmental EmergenciesHypothermia
Treatment for Hypothermia with a responding alert patient: Cover w/ blankets move to heated area. Place heat packs (30-39°C/120-104°F)
in/around groin, armpits, neck, and head.
Do not allow to walk or become active. Contac EMS and transport.
Alton Police Department Tactical Response Team
Environmental EmergenciesHypothermia
Treatment for hypothermia patient with decreased level of responsiveness: Indicates Possible Severe Hypothermia!
Do Not Actively Re-warm! Move to warm area and cover
w/blankets. Do not allow to walk or become active. Contact EMS and transport.
Alton Police Department Tactical Response Team
Environmental EmergenciesHypothermia
Treatment for hypothermia patient with no signs of life: Do Not Actively Re-warm! Ensure airway/ventilate as required. Give
100% oxygen, if available. Heart rate and blood pressure may be so low
that they appear dead. Must check pulse for 30-45 seconds. If no pulse, begin CPR
Move to a warm area. Cover w/blankets. Immediate transport to hospital.
Alton Police Department Tactical Response Team
Environmental Emergencies Discussion? Questions? Comments?