Alternator Presentation

8/19/2019 Alternator Presentation

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KevinSullivan,allrightsreserved.www.autoshop101.com

Understanding the AlternatorUnderstanding the Alternator

THIS AUTOMOTIVE SERIESTHIS AUTOMOTIVE SERIESON ALTERNATORS HASON ALTERNATORS HASBEEN DEVELOPED BY BEEN DEVELOPED BY

KEVIN R. SULLIVAN KEVIN R. SULLIVAN PROFESSOR OF PROFESSOR OF

AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY AT SKYLINE COLLEGE AT SKYLINE COLLEGE

SAN BRUNO, CALIFORNIASAN BRUNO, CALIFORNIA

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

http://www.a t!"h!p#$#.%!&http://www.a t!"h!p#$#.%!&


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• The charging system has threemajor components. The Battery,

Alternator, and the egulator.

• This alternator wor!s together

with the "attery to supply powerwhen the vehicle is running.

• The output o# an alternator isdirect current, however A$voltage is actually created andthen converted to %$ as voltageleaves the alternator on its wayto the "attery and the electricalloads.

Th'Cha()*+) S "t'&


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• &our wires connect the alternator to the rest o# the charging system.

• B is the alternator output wire that supplies current to the "attery.

• '( is the ignition input that turns on the alternator)regulator assem"ly.

• S is used "y the regulator to monitor charging voltage at the "attery.

• * is the wire the regulator uses to ground the charge warning lamp.

Cha()*+) S "t'& C*(% *t


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A-t'(+at!( T'(&*+a- I '+t* *%at*!+

+B Terminal Alternator -utputTerminal to Battery

+* Terminal(roundsarning *amp

+S TerminalSenses Battery

/oltage

+& Terminalegulator Bypass

&ull &ield Testing

+'( Terminal'gnition Switch SignalTurns egulator -0


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Alternator B1-utput Terminal

egulator, %iode,2 Brush $over

3nd &rame $over %rive &rame $over

%rive 4ulley

5ounting 3ar

$irculation /ent

'denti#ication*a"el

A-t'(+at!( A""'&0-


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• The alternator contains6

• A rotating #ield winding calledthe rotor.

• A stationary induction windingcalled the stator.

• A diode assem"ly called therecti#ier "ridge.

• A control device called thevoltage regulator.

• Two internal #ans to promote aircirculation.

A-t'(+at!( O1'(1*'w


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• 5ost regulators are on the insidethe alternator. -lder models havee7ternally mounted regulators.

• 8nli!e other manu#acturers, thismodel can "e easily serviced #romthe rear on the unit.

• The rear cover can "e removed toe7pose internal parts.

• 9owever, today:s practice is tocorrectly diagnose the pro"lem andreplace the alternator as a unit,should one o# it:s internalcomponents #ail.

A-t'(+at!( D'"*)+


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• Alternator drive pulleys either"olt on or are pressed on therotor sha#t.

• Both ;/: and 5ulti


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• emoval o# the rear coverreveals6Brushes

%iode ecti#ier Bridge

egulator

I+"* ' th' A-t'(+at!(

The ecti#ier Bridge converts A$ voltage to %$ voltage.

The Brushes conduct currentto the rotor #ield winding.

The egulator controls the

alternator output.

Slip ings =part o# the otor Assem"ly>


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• Two slip rings are located on one endo# the rotor assem"ly. 3ach end o#the rotor #ield winding is attached to aslip ring. There"y, allowing current to#low through the #ield winding.

• Two stationary car"on "rushesride on two rotating slip rings.Bushes are either soldered or"olted

B( "h'"


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• The regulator is the "rain o# thecharging system.

• 't monitors "oth "attery and stator

voltages. %epending on themeasured voltages, the regulatorwill adjust the amount o# rotor #ieldcurrent to control alternator output.

• egulators can "e mounted "oth

internal or e7ternal. $urrenttechnology uses an internalregulator.

E-'%t(!+*%IC R') -at!(


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• The %iode ecti#ier Bridge isresponsi"le #or #or theconversion or recti#ication o# A$voltage to %$ voltage.

• Si7 or eight diodes are used torecti#y the A$ stator voltage to%$ voltage.

• 9al# o# these diodes are use onthe positive side and the other

hal# are on the negative side.

• &urther details a"out the recti#ier"ridge will "e e7plained later.

D*! ' R'%t* *'(


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I+"* ' th' A-t'(+at!(

Stator indingotor inding Assem"ly

• Separating the case reveals6

The stator winding developsvoltage and current "egins to#low #rom the inducedmagnetic #ield o# the rotor.

The rotor winding assem"ly

rotates inside the statorwinding. The rotor generatesa magnetic #ield.


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Slip ings

Bearing

'nternal $ooling &anR!t!( A""'&0-

&inger 4oles otor &ield inding

otor Sha#t

'nternal$ooling &an


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• A "asic rotor consists o# a ironcore, coil winding, two slip rings,and two claw drive "elt.

R!t!( A""'&0-


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• The rotor contains the #ieldwinding wound over an iron corewhich is part o# the sha#t.

• Surrounding the #ield coil are twoclaw


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• The rotor #ield winding createsthe magnetic #ield that inducesvoltage into the stator.

• The magnetic #ield is saturatesthe iron #inger poles. -ne #ingerpole "ecome a north pole andthe other a south pole.

• The rotor spins creating analternating magnetic #ield, 0orth,South, 0orth, South, etc.

North Field

South Field

North Field

A-t'(+at*+) Ma)+'t*% F*'-


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Stat!( 2*+ *+)

*aminated 'ron&rame

Stator *ead 3nds

Three 4haseindings

0eutral?unction


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• As the rotor assem"ly rotateswithin the stator winding.

• The alternating magnetic #ield#rom the spinning rotor inducesan alternating voltage into thestator winding.

• Both the strength o# themagnetic #ield and the speed o#the rotor a##ect the amount o#voltage induced into the stator.

R!t!( / Stat!(R'-at*!+"h*p


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• The stator is made with three setso# windings.

• 3ach winding is placed is adi##erent position compared with

the others.

• A laminated iron #rameconcentrates the magnetic #ield.

• Stator lead ends that output tothe diode recti#ier "ridge.

*aminated 'ron&rame

Stator *ead 3ndsStat!( 2*+ *+)"

Three indings

0eutral ?unction in the ye design can"e identi#ied "y the @ strands o# wire


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• The stator winding has three setso# windings. 3ach is #ormed intoa num"er o# evenly spaced coilsaround the stator core.

• The result is three overlappingsingle phase A$ sine wavecurrent signatures, A, B, $.

• Adding these waves togetherma!e up the total A$ output o#

the stator. This is called threephase output current.

• Three phase current provides amore constant current output.

3 Pha"' 2*+ *+)"


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Stat!( D'"*)+

Two designs o# stator windingare used. %elta and ye.

ye style has #our stator leads. -neo# the leads is called the 0eutral?unction. The 0eutral ?unction iscommon to all the other leads.

%elta wound stators can "e identi#ied"y having only three stator leads, andeach lead will have the same num"ero# wires attached.


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2 ' D'"*)+ ye wound stators have threewindings with a common neutral junction. They can "e identi#ied"ecause they have stator leadends.

ye wound stators are used inalternators that re uire high voltageoutput a low alternator speed.

Two windings are in series at anyone time during charge output.


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D'-ta D'"*)+ %elta wound stators can "eidenti#ied "ecause they have onlythree stator lead ends.

%elta stators allow #or highercurrent #low "eing delivered at low

45.

The windings are in parallel ratherthan series as li!e the ye design.


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D*! ' R'%t* *'( B(* )' A""'&0-

(round 4oints

+B Terminal

+4 TerminalStator Taps Attaches to

Stator indings

0egative %iodes

4ositive %iodes


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• Two diodes are connected to eachstator lead. -ne positive the othernegative.

• Because a single diode will only"loc! hal# the the A$ voltage.

• Si7 or eight diodes are used torecti#y the A$ stator voltage to %$voltage.

• %iodes used in this con#iguration will

redirect "oth the positive andnegative polarity signals o# the A$voltage to produce %$ voltage. Thisprocess is called ;&ull < ave

ecti#ication:.

R'%t* *'(Op'(at*!+

The %iode ecti#ier Bridge isresponsi"le #or #or the conversion orrecti#ication the A$ voltage into %$voltage.


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llrightsreserved.www.autoshop101.com


• %iodes are used as one


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R'%t* *'( Op'(at*!+ 'n red you can see B1 currentpass through to the recti#ier asit goes to the "attery. 'n greenyou can see the return path.

0ow, in red B1 current passesthrough to the recti#ierhowever, this time current hasthe opposite polarity. 'n greenyou can see the new return

path.

3ven though it enters therecti#ier at a di##erent location,current goes to the "attery inthe same direction.


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+B Terminal

$onnects to Alternator -utput Terminal

+* Terminalarning *amp

+S TerminalSenses Battery /oltage

+& Terminal$onnects egulator

to otor inding

+'( Terminal'gnition Switch SignalTurns egulator -0

9eat Sin!

+4 TerminalSenses 0eutral ?unction

voltage o# Stator

egulator (round

E-'%t(!+*% R') -at!(

+& Terminal Test 4ad&ull &ield Test 4oint


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• The regulator will attempt tomaintain a pre


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• Any one o# two regulatordesigns can "e used.

• The (rounded &ield type.The regulator controls theamount o# B1 going to the#ield winding in the rotor.

R') -at!( T p'"

• The (rounded egulator

type. The regulatorcontrols the amount"attery ground =negative>going to the #ield windingin the rotor.

B+

ALTERNATORREGULATOR

B+

FieldCoil

ALTERNATORREGULATOR

FieldCoil

B+


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Slip ings = part o# the otor Assem"ly >

%iode ecti#ier Bridge

egulator

2!(4*+) A-t'(+at!(

$ontains the otor 2 Stator

The regulator monitors "atteryvoltage.

The regulator controls current#low to the rotor assem"ly.

The rotor produces a magnetic#ield.

/oltage is induced into the stator.

The recti#ier "ridge converts A$stator voltage to %$ output #or use"y the vehicle.

Alternator Presentation

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